independence_vol._24_no._239_nov_2007(1)

7/24/2019 independence_vol._24_no._239_nov_2007(1)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/independencevol24no239nov20071 1/40

20-.

kkIndependence rBm

vl defodyf;o.if

yDwB;

|7| ymifckuf;clefhr.ifqfg qOfjckefoMb

|10| y.B;wAef;[Fef;wmef;,l dif;ql;qOfja[Mcrf;

|11| ymifukrfzFefumefqdkifjwB;rdlOf;eMj

|14| qOfjr[Momif;oAifjrkef

|26| 0 trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; wmhr[mqef;

|28| wd kif;&if;om;jy\ema-umif h EdkifiHòyduGJrSmvm;|33| a':pka-ujimcsuf ENC wkef‹jyef|35| ytrz ESif h PNO

qOfjckefoMb qkdOfjukduf;vkrfjZMU

v.ifjvDqMUrD;oif



nOfrkef,Gifja,M; aovBmr.ifqfgqGrf; qOfjr[Momif;

P h o t o : W i c h i t

P h o t o : W i c h i t

Photo : SHAN



Shan Herald Agency for News 3

INDEPENDENCE

qOfjckefoMb qkdOfjukduf;vkrfjZMUv.ifjvDqMUrD;oif

pWc]:kCam];nL: 1

';yr]wKrdKoy,5 b'yroy .r,5 b'yro:dyh,5 b'yr ]Cdyh]wKh;wroCoyj? g9khsCoy s;y'Cdyhv5dyr05dyrskSgshs^x6b9yj9k 'k'K,ytp5jgdkh p'yrv,yj-y.h9oyr-6 b9yr? 05 b;yrp5j,6 b9yr9oy d. kjsoy]5 boy,krsoy]K;y/ ,;yr,6 b'y t sk]G'y t95;y0y./ d5,yhokh

sG9yrdKoyd5hoy.0;yt;oyr-,yhSl,yt-Coyrg9,5 boy s6b;yM?

0kTsy >hg,kv;y9:oyhl:oy-5oy t9dyT/ p5 b'yr05r]wKrc,rsdyTz:,yt0w:hooytgl ]whv;y]:'yh0;yh-6oylkj xGoy96 b;y t9K'yrg9kT9wjd6 bdyrdxyr0xyrz6 boyd:oyrg-k?

-kl:'y0;yhlG'yh,6oy]xyr9k]6 b,yr,5 b'yr

],yr]w :rdoyd. kj ,5 b;yhsK'y]5 boyv:dyHm5;yH[5 b;yH-Coyhdoy;oyro6b'yh? gdkTo6b'yh9wK,5b'yr,KoyhgdkTo6b'yh9wK,5b'yrmwr/ z5ho,yrd;yjv,yj]wh;K'yrs;yo5 b;yzCoyj]boy06 b'yh9wr ,ur9'yro,y?

gxkr]K9yh-5 b;yr]:'yh 0;yh-6oylkj 06 b'yd,yhz:'yhg9;khS Jg9d.kj9C,yhsy> h,6b ;y rd5oy tl6,yrg0hsG9yrl'y/ v,yj9Kxyh s<'yt0;yh

s< 'y t0b ;y h s< 'y t-6oy s< 'y t-oy l'y " Sowp5j? voy;khSJ]u]u0kT0kTS z;kT05;yhxKoyd5oyr

o6b'yh0K9yh zb9yrm6dyj v,yj]:9yhs;yzy./ ]u 0y .d.K'y h ,u rxw Kr;5oy tlK'y hloy soy dw ?-;y l,y txG oy d5oy r06 b ;y hpy . jd6 b dy rx6 b oy rc]h gxkr;khS-b 'y r -6oy lkjow gdkh sC 'y tokjzC ;y " Sowgdkhp'yr,ur?

05 b'y to'yj 06,yr-K;yjz5h9w :js<dyh Zd:oyrg-kX owgdkh 9'yr0kT9'yr]u/ 9'yr-u9'yr,5oyh/ 9'yrzb9yro,ym5oyh v5oyhp:oyjd:oyrd5b'yh s^b'yhd5b'yr,kr -K;yr9K'yr lbxyrlK;yrxuo'yjd;yj? d:xyhx5 b;yh ]6dy t9uh o6,yjow :T ZxwjsT

-uhdwjo,y tvw :hX gl 0'yjcdjd5 b'yhx5 b'yh]Kdyj]Cdyh]wKh0:,yr-K;yrpK,yrdKxyhxKoy? ';yr]wKrpK,yr]G;y 0'yjs^T0dyrvb9yrv:9yr x:9yr9:oyhx6oyhz:oyrl6 b;yj (media) voy9dyr]whx6b9yjxKdyhco z5h]5vKoyj]5Pyh -9yr0y.zkjdK'y;K'yr-6b'yh 0b0,yh]:'yhzb9yrm6dyj]u0kTo'yjdoy?

0;yh-6oylkjowt xGoyd5oyr]Kdyj]wKrl5oyhlboyrlKoy (complex person) ? gdkT

;kh0kTgdkh,ur/gdkT;kh]ugdkhPkr/05 b;yr]K9yhxkr9'yr]u9'yr0kTo'yjdoygdkh,ur? -K;yr9K'yr @Q xux5oy t,krow t d:oyrg-k9C,yh-5 b;yr,oyr

,5b;yh]y.glv,yj;kh xGoy]:'yhm9yrlK'y0b0,yh 9uhzb9yr9uh0kTd,yho,ygdkh;kh]wh?Zxxy td:oyrg-k oy .rxu @++(j +)X x5 b'y]5'y,oyr;wKrgl,oyr0;yhv:oy MTA ;K'yr-5b'yh9uh

s;y,5 b'yr v;ydKoy05 b;y t0K9yhs;yr ]6l6,yrvGoy sC'yrd5oyrl6 bdyrd:'yhdK'yjokh]boyx59yrxw :j;oyrv:dyj-5'yr?

awKjo6 b'yh9K'yro6 b'yh 05 b;yrxGoy]6dyho:'y tx:'yhxwKd;yj,oyr0;yh c]hl'y/ d5oyr;Koyh

xuho:'y tc-j xuho:'y t9wr Zd,yhz:'yhX x:9yr;Koyh sboy9Cdyj/ sPyhz6 b'yh/ sPyhv6 boyh/ c,hg,khZm5 b9y tmwrX c]hl'y/ d5oyr06,yrxuj960b9yT;KoyhxK'yj/ ,5 b'yrskT,5 b'yrsC'yr/ ]w :g,kj o,t y,5clhZ9K'y tpKoyrX c]hl'y vbdyj9'yrd,yhz:'yh,K'ygdkT,K'y9uhc9t p'yr96bdyt-6dyr-5oyT;5oy tm6 b'y,6oy';yrs,yhz5Pyr9K'yr]u-:'y 0;yh-6oylkjp5j/ xGoy06,yr05b;yr oxytp,yd,ytmC,y

soy]uo5 b;y0;yh-6oylkj,krp5j? ,5 boyo'yjd.K,yr

x5;yj,5oyrpK,yh;khSJd:,t y dkhgxkhd5 b 9y jc,hd5 b 9y j d5Py rc9t 9kjd;y v,y j,u r;oyr,5 b ;y how t? p:oy tgxkhdG xy r0;y h-6oy lkjc]h d;y 0'y jxG oy d5oy r

0;yh-6oylkjow txGoyd5oyr]Kdyj]wKr

l5oyhlboyrlKoygdkT;kh0kTgdkh,ur/gdkT;kh]ugdkhPkr/05 b;yr]K9yhxkr]u20kT

o'yjdoygdkh,ur

0;yh-6oylkj c]h 0;yh,sklK'yr/ -Kxyh95;y]bxyhzK'yr/ pGoyrxGoyz;yj9;yh;K'yr]boyd. kj-K;yr9K'yrs6 b'y,:dyh]5 boygl9kT/ 05 b;yrv,yj;kh0kT;kh]u v,yj-uv,yjl5 b;yr/ -y .h]6 b,yr;w :r;w :rg9,ur9'yro,y?

vb'yo5 b;yd.K,yrd5oyrm;yh9:oy t,urS Jvoy ]u sy > hp5 b 'y h/ voy x5 b 'y hsy > hc;h" voym6dyjcdh sy >hc,r/ pkjsy >hxGoycor0'yr9CdyjpkT/ voy

❝

❞

x5;yj,5oyr



4 Vol. 24, No. 239, 2007

k

m6 b 'y 0oy tow t,kr" owooy t 9K'yjgdkTgdkh p6,yjp,yo'yjooy?Jvoy,oyr0;yhpK,yhzb9yr x5 b 'y hp5xy hp:,y rsw KT0kT,kr05 b ;y rooy t ;5;y rpG xy j

sw K d. w KrpG xy joC oy hglc]h/ v,y j9Kxy hd. kj-5oy t95 b dy jokrz6 b oy tp5 b ;y ho;y h -5oy td.K,y rd;y jzb 9y r doy sG 9y rl'y " d,yhz:'yhgdkh;khow?

xGoy s6b;ygdkh]wKr/ ]:'yhsoy]usoy0kT

]whsTsoy,kr9y .h9k? mC'yhx5 b'yo6 b'yhgdkh vb'yo5b;ylwKo,ty sC'yr]5,yr';yr]wKrdKxyhxKoy cur-

rent situation m5;yrm:'yrx9ytx;yjooy t zy .v,yjl5hx5oy t]5 b;y]wh?

,5b;yhokhg9sG9yrxK'y-6dyr-5oyt,:'y0y.0;yh-6oylkj Z;oyrmb _S+2@@2Q)X 9uh;Koyhsboy9Cdyjgl ,:dyjm6 b'y]wKgdkT]wK06,yr

d. kj-;yhs,yhooy t/ ,K'ygdkT voy]K9yh;khSJ-6oylkjsG9yrxoyz:oyr]ud5oyr,5b'yr9wrvuh l'yM? voypK,yhv;y05b;yt0K9yhs;yr]5,yt]C ;y x69y rx'yr,krowtxGoyzy .? zy .-y .hd. kjd.kj d;y v,y jd. kj" Sowgdkh,ur?

voy9C,yhco05 b;yrow t v,yj0y .h;kh9kjmG'yg,krzb9yrzCdyjdoy? ';yr]wKrpK,yr]G;ydG;yj]5Pyh,K'y05b;yt,K'yx5b'y,K'yvoy,K'y]:'yhgl xwKr;5oy txwKrsoy s;yrxCdyjx5 b'yhdoygdkh x6oyh9kjp5 b'yr,wKl6'yl69yrs;yr s,yh]G;ydoyooy t-6 bdy tpy .j],yj]:'yh]5 b;yx5 boyh? m6dyj]whp:,yrsxy tg-khow t? ]:'yh MTA p6'yhpwKhl69yr;wKr/ ]:'yh0;yh-6oylkj pK,yhv:oy s;yzb9yrm6dyj/ ]:'yh]5PyhSl'y05 b;y t;khsG9yrooy sG9yrow/ 0G,y';yhx6 b'yrooy t l'y05 b;y t;khxGoyowxGoyooy 05 b;yrow tSmG'ydoylbxyr;oyrlbxyr-6 boyrgdkhv,yjp;y t?

p5j9uh]:dyr06dyr]GxyhsGoyrx6 boyr -6 boyr-5oy t-wh]:'yh0;yh-6oylkj2]:'yh SUA/MTA

gxkr9C,yhS]K9yh-wh-5 b;yr 0;yhd:oyr05 b'yr0;yhdKoyrp:9yh -;yc9t voy]u]:oy t]:oy t

]:'yh0;yh-6oylkj l,y tvoy0kT]wK]wKS,ur]y .]kj ]:'yhzkjdK'y;K'yr-6 b'yh

o5 b;y0;yh-6oylkjow t gdkTo6 b'yh9'yrgdkTo6 b'yh/06,yro6 b'yhc]h06,yro6 b'yh/ 9uho6b'yhc]h9uho6 b'yh/ -K;yrpK,yrdKxyhxKoyo6 b'yh c]h dKxyhxKoyo6 b'yh v,yj,5 boydoy? ]:'yho,ygvj[5 b;yHlCoy tZ8X ,oyr s^T9dyrx5 b'yhdoy? owtxGoy xd9bm,y,fkH?

okh0;yh-6oylkjg9]6ooy td5Pyr/ g9khp'yr,urz5h]5vKoyjxoysC'yr Jd:oyrg-k"m9yrlK'yd:oyrg-kp5j? ]6dyho:'y td;yj 0;yh-6oylkj 0oy t0;yhsKoyxKoy MTA Zxuho:'y tc-j]w :g,kjSg,k]bdyh9wrX gdkTo6 b'yh pK,yh0b0,yh;khS Jz6 b oy -K;y jd:oy rg-k,5 b ;y hxKoy s;y ,5 b 'y r d5 hx:dy hdw T9C ,y hp6dy tp:'y h 0;y h-6oy lkj d,y ho,y ? ;w KrxG oy xxy t-K;y jd:oy rg-k,5 b ;y h]G ;y ,krl,y t gxkr 9C ,y h]:'y h0;y h-6oy lkjgdkh xG oy ]:'y hx:'y tcor ;kh0kT]wK]w K" Sowp5j?

]6dyho:'y tS]6dyhdGxyrd;yj ,ur9oyrsG'yr0oy tl6'ygdkTo6 b'yhgdkhpK,yh;khSJgxkr9C ,y h S]K9y h-w h-5 b;y r 0;y hd:oy r05 b 'y r/ 0;y hdKoyr p:9y h -;y c9t voy ]u ]:oy t]:oy t? ]:'y h0;y h -6oy lkjl,y t voy 0kT]w K]w KS,u r]y .]kj]:'y h zkjdK'y;K'yr-6 b'yh" Sowo'yjd;yj?

gxkr9:xyjcdhc-d5oyh]:'yhow tc9t g9]wh;khS ,ur9uh9K'yrsG9yr ]wKrsG9yr 0;yh-6oylkj voyd5oyr,5 b'yrd,yho,yvbdyj]6,yhakT z6 boy-K;yjd:oyrg-k,5 b;yhxKoy s;y,5 b'yrd5hx:dyh dwT9C,yhp6dy tp:'yh 0;yh-6oylkj d,yho,y

❝

❞




INDEPENDENCE

gl ]whd. kjv6xyjmK,yz5ho,yrd;yj #S$ gdkT9uhsboy9Cdyj 05 b;yrpK,yhs,yhzKdyh 0;yh-6oylkj,krooy t ]wh9:'yr,wKg-kh-6 bdy tpy .j,K'y9:oyh,K'yx5b'y?

❑ z:'yrsK'yxu @+(% ;wKrgdkj9'yh9xytl6 bdyr9wrs,yhx:'yr SUA p;y t voy0;yhx5;yjg9j;b'yj ZpK,yr]G;yvkp6 _Q xwK p5jo:'ygdkhlujgxkTX z6 boy t;wKjzK9yjv:dyj9CdyjpwKh ]wh96 bdyrg9krdoy-6 boyrooy t awKj SUA 0bcor;kh p:oy tx5;yjg9j;b'yj]whm6dyjc-jz5 bdyjl5oyrp5'yrpG9yh,:oyp:dyh,:oyj?

❑ ]:'yhv;y9wKd5oyr]5'y SSA Z0;yhl6 bdyr0K,yj,5 b'yr/ 0;yhl6 bdyrxKoyrv:'yj/ 0wKr,K;yr-G;yS@+)_/ 0;yhl5 b;y06 b'yh/ 0;yhlC'ysKoy/0;yhx6 boyr9wr/ 0;yh0K,yj]Gdyr/ 0;yh0K,ydkr/-6oyl6bdyr0wKrdw:jS@+_@S@+_%/ 0;yh0wKr]Gdy t @++*X 05 b;yrooy t 0:'yj0y .how v,yj]wh

lK'y06b'y z:'yrooyt SUA, SSA, SURA

06,yr]y.gdkh;kh 9K'y95;yp5b'yrvKoyr9kjd5oyr,5b'yrx9yrx6boytx59yrxw :jx5oy t0K9yh-khSowgl9kT 06,yr]y .gdkhsG9yr9kjz:oyr]u06,yrzy .,oyr/ 9kj,6dy t06,yr95;yd;yjv;y95;y]:9yh06dyr,oyh]wh/ sb,y0b'yrc-t-C'yjdoyxGoypy.j?0G,y]wKrdKoy,5b'yr dKoyl6bdyr dKoy,Kdyh,urdKoyl5oyr96,y xkr0G,y]wKrd59yt':dyrp:dyr]u

swKT,5bd yh95 bdyh9oy/ 96b; yt9K'yrxoy05 b;yts6b; y s,yrxC9yh/ zy .]C9yrgdkh,oyrdboy?

❑ oy.r SUA voy]6dy t9uhdkjdw :jgpr]w :g,kj pGoyrxGoy06,yr]6dy tz6 boy t,5 b;yhz:'yrooy tz5hv:oy s;yv:dyjokhxGoy0;yh-6oylkjgl9kT

voyd6,yrd,ydKoydkTdKoy'6 boyr xGoyvK;y,oyr0;yh-6oylC'y Z0K'yrxb'yrpb'yX 9'yr 0;yhakT]'y Z0K'yrl5r-. \oyX?

voy;K'yrzCoy09yrdKoysK'yh]:dyrdKoy,5 b'yr dKoyl6bdyrgdkh xGoy0K'yrl5r-.\oy

d,y dxy r (director) xG oy akT]'y ? voy ]G oy h 05 b 'y r ZlfC'yHX sG 9y rIzkTvGdy j Z,'yrlkrX

gl Pkr0Kdyj,oyrl,ytxGoy 0;yh-6oylkj 9'y r dKoy rp:9y h" S d5oyro6,yj ]6dyhz5ho,yrd;yjsboy9CdyjgdkTo6 b'yh 0b0,yhcoo'yjow?

❑ voy96 bdyrdoy9'yr06,yrl6 bdyr;kTZ9'yhc9jxKoy SUA g9kjxKoy MTA/ xKoyCPB g9kj UWSAX x:9yr]w :]K'yr,5 b'yrp:oyrooy tgdkhSJl,y tgxkrv6xy jdoy 95dy r]5'y rd6 b 9y r p'y t,5 b ;y h @++@ p;y t? aw Kj MTA l,y td. kjxy .Tp6 b ;y rmC 'y hc]h 0'y jl6 b xy j96 b dy rdoy -6 b oy rg9kj

MTA ;:9yh;wKr" Sz5h]GxyhsGoyrd,yhz:'yhm9yrlK'yo'yjow?

❑ voy 0wKrdKoyrp:9yh z6 boy t;wKj9Cdyjv:dyjooy tgdkh d,yhz:'yh;kh ,oyrv,yjsKoy t0y .d:xyh0y .T,oyrd.kjl5oyr96,y SSA Z06,yrl6 bdyr9wrx:9yrs<'yj voyd6 b9yrl6 bdyr @+_+X 95dyr]5'yr

s,yhs<,yrdoyp;y t l,y t0y .Td. kjp6 b;yr-6 boyr? Zd,yhz:'yh;kh 0;yh-6oylkj 0y.Tv;y,6b;yr9C,yh/

akT]'y 0y.Tv;y9boy,:9yjX? ;wKrx5dyr9'yh06,yr,y .j SSNA p;y t 0wKrdKoyrp:9yhx6 boyzK;yj;khS Jp:oy t-6oy lkj akT]'y -;y 0C dyjcz 9wr2c-j? xoyvkjokjc-jo,y]5b;y9wr2]w:? ]5,;y ;w t96 b oy h9w r2]w :/ v;y oG xy r0:dy tpK'y h-kj c]h 0'y jm6 b 'y 9u h9C dy jpw Kh" S;khow?

d,yhz:'yh;khS l:'yxKoyr9Kxyh0'yjxGoy s5Pyh? J9kjsy > hdKoy rp:9y hz6 b oy t;w Kj9C dy jv:dy j ooyt xGoyd;ygdkT0w:h;K'yrzCoy" Scsh;kh

0;yhlC'yl6bdyr pK,yh]K9yh05b;y towc]h]6dyho:'y td;yj 0;yh-6oylkj 0,y t0y .o5 b;y0;yhlC'yl6 bdyrowooy tgdkh,ur?

d.K,yr9:xyj? z5ho,yrd;yj SUA d,yhz:'yh]K9yh;kh v,yj]whs^T]wh'boyr? ,K'ygdkTl,yt;khS0y.hp5j? ]6dyho:'ytd;yj d5oyr';yh06,yr0;yh-6oylkjvoy sTsoy9uh9wK9uha'y 0;yh0K,yj,5 b'yr-;ygdkh,urp5jS ;khow? ,5 b;yh,oyr0;yh96 bdy t

s^ b'yrp5jooy t 0;yh-6oylkjgdkh;kh ,5 b;yh]y .]wh,5b'yrp;y t g9cdh]b9yhxoy sy >h9K'yr]wKs^TSowp5j?

❑ gxkrp5j9uh';yr]wKrpK,yr]G;y m9yr

d,yho,y? voyd,yhz:'yh;kh akT]'y 0w :hpbxyrd6,yrsG9yrxoy0:,yro'yjdK'y0y . 0;yh-6oylkjd5Pyrowooy t xGoyd,yhgvj,K'yx:dyh? ,5 boyo'yj,5 b;yhx6 boyzK;yjd:oyrg-k @++$ ]y ./ ,5 b;yh0bl'yj0;yhp:9yhl6 bdyrp6 b;yr9xy t,Koyh ##( 9uh]w :

sboyd:'y Z,5b'yrmkr @++%X ]y. 05b;yrooytakT]'y v,yjsoy]u v,yj-y .hz:,y t?

Jvoyp5j]'yzkhd'y h 9C ,y hx:'y h05 b 'yr ]:dyr0K9yh (screenplay)/ voysG9yrz5h

0;yhl6 bdyrxKoyrv:'yj c]h 0;yhl6 bdyr0K,yj,5 b'yr

0;yhakT]'y Z0K'yrl5r-. \oyX



6 Vol. 24, No. 239, 2007

k

❑ ;wKrdKoyrp:9yhz6boyt;wKj Z]whd.kjsC'yrl6 bdyrsG'yxwKX p;y t/ oy .rdK'yxu sK'yxu @++* 9uh

s^; y, 5b' yr;K'yr,:xyhvkjokjxoygdkx:'ydKoyv:oy s;y';yh06 b'yh CEC Zvoyxkr0;yhdoyr0G9yr/ 0;yh-.Koy,5 b'yr/ 0;yh0K,y,y .j/ 0;yhakT]'y 0G,y05 b;yrow t )S+ gdkTX? awKjo6 b'yhl,y t]:,yxw:jd5oyrd.kj9b9yrg9kj,Koyh 9:oyh9kj;K'yr-5 b'yhooy t z5h]GxyhsGoyr-;ym9yrlK'y;khxGoy9kj96b9y tm5'yj-K;yrpK,yrd5Pyr?

❑ voyz5ho,yr9wr,K'ygdkT;khS 0;yh-6oylkjxGoyd5oyr0y.T,Koyh/ ,Koyhxw:j,krpkTdKoy05 b;y t0K9yh06 b'yh9wrp;y t -6 boyrd. kj05r,Koyhowooy tc9t v,yjm6dyj,Coyh?

,5b;yhc9jsCdyhc9t ,oyr0;yhgdkhxGoyz5hsdy t0K9yh z5hv:oy s;y/ -y .h]wh;Koyh]wh,5 b'yrgdkTo6 b'yhc9tp5j?

p:oytx5b;yh,oyr0;yhv,yj]whsGoyrg,k xwKrxPkjc]h o,ytd9ytv:oy s^;ygdkh ,ur9uh,dyr-Koyrl69yr95 bdyh? l,y t]whm6dyjd5oyrs<xyh-K'yhsb,yrs<,yr x;yjs^l5oyrawr/ x5b'y]5'y,oyrl6bdyrd;yjc-jz5bdyjS 9xyt0:xyj-K;yj KMT

05b'yto'yj 0K'yrl5r-.\oy ZvoypK,yh-6boyh

s'yrz6 bdyrl:oyz5h,ur0oy tmw;oyr Taiwan ,krooy tX v,yjxoy sT95;ygl ]b,yjclh ;K'yrzCoyc]h 9K'yrzb9yr0'yjd:'y s^;y0;yh-6oylkj gdkh;kh]wh?

❑ 9uhc9t,oyr o:dyhgl;K'yr-5 b'yh05r,Koyhooy t v,yj,ur9K'yrv:dyj9K'yj9K'yrv,yj0y .h?Zgxkr]K9yh0:,yrSl'y9kT;w txkhokh/ d9y tdkh;w txkh]'y06 b'yX l'y;khp:,yrcdh]b9yhxoysk 09yt'Kdyh/ p:oyjpKoyrp6boyr,6b;yrg9kj;kTg9kjmwr/s9yr-C'yg9kj,Koyh v,yjxw :jv,yjzkhokh]boyx:9yrv:dyj-5'yr06 b'yS ,ur]wKr-6 b'y,oyrp5j/ 05 b;yrm9yrlK'y Zdw .Kr;wKrokr/ Izkr;wKrxw :rXo'yjowgdkh,ur? ,oyr0;yhd. kj05r,Koyhp;y tgdkhoC'y-6 boyr? p'yr9C,yh]bdyh,kr9uh]6dyho:'y td;yj;kh -y.h,kr-6boyrp5jS,5boyo'yjpboyrzb9yr?J9kT,Koy hv;y d;y ,:xy hxoy vg,Hib -5 b ;y H]kh" ow]5rd:oyj?

❑ d.K,yr-6 bdy t]6 bdy tvoy0;yh-6oylkj]K9yh;w t

05 b;yrow t ]u,wK]u9:'yr ,urdkh,ur-oyp5j? Z95;y,oyr0;yhl,yT sG9yr0:,yr05 b'y t s6 b;yooy t xGoy

9:oyho6 b'yhX ?

▲ s;yr,ur,5b'yr v,yj,ur]5'yx:'y06b'yhs'yrg-kow t ,ur'6 boyrgdkhxoyx5 boyh0wKj/ z6dyj-;yhxoyx5 boyhdboy/ ,urs^ boyrxoyx5 boyhz;y/ ,ur]6dyh0wKr

xoyx5boyh0y.TsKxyj0y.Txkr/ ,ur]6dyhpb'yr xoyx5 boyhdoy t0oyd5Pyr?

▲ gxkr-y.h,ur,5b'yr-6boyhpy.jd9yrpGoy pkjp5 b'yh,Koyh? s;yr9dyr]whp6dy tp:'yh0K;yr-5 b;yrv:oyj -6 boyhpy .j]5 b;y9wr sy >hxGoyz5ho,yr06 b'yh,5 b'yr ,5 b;yrokh?

▲ ) g0H,5 b'yr0K;yr-5 b;yrow t ,5 boyob;y t,6 b;yr/gxkrs^,yhsC'yr,bxyjzoy t,Kdyj,w t Z,KoyhX oy .rv5'yh

,6 b;yr ,5 b;yhdoyc9t]C;yzC;y t]wh'wKh'wKh?

▲ xGoyd5oyr-6 bdy tpkjp5 b'yh,:'yr/ 9w :j0'yj]'y? sy >hp5b'yhokj]ujpK,yr,5'yrSd. kj9bdyr9bdyr?

▲ d;y-y.hmK,yd5oyrv,yjp:,yrx5dyrx:'y95;yd;yj-6 boyhpy .j? d:xyhd5;y,5 b'yr9wrd:oyrg-kcojSowooy td5Pyr?

▲ sG9yrl'y sy >h,5 boyooy t/ sG9yrl'y sy >hxGoyooyt?2d.K'yhdCxyh-C'yv5oyhSd.K'yhg9kjv5oyhg9kjs;yro'yjdoy/ dCxyhg9kj-C'yg9kjz5h-Goy?

▲ xwjzb9yrgxkrsT/ xwj]6gxkrg,k/ xwjgxkjgxkrsoyS xGoyz5hd9yt-Coyj2z5hv:oys^;y?zb9yr0'yjs^T/ ]60'yjg,k/ gxkj0'yjsoySxGoyd5oyrl6 b;yh z5hsKxyjdKoy]u? zb9yrp;y tv,yjsT/ ]6p;y tv,yjg,k/ gxkjp;y tv,yjsoySxGoyvwKh'5 b;yh?

❑ xwKr;5oytdKoyl6bdyr 9kj]wKr]6dytz6boyt96bdyrg9kr,Koyh-.Kdyh,5b'yr voyz5hv:oys^;y9wr gdkT]y .v,yjpK,yh]K9yh,krsG9yr,krooy t0;yh-6oylkj pK,yhxKdyh]:'yhco9K'yr;khS

Jsy> hgxkr0K'y hgxt]5Pyhv,yj]wh96bdyr/ gxkr0;y hd;y jv,y j-y .h96b dyr/ 9dy r]w h,ur9xy tl6 b dy rdC oy j-C 'y ? l'y ;kh9xy tl6 b dy rs;y r]G dy tgvj v:oy jgvrSsTg9]w h96 b dy rp5 jd5 h-K;y rpK,y r" Sowp;y t?

9:oyh9kjsy>hz5h,ur0oyt z5hv:oys^;y]GxyhsGoyr ab'yh05 b'yrxwKrl6 bdyr (The Art of

War -:'yc-j x5oy t,kr #*QQ xuX/ x6 boyr05 b'yr

lK,y,5 b'yr ZlK,yd5dyr Romance of the Three

Kingdoms -:'y,5 b'yrc-jx5oy t,kr @)QQ xuX05 b;yrow tgdkh pK,yhdwT96 bdyrl5oyr?

❑ x6 boyr9:oyhl:oypy .j]5'yoy .rdKoy,5 b'yr

dKoyl6 bdyr06 b'yh9wrx5oy t,kr @Q xuxwK

dxyrdwKj 0;yh-6oylkj ooy txGoyvoy]y .05 b'y t s6 b;y

zy . sG9yrl'y/ s;yrl,y t]whsTsoy,dyr,wKl'y

,ur]:'yhz6 boy t;wKj Z(2(2@++*Xp6'yhpwKhdoy s6 b'y ( ]5 boyd5Pyr 0;yh-6oylkj gxkrp:,yrdKoy t;K'yr-5 b'yhxoy06,yrl6 bdyr,Koyh ,5 b;yh )2@2@++(? o:'y t-Coyh9:'y t 0;yh-6oylkj voy sGoyrm6b'y0oyt0:,ygdkTo6b'yh pK,yh]K9yh;khSJ9K'y rzb 9y r]5'y ,oy r0;y how t v,y jsG 9y r0:,y r d.K,y r]K9y h95;y d;y jooy tp;y t" owp5j?

9uhowhow t ]whsoy0C'yh]C'yr;kh z5hv:oy s^;yv:oygxtgdkTo6b'yhowt ,urx wKr;5o yt]ud5P yrxwjgxkr? 9dyr]wh,urs^;y0y.dCoyj-C'ys9yrsKoyZs9yrSxGoy sC'yr0y .'Koy/ sKoySxGoydKoyv:dyr;5oy t voy0;yho6,yj l6]k,ob ,'yriwKr pK,yh;khX ooy t]5rd:oyj?

05b'yts6b;ygdkhp;yt? ,5b;yhl6bdyr]6,yhakTx:dyh # 0,yp;y tooy t p:oy tx5 b;yhz5ho,yr]5'y0;yhvkjokj vf:xytaysb9yH]5b;yH (Adof

Hitler) v;y,5 b'yrd\b3;yH,ouHp:,yrdKoy tgdkh]u/,5b;yh @+%+ p:oytx5b;yh 0:,y0bdyrl6bdyr]5'yd\C'yrdwKjlG \dyT (Chiang Kaishek) v:oy s;y06,yrc-jz5 bdyj gdk,boy9'yr (KMT) p:,yrdKoytxoy06,yrc-j]C'y ,;y05b;y95'yr (Mao

Ze-dong) gl xwKh-K,yhxK'yj]wKj d. kj,5dyr9G9yjd6oymw;oyr (Taiwan) xkh9y .hvg,Hib-5 b;yH]:,ydC9yjc-ooy t gdkh]uS 96 bdy t,urd5oyrsoy]uoxy tp,yd,y tmC,y-;y0;yh sKoy tg9kjpK,yr]G;y?

0;yh-6oylkjgdkh g9kho'yjooy?

z5h9w :js<dyh Z#Q2@@2Q)X




INDEPENDENCE

ulef;Omefj[defwFufb (xd lwf hxB;) wif;vkufje.if huOfbqOfjckefoMb =rfjuef [Awf;ymif

[Fef;wmef;yefqOfjckefoMb wDj=def;a[MuOfbref;qOfj Omefj[defwFufb auMUokwf;rkefwDjwMjukifjrd lOfjOef;xd 28_10_07/ rD;ulef;cOfj

=rfj+rf;wmef;eyf h [Aif? qf gUid kef;eyf h =OfoFef/Oef;xd 08-09_11_07 yDje.if hwB;?

tcb? vM;=b? ncMb ulef;OmefjxdlwfhxB;([defwFufb) aq@OAif;trjZMUvlif [email protected];[Bm;? zlj,mrfjzmufjumef ndufbvkufje.if huOfbqOfjckefoMb vBmwDjvBmwmif; ug Mb=rfjc.efj[Fif;

uef [Awf;ymifckuf;clef hr.ifqf gq.rf; qOfjckefoMbwDj=def;a[MuOfbref; (,mrf ;vA Of nOf [A wf ;+if j teudkuf;ydkef;c.ifrlbOmefj) nefulef;Omefjvlv.rfOBh/

Oef;xd 08_11_07 [Fef;wmif;vDnOfukolOfbyefqOfjckefoMb q.rf;Zdifj[dwfj+B;vBm;wB;? umifef gumifcrfj x.rfbvdufjZif;xrf;?vAifhcOfjerfhwmif;udef? [mifj[Fef;cdkify.ifyBmUwlOfvdufj? nOf [mifjxBmb,f gbokifr.ufj 3 o.ufb

Omif;wrf;OB h 2 wDj/ Oef;xd 9_11_07 umifef g09;39 rlif; qBm;cd lOf;vd lef wif;vkufj[Aef;,dif; =if;[Aef;tcb wMUxlif [Awf;zljuFOfymif?ulef;vlifvBmvBmauMU cOfj=rfjr.ufbvmwfjacMj

ugmrf;/ edrefwer.ufb+wfjoifceg f;trjqef;?uAif;[Bm; 10 Owf h a,M;=rfj[yf hnOfclOf;wmef;/

n.efwmif;okwf; =OfyOfjnd lifb ylb[Aif(urf@eef@) qBm;vMj umOfbr.ufbvmwfjacMjugmrf;yd kwfbymif/ OBm;eef hvBmvBmauMU od kyfbr.ufbvmwfjacMjugmr f;/ rdlefeifb yDjckefodif;(qBm;ulrf;oMb)? yDje.if htcb? qOfjc.if =if;[Frf;,kefeef trjoBm wB;auMU=rfjzmufj qOfjckefoMb qd kOfj okuAwfb okzM@zlif@(qd kOfjtcbemefod kOf hulpf)? yDje.if hxB;? vkif;arM OmefjwMjrmufbuFif;? qOfjoBmrd lif;? usMbod kOf yDje.if hvM;=b?

yDjomifbymef;? vkif;qa';anMbawMbqd lOf;eB h/ulef;qd lOf;nmefb yd kef;wlOfuFyfjqOfjckefoMbZBmbwB; yAefqBm;rd lif; (vkufjqOfjcrf;vFif)?qmif;rdefbu.if; wmifwlOfzlj=rfjzmufjumefuljy.ufj nmefbZBmbtcb/ vd lOfaoeef h vlnmefbzd kefvdufj qOfj,.wfjod kuf; =OfyOfj RCSS

olifbug MbwDj auMurfumef rlbOmefjxd lwf hxB;/vdkef;okwf; n.efuefvkufhqkuf; eyfh,rftev.ifjr.ifqf gq.rf; qOfjckefoMb ao vAif hvl

cOfjzuf;ymufbzd lefyBm/ OBm;Oef; 14;00 rlif; [Awf;wmif ;vD+rf ;wmef;,mw fberfh tzbukolOfbOmif;ZMjvd lif yif@oukef@ ,Of hwlOfjug Mb/

ulef;Omefjxd lwf hxB; ndufb vkufje.if huOfbqwf;ymifckuf;clef hr.ifqf g qOfjckefoMb

rd lOfjeMjaw[Fef;wmef;yef qOfjckefoMb ylef hrM;OlifjyBmeef h ulef;Omefj[defwFufb(wB;-tcb) nMb,k 50 auMUed kifjvmwfjOMj-]v.ifj[efxdkifedlOfqOfjckefoMbeefh-auMUed kif jwif ;auMUed kif j awyFuf byd lif juef ? ref ; qOfjn.ef MTA Omif;cdlifjyefokduf;rmefj rd lOf j=Of yD 1996 ug MbaowMU z.ef ;ymif jref ; rD ;ed lOf [Of ;cMjulef ;Omef j[def wF uf berf vBm,l b/ ayM;nrf brD ;ref ;qOf jauMj [Of ;cMjwif ;qkrf ;

wif ;qd lOf ; awnrf bvB jrM;,l b=rfjuef wDj Omef jxd lwf hxB;eB h uwf ;uwf ;,A ef ,A ef qd lif heB} -OMjeB/

zljnOfykefjz.ef;qwf;[Fef; ymifckuf;clef hr.ifqf gyef yAef-auMurfumefrlbOmefj? zlj,mrfj=rfjzmufjumef ([dkOf) zljerf;uOfbqArftcb qArfwB; eyfh=Ofodyf;auMU ndufbvkufje.if huOfbref;qOfj? orf hwif;vkufj[Aef;qd lOf;,Of h =if;[Aef;tcbwMUxlif wDj[defwFufb

ug Mb[Aef;xBOef;ao vBjvDvBjyAefqd lOf;eB h +rf;id kef;uefeyf hoFefOmwfb? yM;wif;ulef;Omefj

[defwFufbwif;rlwf;/ vd lOfeef h vkufj[Aef;tcbuOfb qd lOf;eyf hxd kOf qOfjckefoMbOMj rD;rkefiOf;(Vkef@ckef@) edlOfcOfeefh [yfhykefjz.ef;Omif;zFef aw[Awf;[mifjyefj qOfjckefoMb([mifjcDbrMU) awOB h [drf;=def;uOfbref; ed lOfu.if;v.Bw.uf;y.uf; ,mefr.ufj 200 rD@wldOf@-eB,Of h/

Omefj[defwFufb ([d kOf) Omefjxd lwf hxB;nefrD;ugmrf;rBmwDjy.ifbOMj rFwfbyFif;v.ifjv.wfjvFOf;eB h qOfjZMU,dif; r[Musufbu'D@oD@'[email protected]@ (qOfj,dif;vkufja[Mcrf;xB;)wifjyefqd kOfjrf gb OBm;qOfjckefoMb x.efwyf hod kuf;n.ufb rd lOfjyD 1982/ yD 1964 rd lOfjqOfjckefoMb n.efqkrf; SUA wyf hod kuf;wB;

=rfjy .if; twbauMbwifj yuf;oOf; Omefj [defwFufbrM; vif =def;wB;wif;vM;=b rD;r.ufj

10 vif/ ,mrf;vAOfvif =def;rD;r.ufj 1b000?y.uf h,.rfbrD; 10 y.uf h? =Ofulef;,lboOf; r.ufj7b000 auMU? yAefOAif;n.efb (OmefjeMjnd lifb)rM;vkufjed kifj/ ¾

P h o t o : S H A N



8 Vol. 24, No. 239, 2007

k

z5h06 b;yhpy .j]6 b;yr]'y]6,yhakT/ gdkT;kh0kT,urSgdkT;kh]u,ur

qOfjckefoMb

P] CpQn]P] Cn]C;si uc]:t};

qk dOfj ckefoMbqd kOfjwmifbnef qBm;xkef;oMb? qmif;csDbZl?

qef qmif@w'Mbukef@? nl;xFwf hn.ifbOef;vd lefyDud lwfb 17_02_1934 Oef;oOf (yDrM)wDjud lwfb OmefjzMzd kifj? nd lifbvB .arMb? aq@OAif;wmif h,mef;

(rd lif;,B) [email protected]? rd lif;wB;y.wf;+ifbayMjtrj qOfjckefnBmj (qmif;ydif;,mOf) emif;oFifqkrfb

eMj=def; ulyf huljud kuf;emif;vDbulph f,dif; rl dOfj 1956(oAifjrkef 1993)vkufjvmif; emif;vlif (cqdwfb)? qBm;qmrfbrd lif; (zB;qlef@)?

qBm;qmrfb=dif; (zxB@)? emif;umif (cedwf hxM)qBm;qmrfbqd kefj (zB;\lwf h)?qBm;qmrfbrsmwfj (zB;omef)? emif;vAuf h (<)qBm;qmrfbrsMU (zdxuf h)rD;vkufj,dif;auMUed kifjud kuf;emif;wdyf h

yd lifyAefef g;qlOfjymef

1935 auMUyAefayMj qmif;ydif;,mOfvkcB .j trjtwbeMj=def;ud kuf;qOfjckefusDb qOfjrd lif; (rAOf hqM;) rd lif;w.rf;

1939 OBm;trjoAifjrkef,Of h ug Mb,lbq.rf;auMUyAefylb ckef,DjoBb(qmif;okef hOlb) qOfjrd lif;vB .arMb

1945 nMb,k (11) yD vBjugMb[Aef;vdufjwDj=if;[Aef;tcbOAif;vMjoAOfj wef;vBj,lbed kifjyD rFefjz.if;ok duf;vkrfjZMU

y.ufjo.if[mOfj[Fif;tvj awMUtwUarMnmefbarMwFrfj/auMUyAefcdif;o.efyefyM; umefzkufbolefzuf;?olefeAifj? zd kuf;vAif hrMU/

1960 qOfjrl dif; (rAOf hqM;) uOfb v. BarMb vyf;wMvd krf;rl dif;u> Mb/w.efjwMbvd kyfjwd kuf; KMT eef h qOfjckefoMb qifbug Mbwdwf;awMbuyf;od kyfb zlju.ef;ok duf;rmefj qOfjok duf;r.ifbolpfb wDjvMjoAOfj/ ok duf;rmefjyefu.ifj 50 vOf;/wluf;vlif;[Awf;uMbuB .ba,; e.ifvFifvB .arMb rl dOfjOef;xd06_01_1960/

1962 OBm;qkrf;ok duf;rmefjaebOdef; [kyfj,d kwf;nMbeMb,Of hvBjncgmifhyluf;wifjqkrf;uMbuB .ba,;vB.arMbyAefwmif;umef?w.efjwMbt[Uuifjwk duf;awM;yMbwDbc.rfbrdOfbedwf hrl dif;rmefjCPBwif;qkrf;tcbzl dufbKMT/[yf hwef;[Aif;yAef =OfeMj/

1964 rl dOfj 07_08_1964 qOfjckefoMb? qOfjckefilOf h (Omefjwlef;) cOfwFrfjvdufj+if h qOfjckef,Dj (qOfjol;vBm;rl dif;uFwfj)

ug Mbql;wDjvB .arMb

=rfjc.wfjz.wfjrkuf hqkrf;SUA

{jqOfjylOfbawbOdifbn.ef =Ofvlif;y.wf;qmef;/ +wfjxk difOmefj[defwFufbef g;[mifyDeeh f/ ylOfbawbOdifb ug MbcOfj=rfj

KMT zk def hOBmb SUA /1967 vBjwd kuf;uefwif;od kuf;tcbzd lufb KMT wDjOmefjugmef h

ef g;vdefvmOf;[drf;Zifbc.if nefqd kOfj,f gbud kuf;yd kef; OMjymifwd kuf;,MjZdefb?vBjokrf;,MjZdefbwmifbrMU=Ofymufbvifyefq.rfod kuf;vlif nlef h'wf hwdulef; zlju.ef;od kuf;wyf hvdefvmOf;/ (OBm;eef hvBjcd kef;urfjz.ifj/)

1969 Oef;xd 19_10_1969 rmefj+if hug Mbql;iOfjikef;wl dif;ok duf;y.wf;n.ufb (,UyUc) vBjxkufbqkrf;ok duf;rmefj (vlify.ifqk difj BSPP=rov) ylOfbaebOdef; wdp.yf;wDjwlefjwD;

20_10_1969 ZBmboBmvlrf; oOf hrdif ,lbwDjwlefjwD;wB .boBmvlrf;y.ifbuljwDj/ ug Mbwluf;c.ufjwDj OAif;vd lOfb(rmef;wav;)? qOfjZMUvif (qmif;ol;cg sef)




INDEPENDENCE

n.ef =Of,dyf;ukrf;wyf hod kuf; SUA cOfjxd lefb [Awf;nlpf;vD wyf hod kuf;qd kifjwB; SSA /

1973 od kuf;wmrf;qf guFrfwlOfqOfjckefoMb csMbvDb,if;n.ef =Ofulef;rlbed kifj zmrf;wlOf [Awf;od kuf;rmefjug MbwdarM,M'wf hosLdOf@ ef g;=if;,MwlefjwD;rd lOfj 16_4_1973 nOf [Awf;crf;wBmwmif (hostage)

w.efjwMbvFufjnOfqOfjckefoMb- urfudef;{jrmefjyB .bn.ufbc.ufj/ nOf'wf;od sLOf@ 2 auMU ug Mb,lbq.rf;wDjtrjarMjyDyBm/

1974 qkrf;od kuf;rmefj BSPP (rov) yB .bwlOfqOfjckefoMbn.ufbc.ufjaowMU yB .bod kuf;q.yfbcmOfb MIS q.rf;wlpf;nrfbcmwfboBmwM {j,lbef g;OAif;vd lOfbulpf;/

1976 v.rfvFrfo.wf hoFwf ho.if hn.ufbOAif; cOfjxd lefbrd lOfj7_2_1976 =yf hxlyf;cd kef;qkrf;qd lOf;vkufje.if hefg;rdlif;wB;?OBm;eef hvlif;rM;wDjOmefj[defwFufby.ufjurf;o.if/

1977 [yfhxlyf; usLOf @oF yf hZf te@vdwf hof -zljqB .jumefvF wf hof wd lOf @Okyf hZf z.if;wFef;ozM; nar@'dcef@nef[yf hwef;[Aif;yAef =OfyOfjauMurfumefZBmb,MjrOf;urfef g;vlify.ifqd kifjnar@'dcd lOf@ rd lOfj 16_4_1977,d kefjwmifbzFefumef 6 yD wMbzAOfjrlpf h,MjZdefbef g;rd lif;wB;/ OBm;eef hvBjxkufbqkrf;vlify.ifqd kifjusdrf @rD @cM@wd lOf @ ywf;ymufjyFwfj/

1979 wyfUrmefjxlOf;ok duf;rl dif;wB;y.wf;+ifb cmOf;wmif;

6

vl defqOfjckefilOf h Omefjwlef; (qOfjoFifrl dif;) wluf;okrf;ef g;ymifwk duf;? qOfj[mefqBm;,Ayfbrl dif; pM;rmefjwdp.yf;/

1980 qOfjckefoMbck def;cBmUrM;,lbwDja[Mrf gb[defwFufb(nef ok duf ;xB;nOf =dOf ;rdef y. B b rd lOf j 25_01_1982) /

1981 ck def;cBmUn.ufbug Mb,lbef g;xd lefb wmif;+ifbrl dif;o.if? =Oftrjcrf;? ymifrmufb[ef ymifekef/xk dif [mifyDck def;cOfj,lbwDj[defwFufb/

1982 od kuf;xB; (wyf hyvdufjvFefvdef) cd kefjwd kuf;qkrf;od kuf;SUA wDj[defwFufb rd lOfj 21_1_1982 xd kifwDjqOfjckefoMb? qOfjZMUvif vBjx.efn.ufbvdefxB;cBmUug Mbwmif; rl dif;,.ef;/ qOfjckefoMbOMj DEA nar@'dcd lOf@qmifjxB;,d kOf;/ Omif;zFefyB .bulef;wdwf;awMbr.efik def;ok duf;rmefj cv, (49) rl dif;omwfb?,k drfrk dOf;wyf hrmefjrl dif;omwfb cOfjwd kuf;vB .vmif;/

1983 cBmU,lbrd lif;umef;/ qdoifbqOfjZMUvif {jwd kuf;qkrf;ok duf;OMU CPB cOfj,k dwf;vB .vmif;? rl dif;,.ef;/

1984 ck defjvB .vmif; yef [Fif;qf gok duf;/ ylef hug MbykifbyMbcFrf?eM;u.if;rl;? rd lif;[mif/ ylef hug Mbrd lif;uRwfj? rldif;xM;?

rl dif;awMU yAefymifwk duf;uefwif; KMT /1985 wluf;vlif;=rfj+rf; c.ifboDb_wyf hod kuf;qd kifjwB;vkuf hzd kef h

TRC/TRA rd lOfj 3_3_1985 (nefqOfju.ef;qd lif;SURA wif; qOfjqmrfrf gb SSA cOf =rfj+rf;uefauMbwifj 1_4_1984) OBm;eef h vFufjvBmjqd kOfjTRC/TRA yAef SSRC/SSA rf gb?

[yf hwef;[Aif;yAef q.rfy.ifod kuf;/

wef;[Aif;umefrd lif;

1986 n.ef =OfauMbwifjiOfjikef;wDj=Ofrd lif; yluf;y.if {jcd kefj,f gbud kef;c.efj/ ndifed lOfzljy.ifumefod kuf; qOfjZMUvifn.efykwfjvBmjaotwbqf gUwd kOf;qd kOfjoAif MTA rM;/wef;[Aif;ZBmbumefrd lif;yAefuFrf =OfyOfj SSRC /

1987 qdoifbcwf;qf guAyf;ok duf;? +rfok duf;? +rfu.ifj?zk duf;z.ef hzljn.ef =Of/

1988 vkufj[Aef;vkuf h [k defb (8) oDbwlOf ef g;rl dif;rmefjyBmjql;MTA z.ifj/ +rfok duf;? u.ifj-rmufb? zd kuf;z.ef hzljn.ef =Of/1989 twbyAefymifwk duf;vlif [mOfj[Fif; wDjvB .vmif;

nefOd lph f oF Of buif ; ug Mb=pf;qefokduf; UWSA

ymifomif;vlif;rM;qB .j,d kOf;? wd kuf;uef [mOfj[Fif;/1991 vBjxkufbvd lufjwifjyAef =OfyOfjc.ifboDbtr;y.ifqd kifjwB;

SSRC nefyAefqkrf;umefrd lif;n.ef =Of MTA

ykwfjwFef;qOfju.ef;qd lif; nefokwf;rkefrd lOfj 11_7_1991 /

1992 twbn.ef [Awf;ymifukrfvlifzljwmifwlOfulef;rd lif;_oifc

(uljnd lifb_aq@OAif;rd lif;wB;ywf;yd kef h) cOfj=rfjeyf h [Aif/erf;eMjwd kuf;olef;qwf;[Fef;Oef;yDrf gbwB;ud kef;c.efjcd kuf h,f gbwDj=Ofrd lif;/

1993 yd kefzmOfbrdlif;wB;u.ef;acM-[yf hwef;[Aif;yAefq.rfqd kifjxd kifwDjod kOfbe.ufjrd lif;yd keftzjqd kOfj,f gbvd kOf;vif/

1994 Omif;zFefolifbod kuf;cd kefjeMj zd kwf hcOfjrd lif;wB;y.wf;+ifbawMbxd kifvFefvdeftcbtvj vBjxkufbod kuf;rmefjt[UuFwfbOFwfhv.rfhwd kuf;awM;[mOfj[Fif;/ vkuf h =Ofrdlif;ug Mbrd lif;xM;yef [Fif;qf geMjod kuf; ef g;vdlefar@ rd lOfjqOfj,.wfjod kuf;n.efwd kuf;[kyfj,d kwf;vBjwyf hrmefj 226 wDjvB . [defu.if/

1995 uFrfzlju.ef;wyf hqkrf; 16 qOfjumef;,.wfj n.efod kuf;zd kef hOBmbzmwfbn.ufb MTA rd lOfj 6_6_1995 /ug Mbyluf;wifj wyf hod kuf;qd lOf hqmwfjqd kifjwB; SSNA tvj

[Awf;{jwd lOf hqf gwkrf h,.efjrlbqkrf;oefbOB,kifj,Bmj/ZBmbed kifjqOfjeMjwDjxB; (ymefvlify.ifqd kifjcsOvdwf h,lif@qB@,kwf h) [Fwf h [mrfjrdyfbiFef;? ZBmbed kifj od kuf;rmefjwif;od kuf;OMU UWSA avMbwdkuf;[mOfj[Fif;y.wf;vB .vmif;/

[Awf;{j MTA nlefjn.efb [Fif;anbwd lufjwef-xd kifwDjqOfjckefoMb? qOfjZMUvif? qOfjckefoFifcOf

l6 bxyjokhS@Q



10 Vol. 24, No. 239, 2007

k

clif;umefa[Mcrf;ndufbwif; yDje.if hqkrf;wB; omrfaq@OAif; (rldif;Zmif? trjnBm@?

csB@yumef@) =rfjuefyAefuOf hiOfjao qwf; [Awf;y. B;wAef;vlif [Fef;wmef;yefqOfja[Mcrf;xB; wDjOmefjrfgbr.ufbqmrf? ndlifbwMjw.ef;?aq@OAif;trjnBm@? [email protected];rBb/

Oef;xd 08_11_07 clif;umefvlif c.ifqOfjrkef,f gbckefa[Mcrf;xB; ndufbwif;qkrf;wB;omrfaq@OAif;? nefrD;yDje.if hwB;aq@OAif;Zmif? tr@nBm@? csB@yumef@ auMurfumefy.ifyAefy.B;yDje.ifhwB;Omefjrfgbr.ufbqmrf ndufb

wFyf;wwf;vyf hvyf h w.efjwMbwdwf;awMbnkyfbnlOf; qkrf;od kuf;rmefj? (qOfjumef;,.wfj orf hwBmn.efwmif; qOfjckefoMb rd lOfj14_3_2004 z.if;nMb,k 41 yD)/

1996 qOfjckefoMb wif; qOfjZMUvif (qmif;ol;cg sef) n.ef =Of ]nOfu.ifjumifbvFufjnOfv.ifjirf;,Aef} wif; qkrf;od kuf;rmefjwDj=Ofrd lif;/ OBm;eef hauMjvBjxkufb+if h cBmUug Mb,lbwMjukifj wDja,busD bnBmb yMjwf gjwyf hq.yfbcmOfb MIS vlv.rf/

2004 ayM;OMj q.rfod kuf;vlifcdefbpkef h vBjxkufbylwf;x.ef ,Of hauMjvBj[yf hnekpmwfj cBmUrd lOf;,lb=def; wDjwkOkef be rAOf hwdwf hef g;wMjukifj- wd kuf hvBj,lbwf gjwyf hq.yfbcmOfbZBmb=rfbvlrfj MAS vlv.rf/

2007 oAifjrkefwDj=def; rd lOfjOef;xd 28_10_07 ,mrf; 06;00 rlif; vlpfjwmif;yAefvd lwfjokif? ,AOfjOmef? wBmzmufbz.if;nMb,k ,mifjcOfj 74 yD/Oef;xd 30_10_07 +yfb=OfcOfj[AOfjzOfcmyfjwlOf wDjyMbqMUa,bOlpf ; -aq@OAif;rRuf hnluf huvMbyMU [email protected]/

wif; qkrf;wB;omrfaq@OAif;? r.rfbqOfjzdwf;oWAwfb 'wf;cseD@ zljy.ifumef clif;umefvlif

a[Mcrf; yAefuOf hiOfjao n.efqwf;[Awf;y. B;wAef;vlif? [Fef;wmef;yef qOfja[Mcrf;xB;z.if;wd kOf hwmif;nMb,kqOfj c.yfjxlefj 80 yDef g;Oef;xd 05_12_07 /

Oef;xd 08_11_07 OBm;Oef;zljawekifjomifb ekifjqmif; |Olwfb (cmrfb) yAefomifb_qmif;E wmef;yefqOfja[Mcrf; nMb,kc.yfjxlefj 80 yD ef g;Oef;xd 05_12_2007zljcOfj=rfjOlwfbZMU ekifj=rfbOBzMjcmOf

vkuf hwDjaq@OAif;trjnBm@ao wifjxFOft[bcOfj+wfjxd kifOwf hOmefjrf gbr.ufbqmrf/ OBm;aoeefhxdkifrM;umifcdkef; qkrf;ulef;ekrfbwB;uAif;rBb tvj qBm;q.rfOlif;? qBm;qdlif;[mef?qBm;vmef hrmOf;cOf +if hugmrf;wB; rlefjqfgyefyDje.if hzljnFOfby. B;/

xd kifrM;Oef; 09_11_07 ,mrf;umifef g

twb[Fef;ymifOlwfbZMU (cmrfbomifb_qmif;),Of hug Mbao omifbrf gbqmif;rf gb n.ufbwkif;o.rf;/z.if;,mrf;umifcrfj c.efjwkrfuef wifj

xFOft[bwlefja[MwAef;ck defjug Mbql;wDjymify. B;ef g;Owf hOmefjrf gbr.ufbqmrf,Of h nOfwlefjwAef;vlif cyf hwrf;,BeMjcAifbymify. B; =dOfjvFif;ug MboAifj/ OBm;eefhzlj,fgbOmefj (ylbumifhOmefjrf gbr.ufbqmrf) wif; zlju.ef;aq@OAif;tr@[email protected] vmwfjacMjugmrf;tvj ,.ifja,M;

yDje.ifhwB; nefrFwfbyFif;[ufhoM Zdifjtij [dwfj+B;? yAefqmOf;ulef;nefeyf hxd kOfoMoeM ykwf hxYzM;yAefqOfj ndufbwif; yAefzljud kOf;,rfeyf hxd kOf qOfja[Mcrf; tvj cd lOf;a[Mcrf;uljqOfj/

ayM;,Of hn.efuefwBjwAef; wd lifbumOfb,.ef;y.ef;yefqOfjrkef,f gba[Mcrf; wif;zAif;ugmrf;,.ifja,M;rdifjcgef qOfja[Mcrf;aoy. Bb=if;ZB;rdefcd kefjZMU 80 vkufj/ ❑

l6bxyj,krokhS+

y.B;wAef;vlif [Fef;wmef;,ldif;ql;qOfja[Mcrf;

nMb,kxlefj 80 yD




INDEPENDENCE

c.rf@rdwf hwD@wmifwlOfwB; (SRC)nefrD;vkufjqkrf; 12 qkrf; [Awf;ymifukrfnkyfbnlOf;wMbOmif;zFefumefrd lif;rd lif;wB;rd lOf;eMj? wluf;vlif;wMbaw[Awf;ymifukrf qmOf;cd lOf;qd kifjwB;ef g;umifvd lefusFef@edOf@'D@ 2008 ao oyf;vFif;tecd kef;v.ifjwlif hed kif nefylef hrM;tvjnefaw[Awf;omifjug Mbrd lOf;eMj/

rd lOfj 17_11_07 c.rf@rdwf hwD@wmifwlOfwB; SRC (Shan Representative Com-

mitee) nefrD;vkufjqkrf; 12 qkrf; [Awf;ymifukrfnkyfbnlOf; wMbOmif;zFef umefrdlif;rd lif;wB;rd lOf;eMjwDjvFefvdefxB;-wB;wDjed kifj/zljwmifwlOfqkrf; 12 auMU cOfj=rfjnkyfbnlOf;[mifj[Fef; wMbzdwfjr.ufb qmOf;cd lOf;wB;

umefrldif;

uljwDjnefrD;,lbef g;rdlif;xB;? rd lif;wB; tvje.ufjrl dif; rM;cOfj=rfjymifukrf qmOf;cdlOf;wB;ef g;umifvd lefusFef@edOf@'D@ (January) 2008

ndufbyM;w.efjwMb olef;wkrfuljqmOf;cdlOf;?ef g;rd lif;wB; rM;[Awf;ymifukrfqmOf;cd lOf;qd kifjwB;ef g;yDeMj vd lefZFyf hVdOf@'D@ (February) tvjvd lefrmwf hcsf (March) 2008/

zljcOfj=rfjymifukrf vkif;yd kefcrf; vmwfjOMj-]ymif ukrf nef eB hyA ef cA Of t,bqd luf j w.ef j wMbuyf ;omef yef ul jqkrf ;qkrf ;rM;[A wf ;ymif ukrf vlif {jqmif jOmif ;zF ef umef rd lif ; rd lif ;wB;? acMj wF yf ;wwf ;twh awnkyf buef ef g;ymif ukrf vlif eef h} -OMjeB/

c.rf@rdwf hwD@wmifwlOf;wB; (SRC) eB h

ymifukrfc.rf@rdwf hwD@wmifwlOfwB;nkyfbuefwMbzFefumefqd kifjwB;rd lOf;eMj

wifjrM;rd lOfj 18_06_2005 wDjvFefvdefxB;wDjed kifj? ,d lif;nmef;zFefumef wMbolef;wkrfqmOf;cdlOf;wB;tvj uljqmOf;cdlOf;efg;rd lif;wB;

{jayM;twbwifjv Bj qkr f;erf;umefr dli f;efg;rd lif;wB; w.efjwMbqmOf;cdlOf;ef g;rd lif;wB;/c.rf@rdwf hwD@wmifwlOfwB;eB h ,5 b;yhc9j,ur @$06,yr xkr9'yr qkrf;uyf;omef v.ifjemif;,dif;wB; SWAN wif;c.if@oD@nOfcd kef;qd kifjwB;RCSS [email protected]@ca'@oD@qkdifjwB;SDU (nefqOfjoFifok duf;n.ef =Of) ql dOf;eB hcOfj=rfj twbwifjyAefrM;/ ,mrf;vAOfrD;zljuyf;omef 17 auMU yM;vkif;ydkefcrf;?emif;oFife.if h? qBm;q.rfr.ef; qArfqd lOf;eB hnOfykefjz.ef;wlif hed kifeMjumef/ ❑

cmOf;,mrf; 16;00-18;00 rlif; rd lOfjOef;xd 07_11_07 ylef hrM;eB h odkuf;rmefj

wyf hu.if 577 wif;wyf hod kuf;qd kifjwB; (SSA)

wyf hqkrf; 759 nefqOfjcrf;vFif; n.ef =OfvBjyAefymifwdkuf;uef wDjZBmbqmef; Omefje.if[AOf; OlifjumifOmefjzuf;ukrfb [drf;Zifberf hrlwf; nd lifboif [Mj rd lif;,.ef;/

ymifwd kuf;urf;eB h vBjud lwfbyAefrM;,.ef hod kuf;rmefjwyf hu.if 577 nFOfbo.ufjwOfwAuf;cmef;id kef;w.if;? qf gU[Fif;vBm? vlvBm? ayMUxkyf hcMj[Frfylbumifh_ylbtub ndufbwif;ulef;Omefj

nrfbOMjqBm;,dif; qdlOf;yAefulef;efg;ndlifb

umefokduf;

ymifwd kuf; wyf hod kuf;qd kifjwB; wif; od kuf;rmefjoif[Mj rdlif;,.ef;tvj wyfhodkuf;qdkifjwB;qifbvBjqwf;od kuf;rkwf;ug Mbyg fU,d kOf;-vFifbcmOfb

wDjqOfjeMjwDjzljrD;qef h ef g;wyf hod kuf;qd kifjwB;vmwfjteeifbeB/

,.ef hod kuf;rmefjylef hyFefvlvBm ayhudefulef;rd lif;[kuf;[Bmhvd lOfuOfbrM;uljrd kOf huljOef;tvjckefod kuf;vlifeefbawM; wif;ckefod kuf;vlifzlif;rdefh n.ef=Of [Fif;odkuf; 90 auMUug Mbrluf;yf gUi. B;,d kOf;tvj [Awf;{jod kuf;rmefjwBm4 auMU yM;ckefod kuf;vlif (ylOfbusD; qDbwlbzsLOf;) auMUed kifj/ vd lOfeef h ,if;rD;qef h

=Ofod kuf;vlif 2 auMUtvj od kuf;[mef 2 auMU

yM;wif;ulef;Omefj[myfbclOf;auMUedkifj wdlOfhrmwfbqAyf;wif;rlwf; 5 auMU/

qd lif h [d kOfauMjvD OBm;oAifu.ifjwAwfb? ymifwd kuf;,Aef,Of h od kuf;rmefjwyf hu.if 577 wif;578 o.ifwyf hu.if +rf;uefo.ufjwOfnFOfbxwf;xAwfjxmrf ayMUxkyf hulef;Omefjtvj vBjn.efuefzlifhwdkefbyBmjrluf;xdlefbrluf;,krf;/ ayM;

=yf hzMbpM;rFefjod kuf;rmefjauMj wuf;xkufbayMUxkyfhnrfbwBmauMj nrfbyAefulef;vBj,Ofh-OMjeB/ ❑



12 Vol. 24, No. 239, 2007

k

cmOfbwAuf;wAif

ylefhrM;rdlOfj Oef;xdf 13_10_2007qOfj[mef (ylOfbrl;) ausMbqlOf;eBmb n.ef =OfiM;odkuf;wyfhu.if cr, 578 wyfhrmefjrd lif;yefb (wFOf;eMj) nAef [Fif;r.ufj 30-40auMU n.ufbwlifhedkify.wf;rdlif;ud kif/ wAuf;cdef

cdkefje.ef;ed lOf =def;ulef;Omefjao nOfu.ifjvefbvkwfjpM;=OfqOfj=def;rmifjzmufb wBmxifwDj/

od kuf;rmefjrOf;vOfj 3-4 auMU vkufje.ifh=Ofodkuf;vlifnl;wAif; nefe.ef;=def;vkif;rmefboFifomrfrlefb nMb,k 70 yD? Omefj [Bm;id kef;? nd lifb,mif;v. B aq@OAif; rd lif;ud kif?rOf;vOfj,lbe.ufjzMao nOfu.ifj MA-1

vefbvkwfjanMbawMb rlwf;wif;rFuf h ([ef

rmufbzmif ;wluf ; 15 vkuf j) ug Mbwd lOf hpM;of gb

vkif;rmefboFif (qOf j=def ;wd kuf he.ef ;ef g;vkuf ;) u.uf;=OfayM;rmifjzmufbwBmxifwDjurf;vAOf/ulef;OmefjauMUed kifjvmwfjOMj ]rmuf bu.if jayM; rlwf;wif;zuf ;,Ofh YoMbcOfnl;wA if; qifb

[drf vB ju.if j} -OMjeB/

xd kifrM;umifef g Oef;xd 14_10_2007ylbumifh tvj pMbwdyDje.ifh vkif;rmefboFifyM;uefugMbwmifbvmwfj =OfeMjodkuf;rmefjqOfj[mef ausMbqlOf;eBmb zlju.ef;iM;odkuf;cr, 578 (yMjwfgjwyfhydOfb[Mb[mrf;iBm;)wif; zlju.ef;wyf hydOfb[Mb[mrf;iBm; qOfjod kuf;vlif n.ifbausMbnl; (wyfhydOfb[Mb[mrf;iBm;yMjwf gjwyf h quc 17 rd lif;yefb) cOfvmwfjOMj awoBmjwFef;uMj=Of 1 vmef h 5 oFefysM;

xdkifyefrM;twh pM; 7 oFefysM;ulpf;nrfb

u.ifjod kuf;rmefjvefbvkwfjpM;qOfj=def;wBm =OfayM;rmifjzmufbuM; yBmZmif hwd lef v.ufbid kwfjwAifugmrf;euf;OBUOMj ][mrf jug Mbvmwfj_ug Mbr.uf byd lef jOMjwBm,.ef herf hrd kOf ;[Of ; ayM;rD ;cmOf btzjn.uf b awpM; udef euf ;euf;eMeM} OMjeB/

ulef;OmefjauMUeef h od kyfbvmwfjOMj-

]od kuf ;rmef jqd lOf ;eB h yef bykwf juef nF Of bxF Of b cOf jn.uf bOmef jed kif j,Of hOmef jed kif j ayM;nrf b uA yf ;id kef ;auMj wA uf ;cmef ;udef uB brlOlOf ;ug Bm;? rl duf j

[BmUcMj[F rf nOf wBm uef hqef vlvBm nrf bvBm; ed kif jauMjvBm;ed kif j wd kef ;yef wif ;wkuf hwif ;rB j ulef;Omefj,lb cdlOf;,fg;,fg;? efg;rdlif;wB;eBhnrf bylef hvBjerf hrd kOf ;rd luf j[BmUvlif od kuf ;rmefj qd lif heBaowD j} eB,Of h/

❑

rd lOfj=Ofvd lef elOf@OFrf@£d lOf@eB h od kuf;rmefjukef[dif; [MvBm;uAyf;od kuf;rf gb q.rf;Omefjnd lifb ulef;ekrfbwB; 2 auMU ,lbuMvd nrfbcf gj

[Awf;od kuf;rmefjtvj yBmj+wfjvFefvdefxB;rd lOfjrM;q.rf;wmif;xkufbod kuf;rmefj qf gU[Fif;vBmrf gudefidkef;/ ulef;ekrfbrmify.uf h rmifOmefjauMjyBmjug Mb,lbwmifbwDj/

rdlOfjOef;xd 2-3_11_07 ylefhrM;eBhy.wf;uMvd ukef[dif;eefh ,.efhodkuf;rmefj

ukef [dif; [Molef;wkrf _=pf;vmwfjuAyf;od kuf;rf gb?xmrfqmifjnOf? od kOf hnOfulef;ekrfb[Awf;od kuf;

qBm;wB;ekrfbyBmjod kuf;rmefjuAyf;od kuf;cOfjrd lif;xB;pM;od kuf;rmefjqf gU[Fif;vBm_rf gid kef;

tvj vkufjn.efbqBm;nMb,kr.ufj 20 yBm 2auMU ,lby.uf h 4 OmefjvlifuMvd yBmjrM;+wfjvFefvdefxB; y.wf;rd lif;Zmif/

o.ifcMawMUwBbcBjtecmOf;wmif;OMj-]rd lOf jrM;zF Of ZBmbn.uf bwMjauMjeef h od kuf ;rmef j cr, 286 wD j=Of wmif hZBmbn.uf bclif ;wdp.yf ; cMo.if auMUOB ho.if ck def ;? umif Oef ;qf gUq.ef h,d lOf j ,Mj ckwf;vkuf; oA rfjrBhvFrf cgmuf bemrfyuf; q.rf ;vF ef wyf hcOf ? te;OMjnMb,k nrf bylef h

25 tvj ug Mbrd lif ;xB;eBao ,.ef ;ik def;cOf auMUvfg 5b000 ? OBm;eefhyfgUt[UuM;ydlefj

{jyd lef jwmif bcOf ug Mbwmif ;rd lif ;yA if ;-uA if ;wkif} eB,Of h/ (wD jtwhref ; nef cOf n.uf brBmrD jOB hnMb,kwFrfbvdlOf 25 [mrfjn.ufjrdlif;eefhyA ef emif ;,dif ;) /

o.ifcMvmwfjyM;OMj- ]ulef;ekrfbrmif auMU rmif Omef j rmif y.uf hql dOf ;nrf bcf g j[A wf ;od kuf ; rmef jeef h nrf bug Mbrd lif ;xB;auMjyBmj[MaoMUrluf ; wmif bwD jwmif bvF ef auMjrD ;} eB,Of h/

❑




INDEPENDENCE

c.rf@yeD@xB;oOwfb nef[yfhqmifjc.rf@yeD@ MDX ao auMbomifjZBmwMjomif;erf hclif;eef h uM;vlif 18 avMU cOf 2 vrf;wmifbvdefykefwif;vAuf;wArfyduf; nOfvlif;OB hwDjrd lif;wlef zFefumefcdkef;od kyfbauMbomifjZBmwMjomif;-vFifbcmOfbrdlif;wlefvmwfj/

vlwf hzlifhvlif 18 avMU 2 vrf;c.ifc.rf@yeD@xB;oOwfbwmifbvdefykefwif;vAuf;vkuf huAif;rf gb-uAif;vmOfvwf;uAwf hBP1e.ifnkuf;ao nOfvlif;OB h ymifvd kOfjcOf wDjrd lif;wlefrd lOfj 04_11_07/ ulef;rd lif;wlefauMUed kifj vmwfjOMj-]vlwf h wmif bclOf ;auMbomif jZBmwMjomif ; nrf b[ef vwf ;rd lif ;wlef [d kif eMb,Of h? vlwf hzlif h

odifbOFwfhvGrfh

vlif 18 avMU 2 vrf; wmif bykef wif ;vA uf ; rM;urf;eBherfeMb? vFyfjawcdkef;odkyf bumef auMbomif jZBmwMjomif ;cd kef;-} OMjeB/

wMb[Awf;=if;qmufj ZB;ZMUod kuf;rmefjwAifZBmwDjwmifhyMbvOf; vkufhclOfwMjomif;cDb=dOf;cdkefj[dkif 15 rdedwfh/ ayM;vkufhwMjoMvM; (=OfclOfwMjomif;ZBmbn.ufb) cDbuM;cd kefj 15-20 rdedwf h/ ZifbZBmbwluf;clif;yAefvB .oFif? ZifbZBmbn.ufbclif;yAef wmif hyMbvOf;?ulpf;uMjurfjerftwh +if hOMjumefauMbomifjZBm

=if;qmufjZB;ZMUwMjomif;/ rdlOfjcmOf;[d kOf heB hZlefwluf;[Mb,f gb erf hclif;uB he.if;cd kefjZifbtvjumefauMbomifjZBm=if;qmufjZB;ZMU ud kwf;vd kOfj

OB h qArfrd lOfjvd lefjusKef@ 07/umefauMbomifjZBmerf hclif;eBh ulef;,lb

oOf;yd kef hwDj wuf;=yf haz;[BmU erfvd lOfvBjz.ef;vDtvj vBmvBmrd lif;omefcwf;[mrfjt[U,Mb{jc.rf@yeD@ MDX omefrd kOf;od kuf;rmefj/xd kifwDjc.rf@yeD@ MDX ayM;vBjvlwf;vlif;

[Fif;i dkef;uMjqfgUqBmbvlif;wd kef; xdkif 24%ydkefzmOfbrdlOfj 20_11_2007/ c.rf@yeD@xB;oOwfborfh rdlOfjcmOf;[FifjylefhrM;eefhwMbawMUcd lifjclOf;auMbomifjZBmug MbwMjomif;iBmj,mrfj[yfhqmifjuBmbclOf tr;wmif;vkufhnOfvFefvdefxB; BP 1-erf h,krf;-ykifbyMbcFrf-awMbxd kifrd lif;wlef/ ❑

g9l6 bxyj-6 boyr dKoygdkjlK'yhawK9khlK'yr

z5hdxyrlKoy 06,yrlb'yj;C9y t]:,y t9wr (Shan Sapawa) o,yrokhd. kjp6 boyh]bdyhlKoy-9yr-5'yrdKoyawKo,y t-5'yr05r z5h09yrdKoy-:,yHxouH MDX 0wKro5xytz:oyH xikjzwH9ikjd6oyH

9uh,5 b'yrd:dyj ,5 b;yh #Q2@@2#QQ)

p6 boyh]bdyhlKoy-9yrdKoygdkjlK'yhawKo,y t-5'yr

9uhz5h09yrdKoy-:,yHxouH MDX

;oyrmb #Q2@@2Q) z5h95'y to6 b'ycodK'y0y .lKoy-9yr dKoygdkjlK'yhawK9khlK'yr,:dyh #Q gdkT d. kj9uh]6,yrs<'yhdKoy-:,yHxouHMDX 9uh,5 b'yrd:dyjgl p6 boyhz6 boy]bdyhlKoy-9yr voyd5oyr,5 b'yr9wr @j*QQ xwK s^,yhdoy]5'yr]wKr,6 b;yrlKoy-9yr -5'yrdKoygdkjlK'yh

awKo,y t-5'yr 9uh0wKro5xy tz:oyH xikjzwH9ikjd6oyH z5h09yrdKoy-5'yrdKoygdkjlK'yhawK?]wh9K'yjcolwK,wK]:'yhx5oy txCoyl6oyj]whd5oyrdG;yjdxyr]:'yhlK'yhawKo,yt-5'yr9uh9khlK'yrc]h 96dyrp:oyrsy >h-:,yHxouH MDX d6 b9yrp't ym:oy]:'yh]5'yr96 boyr-5'yrdKoyd,yr]G;y?

z5h09yrdKoy MDX 9:xyjmG'y;khv,yj,ur]:'yhx5oy txCoyl6oyj]whd5oyr/ v,yj,ur]:'yh9Gdyr0y .TsC'yrdKoy c]h s6xyhp6 b9yrv;y

]wKl5oy swhokrd5oyr,5 b'yr? p6 boypoy;kh g9v,yj,ur]:'yh96,y t95 b;y tlb'yj;C9y t]:,y tl'yS;khow?

P h o t o : S a p a w a



14 Vol. 24, No. 239, 2007

k

cmOfboOfjr.if

s;yx;yh9xy tl6 bdyr05 b;y t0K9yh;kT

0;yh,sklK'yrl69yr,6oy

s;yx;yh WNO z5ho,yr WNA voy]6-w :hl69yr,6oyd. kj,5 b;yh #+2@Q2Q) ooy t m6 b'y

,kr;oyrmb %2@@2Q) s<xyjs;y-;yhsG;yhglz;y-Kxyh95;yp;y t95;yhd. kj]u'K,yr?

0;yh,sklK'yr vkp6 (@ s;yx;yh,6dy yT06,yr05 b;y t0K9yh;kT (WNO) c]h z5hd:oyr9xy tl6 bdyr05 b;y t0K9yh;kT (WNA) ]xy t]w :'6 boyr]w :-,yrlG'yh,6oy]6d. kj ,5 b;yh;oymb #+2@Q2Q)9uhs^'yrpkxkjc'T Zo-:oyHzb'yrX dG'yr,wj?]6dyhg,rxuho:'y t v;y-Kxyh95;y,oyr0;yhd. kj;wT9uh;9y tmkhdfK9yj dG'yr,wj/ sCoyr9Koyrm:,yj

]bdyha'yrm,yrpK9yjo,ytczd6l5;yj 0:,yrab'yhx5 b'ylklok g9kjm6 b'y;oyrmb %2@@2#QQ) ;wKr;oyr ]whx5oy t-Kxyh95;y s<xyjs;y-;yh sG;yh z;yp;t y95;yhd. kjp;y t?

oy .r;oyrx5oy t-Kxyh95;y0;yh,sklK'yrow td5oyrd.kj-;yhs^,yh,ur,:dyh %S* xKdyj? 06,yrdKoy,5b'yr2dKoyl6bdyr 9'yro,yd.kj;K'yr95'yj,:dyj ,:'y0y .0:,yr,oyr0;yh ,5 boyo'yj06,yr-K'yKNO, 06,yr,:oyr NMSP, 06,yroK'yrpb'yr

9wr SWAN, 9xy tl6 bdyr06 b'yh9wr SSA, vbdyj0;yhl6 bdyr]5'y doyr0G9yr 0G,y05 b;yrow tp;t y?

qOfjr[Momif;eBU ul dwfbrd lOfj 14_10_1946 wDj OAif;id kef; aq@rd lif;OMU yAefvkufj

wMUz.if; ([d kOf) qOfjoFifrd lif;crf; qOfjZMUOAif;id kef; tvj qOfjemif;vlb/ rD;yDje.ifU=rfjw.if hwif;oAifj 4 auMU/

ulyfUuljuefwif; emif;usMbek (rdlOfjyD1968) rD;vkufjvmif;=rfjuef 4 auMU

1964 zd kuf;o.rfUumefod kuf; wDjtrjov.if; [email protected];[Bm;/

1966 vBj[yfUwFifbwifjyAef uFrfzlju.ef;wyfUOAif;idkef;/

1967 OBm;qOfjZMU r[Mbc.ifboAifjrkef,OfU vBjcd kefjyAefqOfjZMU/

1968 uFwfbtct[Uuifjrd lif;OMU wdkuf;awM;yMbwDbc.rfbrdOfbedwfU rd lif;rmefj (CPB)

nefylefUyFefcOfjrM;/1971 cBmUiOfjikef;,lbOef;wluf;clif;

wDjwmifU,mef;/1973 xkufbwyfUod kuf;rmefjrdyfbiFef;

qf gUOmif;cd lifjtvj =rfj+rf;avMbod sif;[mefao

cOfjql;umefvBm;vkufUzdkefU/1976 auMbwifjrkufUqkrf;qd lOfUcd lOf;OMU

(WNO) wDjeM;rlef;vlif udifbaq@OAif; =Ofrdlif;,mrf;vAOf/

1978 =rfj+rf;wyfUodkuf;z.rfU=rfjvkufUzd kefU (qd kifjwB;) SURA /

1981 auMbwifjiOfjikef;wDjvB .OMU=dOfj [drf;trjanM; awMbeMjtrj+ifjo.ef/ =rfj+rf;qkrf;qmOf;cd lOf;OMUwmifbqkrf;[Awf;{j WNO

[Fif;,fgbrM;/1983 WNO cOfj=rfjyAefvkufjqkrf;

ef g;wFOf;=rfj [email protected]@ca'@oD@qd lOfUqmwfj(NDF) /

1989 n.efqkrf;wmifwlOf NDF ug Mbymifomif; OBm; CPB xkufbzd kefUOBmb? vBjxkufbUWSA ukrf;cifOBUao OBm;eBUyBmjv.wfjn.ufb/

1994 [yfUvd lufjwifjyAef uFrf =OfyOfjNDF /

1997 ymifnkyfbnlOf;v.ifjuwf;,Aefwif;rmefjokwf;,OfUug Mb OBm;ref;qOfjnrfb,.rf;[yfUacMj[Aufj+ifUrmefj wMbOmif;cd lifj/

1998 =rfjauMbwifjwyfUod kuf;qd kifjwB;qmOf;cd lOf;z.rfU=rfj (UNSSA) rD;qkrf;OMU?vM;=b? ynlOf;? yv.ifj? wB; cOfjyM;/

2000 =rfjauMbwifjc.rfbroS sdefb cAefbwFrfjydlifiOfjyd kif;rd lif;qd kifjwB; (SSCDC)/

2001 nrfb,lbvDtvj vBjcOfj=if;,M

ao[yfUzMbwwf;/29_10_2007 ndifed lOfwmif;yAefy.wfbuyfU nefwdwf;qyf;rM;cmOf;[dkiftvj vBjoAifjrkefug Mb/

0;yh,sklK'yrow t xGdy tl,y t;khxGoy;kTowgl9kTgdkh ,oyr0;yhow t]K9yhd.K,yr9wr]wh]u]u?

;wKr,oyr0;yhlG'yh,6oyp;y t 0;yhl6 bdyr96bdyr,5 b'yr sxy tx6oyhz:oyrd6,yrpbxyr9xytl6bdyr

05 b;y t0K9yh;kT (WNA) gll6 bxyj-9yrlK'yh-6 b'yx:'ydKoy'Koyrd. kjp5jp;y t? ❑




INDEPENDENCE

cmOfbyGwf;

t,;nlufh cdefbnl; wyfhyvdufjrBm 10 OAif;ysDb rdlif;rmefjy.wf;umif nOfu.ifjy.wf;9 mm

,d kOf;cMjwlOfuOfbwBm[if;ulpf;/ z.if;nOfykefjz.ef;yfgUOwf hYzM;e.ef; wDjOAif;ysDb/t,;nlufhcdefbnl; rBmwlOf v_17319 eB h wd kuf hvkuf hOAif;vd lOfb cBmUug MbOAif;ysDb rd lOfj 15_10_07/OBm;ymifcgrfjcwf;,kifj,mifj rd lOfj[mifvd lefoFyf hxFrf@yd lOf@eef hao yef [Mulef;od kuf;wif; yvdufjyBmjwyf h _cMjwlOfuOfbwBm erfvd lOfrM;twhtwh -ulef;auMUuBUcOfjn.ufbwyf hyvdufjrBm 10 OAif;ysDbauMUed kifj vmwfjteeifbeB/

DVB – 08/11/2007

z.if;vlifZBmbyBm;oBm@ nl;w.if; ud lwfbOAif;vAOfuefwif;q.rfqduf;od kuf;rmefjwmef;olpfb/cOfj=if;zd kuf;o.efumefod kuf;zljrD;qef hq.rf;uef/ ,mrfj[yf hwef;[Aif;z.if;wmifrd lif;rmefj vBjug Mb

[myfbeMjumefrd lif;nar@\dcd lOf@/ yAefauMUyefwmif;cBjqf g {jzFefumef edOf@cvD@,d lOf@ c.ifqkrf;rmefj/ ,mrf;vAOfauMj[Awf;ulef;vdrfbtojqduf;q.rfod kuf;rmefjuljv.ifjv.ifj/

DVB - 04/11/ 2007

qduf;q.rfod kuf;rmefj wBbclOfvBvkuf hrd lif;wB;ug Mbv.ef hv.ef h/ yM;qArfwmef;olpfb? r.ifban;?qlOf;Odef;? wdefbn.ifbrsdef hnl;? rsdef hvBmb? r.ifbylOfb? wdefbxkwf h ndufbwif;qd lOf; nrfbayM;rD;qd kOfjoAifauMjwif;erf/ rd lefeifbq.rfz.if;vlifod kuf;rmefj,mrf;vAOf q.rfod kuf;wAif;oAifbauMjvlif;=if;zd kuf;o.efzljrD;qef h DSA qkyfj 9 wDjOAif;ymifbnl? ,mrfjyAefzlju.ef;wl dif;od kuf;omrfqAifbuAif;wkif? cd kefjyAefuOfUu.ef;od kuf;? zljy.ifumef 2b 1 ,Of h,dyf;wef;[Aif;=OfyOfjymifukrfvlifqd lOf hqmwfj nefcAefbwFrfjyd lifiOfjyd kif;rd lif; c.ifod kuf;rmefj/ ,mrf;vAOforf hcd kefj[yf hwef;[Aif; q.rfz.if;vlif OBm;qlOf;Odef;wBm rd lOfjOef;xd 12_11_2007/ rd lif;wB;eB h od kuf;rmefjOB hyAef,f gb? yuf;wMukrf;urfvd lOf wmifbaq@rd lif;? ef g;aq@rd lif;wif;oAifjeB h vd lOfaord lif;wB; nrfbrD;

wd lif;od kuf;rmefj 3 nefaowDj/ ulef;vlifqd lOf;yAef,f gbef g;od kuf;rmefjauMj urfjerfvkuf hrd lif;wB;ug Mbv.ef hv.ef h/ ayM;,mrfj[myfbeMjumefef g;rd lif;wB;,Of hauMj zljerf;od kuf;rmefj ndufbzlj,lbvifvdrfbtojumefrd lif;cOf vFyfjwrf;qf gOB h/ ❑

ulef; 40 auMUyBm nOfulefydwf;emif;,dif; okyf;=Of ([mifjxBmb) q.rfqduf;od kuf;rmefjwmef;olpfb aoteumifqfg cgrfjcwf;edlOfoAefjwmif; ylOfbn.ifbausMb umifOAif;wMjukifj/qOfjeMjwDjyvdufjrmefj[Mvrf;wdtvj vBjn.efuefyBmj,BmjzmwfbuefauMU=;auMUwmif;/

Irrawaddy 08/11/07

zf gyefbn.uf;-vdrfbtojwmef;olpfb

zlju.ef;ymifoOf;wyfhyvdufjOAif;ysDbcMjwlOfwBm

ulefydwf;emif;,dif;okyf;=Ofwmef;olpfb

qduf;q.rfod kuf;rmefjwBbclOfvBvkuf hrd lif;wB;ug Mbv.ef hv.ef h

wmef;olpfb

r.ifban;

qlOf;Odef;

rsdef hvBmb



16 Vol. 24, No. 239, 2007

k

yBm;r.ef;

,y.jl6'y-kh

-khs;yr 0wKr0K,yj-5b;yr 9wr,y.j 9b 6dytv:dyj xGoy,kr-CxyrzG'yr,y.jv:oy9K'yrl69yr 9'yh06 b;yh;kh o:'y tgxt95Pyrl6'y owgvkh?

-khs;yrp:oyrx6 b'yhvb'y xuho:'y tz5hm:,yjlG'yd.K,yr9wrzG'yrxKoy,y.j9'yr]wK xoyvGoyxoy sC'yrpy .jpy .jo,yo,y? -khs;yrp:oyrzKdyjlG'yd.K,yrm6 b'yxuho:'yt9wr9'yrlG'yhgvkh?

l'y05b;yt;kh-khs;yr ]wh9C,yhzb9yrs<'ytx5b'yh d.kj96,yt95b;yt,Coyhglx5 b'yx5 b'y06 b'y-kh0wKr96 boyrp:,yrzb9yr/ -Coyrg9khxw :j;K'yrxoygld,yr?

-khs;yr p:oyr-:xyh0y .m6 b'y gdkTxoy9K'yrsT9K'yrsoy gdkT0w :hx6 boyzK;yjv:dyjz6 boy]bdyhd:oyrg-kow tc9tc9tgvkh?

-khs;yrp:oyrx:oyrm6b'yxuho:'ytd5oyr,5b'yr9wr sy >hp5j]ud9yrpGoy,Kdyh,ur-6 boyhpy .jgld,yr-kh

,y .jl6'y-kh

0wKr0K,yj-5 b;yr

g-khm9yrlK'y 9:oyhf5oyHfiuH Music

]whsb,y-K;yrpK,yrglm:,yj95Pyrs<xyho6 b'yh ]K,yrsT]wh;khxGoy],yjlG'yzG'yrmwrd,yho,y/ xkrzG'yr-:'yody t s<'y tmwr vwT lioyHp5H c]h06,yr vwHo,y t 05 b;yrow t ,5 boyo'yjzG'yrmb $j %j (S@Q ? ,K'yzG'yrgdkh],yjlG'y95;yd;yj-5oyrxkrvb9yrv:9yr? ,K'yzG'yr]Cxyhv;ylG'yf5oyH9iuHmusic vuH]CdyTm5oyH electone x6 b9yjgls<'y t0:,yrgdkh,ur,ur? gxkrm9yrlK'y9:dyrl6 b;yh96 b;y t0oyr06 b'ySm:,yj]whp5j? d5Pyrdkh voy0K'yhxkroy .r-dyT9:oyh o,y t-6 bdyT]:oy tdCoy quality v,yjgxkr,ur? ]wh;kh-;yhxkroy .r voy,5 boy'wKrdoy s,yj95;yh Z95;yhxwX? ,K'yzG'yro5 b;y tzG'yr-C,y tp5j/ gl]wKd:xyhd. kjv;y],yjlG'yx5 boyhooy td5Pyr? ,urlwK'wK9:oyh9kj-6 bxyhokhs6oyh,6oyr ]whp5j? Zl'y;khdwT-9yr0y .]GxyhsGoyrz6bdy tz:oy t]u'K,yrX?

g-khm9yrlK'y9:oyh05 b'yr c]h sK'yh';yr-kHikHv5;yHg-H Karaoke Music Video

,5 boyo'yjzG'yrd.K,yr o:'y tgxt95Pyrl6'y voyoK'yr';yrxwKh0wKr';yr d. kj05rz5h0wKrmC'yhgdkTo6 b'yhoot y o6'yhl5 b;yhlu-:'yj dx5'yrd\boyrx:9yr/z5 b;yjmC'yh9:oyho6 b'yh,kr oK'yr';yro6'yh-5;yrvoyd;yj l,t y,urm5'yxkrlu]5 b'y,kr/ 9uhowh-9yrdoy;w tvb9yro6 b'yh gxkrl:oyj;khxGoy-K;yrpK,yrv,yjx5 b'yhdwdoy m5'yl,y t]6dy t9uh]y .,kr/ gxkrl:oyj;khxGoymC'yh;oyro6 b'yh -5;yrl,t y96 bdy txGoyvoyd;yj/ 9:oyhow tv,yjgxkrx5 b'yhsC'yro'yjd;yj d5Pyrdkhl,y t9:oyhvoy oK'yr';yrd. kjsoy z5h0wKrvoy,oyrd. kj05r9:oyhv:oy9K'yrooy t d. kjo'yhp5j0:,yrz5hpb'yr9K'yjgdkT voyooy tc9T sT96 boyrg9xGoy-K;yrpK,yrmC'yh9K'yj;oyrp;t y d5Pyrdkh-5;yrd5oyr0wKr c]h -5;yroK'yr';yr 96 bdyTxGoyvoyd;yj oK'yr';yrc9t96 b;yr;Coyh9k],yz5 b,y t,kr?

voyow t s;yr,kr95Pyrsoy]wh;kh ,oyrxGoy05 b'yrx:9yr ;oyr]G;y/ 9uhmwKj,oyrgdkh9uh]G;yd5Pyr? l'y;kh-wKT9uh,oyr9K'yj9uhxkrmC'yhgll:'y9uh ]wKh-5;yr0wKr';yr oK'yr';yr 05 b;yrooy tmC'yh06 b'y ,oyrg995Pyr,5 boyo'yj 05 b'yrz;kTvoyo6 b'yh,kr]5 b;yow tp5j?

d:'yhmwKjsK'yh (VDO camera) ooy tgdkh l'yd5oyrmwKj,oyr0y .Txkr-k9;y td:'yh06 b'y g90K'yh0w :hsG9yrsy >hv,yjgxkrloyj g9ob,y]u]5 b;y-6 boyh,krmC'yh?

p6,yjp,y,6'yh,:'yr;khgxkr-Cxyrmb # ,kr g9]u]5 b;yow t -6 bdy t9:oyr]5 b;yow tp5jowp;y t?

z5hm9yrm:'y

oifbokdOfhvB jwD j qB m;qmrfbcldOf; 087-7943639




INDEPENDENCE

zlj[ufhqmwfj-cmefvmwfjugmrf;

xK'yd6,y]5'yd5h0K;yr-5 b;yr ) g0H,5 b'yr ,5 b;yh @+(@ 9uh95oyh9ur ]wh0y .95dyr]5'yrdoy9:oyh9kjc,rcdhx5b'y';yhx6b'yr,5b'yr @+%) sy>hxGoy ,5b'yrs^,yh96,yaC9yt9ciH]y (Federal)

06 boyh0K'yj voym6dyj,Coyh 0:,yrI9kr (Justice) zG'yjxG'yr (Equality) ]:9yh]C;yr (Free-

dom) ,url6oyj]wh9Cxyr99yr95;yd;yjs'yrg-k (Right of Self-determination) ooyt,5b'yr9wrgdkTv:oys^;y09yrsCoyr,kr]5r?

;oyr,5 b;yhow t gxkr;kh z5ho,yr2z5hsdyT0K9yh06 b'yh9wr v,yjp:,yrsxy t]wh]:dyrx5 b'y,5 b'yrs,yh96,yFederalism Z9kj06 b'yh9wr29kjx9yrx6 boy t06 b'yX 0:'yj0y .h]:'yh,oyrs6 b;yM?

';yr]wKr;oyr,5 b;yhow t/ z5hv:oy s;ygdkT]y .c]h;kh 0y .d.K'yhp5jowgdkh 9dyrp:,yrsxy tpbxyr96 b;yrsG9yr0:,yr]:'yhzG'yjxG'yr (equality) ]who5 b;y06,yrv5Pyr]u o5 b;y9K'yj0K;yr-5 b;yr?

voyd;y-kh]whsoyow t 0;yhp:9yhl6 bdyrgdkTo6 b'yhgdkh ]Cdyh]wKh p6 b9yhp:oyj0y .d.K'yh,krc]h ]up:'yhgpkroxy tp,yp5j?

v5r9boyjv:'yj Z9wr]C'yS,5 b'yrd:'yrX dC,y s;yx;yh NLD-LA (20/10/2007)

9wro,yrSv:oy9'yh9,yr,5 b'yrs,yh96,y

co0y .d.K'yh/ 0w :hlK'yhdKoyz:,y tzG'yj

,Mj{jyAefnrfbokuf;nrfbvdyf;]u.yfjydlOfjwB;nrfbrD;ymifoOf;ulef;yBmjaz; refugee camp (,.efhvlify.ifqdkifjxB;

ulOfvBjeMjrBjawMbrmefjao nrfb,.rf;[yf h? UNHCR auMjnrfbqmifjruf;refjqB .jxFrf) tvjvkufjn.efbulef;ekrfb[Of; nrfbrD;wd kOf hwmif;vBj[Aef;vDrd lef,mif;rd lefr.ef;cOf/ ulef;ekrfb,mif;?,mif;vFif? r.ef;? csmif;cOfvBj[Aef;vD vBjug Mb,lbe.ufjrd lif;erfauMj (ayM;wFufjuefwif;wB;twh)umefqd lOf hqmwfjcOforf h,lyfj,.rf;? u.yfjcOfukrfbug MbnOfwlOfv.wfj rd kif hwMbokefbwlOfvBjvDvBjyAefurfjerftvj iOf;vBm;ulef;ekrfbwB;cf gjvDvd lOfcOf,lb/

yAef [d kOfauMjvD? w.efjwMberf huwf h? wmif;=U? yBm;Olef h [Of; awcd kwf;yAif; ulef;ekrfbwmifb

qmOf;cd lOf;_aq@rd lif;eef h ulef;ekrfbwB;[Of;wuf;vBjcwf;qf gtwhtwh/ ,MbyB .b,.efb,.rf;umef hvM;vM;/ umefrd lif;? umefcmOfb? okefbvBjulef;? odifbOFwf hv.rfh? iOf;vBm;vkrfjZMU qd lOf;eB hwuf;vBj[Aef;=UZBmbnif;udwfherferf/ u.yfjOMjulef;ekrfb [Awf;umefrdlif;eBhwdkufhrD;anb/

[Aef;=Unrfbxd kifwDjnrfbokuf;nrfbvdyf;eef h nrfbcf gj{jyAef/qOf j[mef ,.if =pf j (10_9_06)

id lOfju.yfjnrfb=UrmifOef;YzM;wDj=def;,if;nd kyf;cOfj (u.yfjnrfbvBjwmifbo.rf;)? orf hn.efuefug MbOBjYzM;rd lif;rmefj (YzM;'cFifbOAif;vd lOfb? olpfbwukifb

wMjukifj)/ wB;[Of;id lOfjeB h u.yfjnrfbrD;wmif;=U (cd kwf;yAif;yd lefj)? ayM;=Uerf [eferfauMjawnrfbid lOfj/qBm;xF ef jan (rl baq@) 12U5U2005



18 Vol. 24, No. 239, 2007

k

]:dyrv5oyh c]h ]:dyr-C'y]:dyrv5oyh c]h ]:dyr-C'y

05 b'yrl6 bdyrl6oyr06 b;yj

05 b'yrl6 bdyrl6oyr06 b;yj

x:'yhs^dyr

l6oyr06b;yj,:dyj;kh

9kj9xy tl6 bdyr0;yhd;yj g9,5 boy sboym6xy t-wjooy t 9dyr]wh0y .T96 b;yrlCoy tS dG;yj]5Pyh]:dyrv5oyh]:dyr-C'y?

zy.m6b'yxK'y96bdyrv:oy9K'yrgl xy.T;wT9dyr0K'yj06 boyh? zy .,krm6 b'y]6 boyrgl sbxyh-;yh,krooyt 9dyrs^ b;y to5oyr? d:xyhooyz5hd9ytdKoyl6bdyrowt 05;yrz5h-Goy,kr05rxK'y96bdyr?

9kjz5h-Goy,krooy t ,ur9uhcoz:oyr]uxoy,oyr? 9kjz5h-Goyv,yjs9yr,kr0,yooy t,ur9uhcoz:oyr0kTxoy,oyr?

9kjsy >h,oyr,kr 9dyr]wh,urp5 b;yjvw :j?pkj sy >h,oyr,kr96 bdyr9uh,oyr9dyr]whdC9yjc-?

0'yj;khz5h-Goy06boyhly . 9dyrsy >h,oyr s^ b;y to5oyr? ,oyrdboyvb,yj9dyrsy >h,oyr9:'y t,wh?,oyrp5job,y9dyrsy >h,oyr95'y t?

co95;y9uh z5h-Goy9dyr]wh,krdC9yj

c-? d. kj05r9uhz5h-Goy96 boyrv,yjm5 b,y?-6boyhl6bdyrsG'y]uh p;ytv,yjo5Pyjs^b;yt/

p:oy td.kj9uh ]:9yhz5h-Goy? -;yh96 bdyr9uh]y .9dyr]wh/ d:xyhz5h-Goyv,yjdC9yjc-;wT? dC9yjc-9uh]y . 9dyr,oyhd6 b,yr p:oy tz5h-Goy v,yj0K'yh-;yh96 bdyr?

z5h]y .d9y tdKoy-;yh96 bdyr z5h-Goyv,yjsT;kh g9]wh9'yhsxy tdkh]y .? z5h]y .d9y tdKoy9'yh

sxy t z5h-Goyv,yjsT;kh g9]wh-;yh96 bdyrdkh]y .?

z5hd9y tdKoyl6 bdyrow t ]6 bdy t]xy tc]hp6 b9yhp5oyh/

d.kj]y .v,yjxC9yhsw<r;w t/ ]K9yhl'ygdkh v,yjxC9yhlG'y;w t/ 0'yj;khd,yH0k9kz5h-Goyow t d,yd6,yr;w tp5joy.r,6b;yr,oyr?

Zz5 h]y .d9y tdKoy -;y h96 b dy r ,5 b oy ]6dy to5 b ;y dK'y sK;ylC ;yh]5'yr,kr sG 9y rsy> hz5 h-G oy v,y j

0K'y hsG 9y rs6 b ;y dC 9y jc-95;y d;y j? p:oy t;kh 9u h voy ,oyr-;yh96bdyrowt 96boy rxGoy9uh 05b;yr voy z5 h-G oy 96 b oy rv,y j0K'y hdC 9y jc-? z5 h]y .d9y tdKoy 9'y hsxytow t xCxytl5 b 'y j95;yd;yj;w toy.r 9u h]xy tl69y r9y . h]b oy sG 9y rsy > hz5 h-G oy gxkr v,y j0K'y h]K,y r-K9y h9u hp5 j9oy rl;y r,oy r? p:oyt;kh9uhvoy,oyrp5j;wtowt xGoy9uh05b;yr voy z5 h-G oy 96 b oy rv,y j0K'y h-;y h96 b dy r?

x6 b 'y h05 b 'y r]6 b dy t]xy t]5'y gl s;y rsG oy rsT

9kjg9sw K95;y c]h v,y lG 'y ;w t sG 9y rsy> hs;y r

d6,yrd,y0k9kz5 h-Goy ;w toy .r,6 b;y rs;y rX? gxkr0;yhd;yjs6dyTly .jz5h-Goy v,yjcsT

]wh p:oy t;kh0;yhd;yj-;yh96 bdyr]:dyrv5oyhp,y,oyr? gxkr0;yhd;yjmw :gdkhz5h-Goyv,yj],yr]6 bxyh]wh p:oy t;kh0;yhd;yjmw :;wrx5oy t?

gxkrs;yr-y.h96bdyr06b'y xGdyT;khz5h-Goy,urs;y tl6'y-5r]6 bdyTgdkh dkh]wh96 bdyr9'yrs;yr/p:oyt;khs;yr-;yh96bdyr9uh]:dyrvoyz5h-Goy96boyrdkh]wh-;yh0w:h? gxkrs;yrv,yj-y.h96 bdyr06 b'y xGdyT;kh-b9yjlGoyhv:oyjcsT;w td5Pyrgdkhz5h-Goyv,yj0K'yh96 bdyr/ p:oy t;kh]whm6dyjs;yr0dyT06'y,oyrd. kj9K'yj9uh?

d:xyhooyl:oyjsy >hz5h-Goy x6 b9yjaK'y sK'yh,oyrsy >hs;yrsoy/ s;yrl,y t]xy t sK'yhs;yr]wh06 b'y

s;yrg90K' yh-:oyhsC'yrs;yr sG9yrsy>hz5h-Goy

Z@ ]uh E QT$( ]dyrX




INDEPENDENCE

0CdyjsC'yr,oyr? s;yrs,yhxGoyo6 b'yh z5h-Goy0CdyjxGoylbxyr/ v;ylbxyrs;yr-;yh96 bdyro6 b'yh-:'yz5h-Goy/ s;yro,yz5h-Goygvj? ,5 b;yhv;yo,yd. kj96 bdyrgvj awKjgvjgdkhsTg9-Koy0y .?

x6 boy t9uhs;yrg996 bdyrow t v,yj9Kxyhxoyz5h-Goy sT? ,5 b;yh,oyrv,yjsT ,oyrgdkhdkh]wh

sCo yrsxyt] wK]wK9uh? ,5b;yhsCoyrsxyt] wK9uh9uhs;yr-;yh96 bdyrg9,urgvj? sCoyr9C;yrokh9C;yr]'yg9gvj/ sCoyr9C;yr]'y 9C;yrokhg9gvj? sCoyrlwKT -.kg9gvj? sCoyr-.k lwKTg9gvj? sCoyrd5h9uh d5h9uhg9,urgvj?

sC'yrgvjow t p:oy t]whsCoyrsxy t]wK9uh? sC'yro,yow t p:oy t sG9yrsy >hz5h-Goy sCoyrsxy t]wK9uh?

0'yj;kh,5 b;yhs^TxK'y96 bdyr sT;oyrpK,yrg996 bdyr06b'yS-K;yrdwxGoy sG'y]uhgdkh v:dyj96 bdyr]wh? gxkrv,yjsTxK'y96 bdyr v,yjsT;oyrpK,yrg996 bdyr06 b'y lwKTgdkh v,yj0K'yh0w :h-.k/ -.kgdkh v,yj0K'yh0w:hlwKT? okhgdkhv,yj0K'yh0w :h]'y/ ]'ygdkh v,yj0K'yh0w :hokh? sK'yjdoyoxytxKdyj]uh s6 b;y oxy tlbxyr]uh

d5Pyrgdkh g90K'yh0w :hdoy]wh05 b;y t s6 b;y?0'yj;kh ]:'yhgxTowT lK'yh-6boyh]wh?

z5h-Goy,ursC'yrpy.jgdkhsK,yh]wh pkjsy>h,oyr96 bdyr?

-5oy t skzCoydKoyz5h-Goy 9kjsT;khzCoydKoy]y .g90y .T]wh/ zCoydKoy]y .g9v,yj0y .T]wh?

l5oyrp5'yrz5h-Goy sy >hs;yrsTx5 b'y95'y to6 b'y,oyr?

-5oy t sk]:'yh09yrsCoyrl6 bdyr,oyr sy >hsT;khg9]wh96 bdyr9uh]y .?

p5'yrclj,oyr sy>hsT;kh]:dyr-C'y,oyr,ur]y ./ ]:dyrv5oyhl,y tp5j]y .?

dG;yj]5Pyh]:'yh09yrsCoyr0;yhd;yjow t9dyr]wh]xy tl5 b'yj/ pkjsy >hlwK]xy tx5 boyhsTm6 b'ypkjsy >h0;yhxwKrs^ Tx5 boyh]K,yr-K9yh]wh?

d5oyr9'yro,y v,yj-;yh0. y Zx:'yj0y .X]:'yhgxtow t g90K'yhv;y]wh 9uh]wKr96bdyrz5h-Goy05 b;y t s6 b;y? d5oyr9'yr]wK sT]wKrv:'yjgxtd5Pyrdkh v,yj,urd5oyro,yg9s^T xwKr96bdyr

voyd5 b9yjv:dyj]:'yhv:'yjgxt? p:oy tooygxkr0;yhd;yjv:'yjgxtp;y td,yro6 b'yh ]wKr96 bdyrd;yjd;yjow t v,yj0y .Tl,y t-6 boyr? g9vb'yo5b;y';yr]wKr voyd5 b9yjxGoy,krgl ]Cdyh]wKh]wKr96 bdyrd. kj?

]wKr96 bdyrow t 'wKr,5boyo,y t? c;h9uhl6'y]5'yr9uh9C,yj? dKoy96bdyrl6bdyrooytgdkhc;h9uh-C'y sk9uhv5oyh? o,y t]w0:,yrlzk;x6 boy t9uh;C9y t]:,y t,oyr? ]wKr96 bdyrgdkh]Cdyh]wKh0:,yr';yr]wKrz5h-Goy?

o,ytowt v,yj,uraK'ysK'yh coto:oyrx5 b'y9wK? dKoyl6 bdyrow tgdkh v,yj,ur';yr]wKrx5b'y9wK?

mK9yhskh Zo,y t aw r ,w T csh ]b oy X owtv,yj,urmK9yh]y . s,yj',yrp5j9kjglj? v696,urlujgdkh v,yjxGoyv696]G;y9kjglj? -K;yr;oyrgdkh,urx:9yr,urpK;yr? ]6dyh]5boygdkh,ur,5oyr,ur]xyr? z5h]y .g,k]Cdyh]wKh]wKr96 bdyr0:,yrz5h-Goygl v;ygxt]whooy t d6 b'yjs<'y t;khakT]5'yr,krd5 b9yj? ❑

d.K,yrdxyrm6dyjo:dyh,5 b'yr

Anything worth doing does not have to be done perfectly - at first.

dKoy]y .m6dyjsG9yrv,yj9Kxyhsy >h-C,y t]Cxyhd,yr]G;yS,5 b;yhv:oy9K'yrl69yr?

Zx6oyh9kjz5ho,yr05 b;yr,ur]6dyho:'y tx:'yhxwK voy96 bdyTc9ja6 bdyrdKoyX

Ken Blanchard , The Heart of a Leader (1999)



20 Vol. 24, No. 239, 2007

k

udefcOfjzfg yAefqfgref;

Whoever's rice one eats

One is of a single heart with him

ol‹qefpm;=&JrS

d.K,yr9C9yh

A xk]b 'do?

AA c9j0kT ow t 0;yhxwKrsT-;y;kh v,yj]u0y .T? d:xyh;kh 0kT (p) xGoyd.K,yr,Koyh/ 9uhx:'yj9kj9wr9'yr]wK Z0G,y mwr2]K;yrX gdkh

x:'yj;kh v,yj]u? J96 bdyTc9jd5Pyr0kTp;y t g9sG9yrs6 b;y]u" ;khdoyo'yjow?

vb'yrd]G9yh mwr lG'yv:dyj 9wr;kh]wh mw :h9wr2,Koyhvoy0y .Tp5j

Bear [Cdyj ,Cdyj/ ;Cdyj ,CdyjS;Cdyj

Bearing mb9yrmK'yH mb9y t9K'yr okh9K'yr (t&yfrsufESm)

Bed ⌫ 9uHFp'yH 9G'yr d5j

Bedbug 95;yHF;kH ¤5 b;y tFv9y t 95;y s^ b9yh s^ b9yh

Bedroom s<'y to:oyH s<'yho:oyr ]6dyro:oyr

Beer ⌫ [uHFp5 b;yH [ujp5 b;yj xujpkj (bD,m)

Before d:oyj/ d:oyjokT d:oyj/ d:oyjokh v:oy9K'yr

Beforehand ]5TF;'ytokT ]5'yhokh dG;yj9K'yj (óuwif)

Beg v:oy t;:oyH v:oyh;:oyr p:oyro:,yr29:'yrxKoyj

Begining 9:oyHiCdyT 9:oyhsCdyh/ c9jsCdyh c9j0kTAA/ ,5 b;yh0kT




INDEPENDENCE

OD;Zif;emrnf t±SifokeENvk d@ac:w,f? &efukefuae a±$vDbuf acwWc% tvnftywfa&mufaewm 3 vavmuf±S d+yD?Ek d0ifbm 12 &ufae@rSm erf hcrf;tm%myk difawG etz anmifESpfyifnDvmcHaxmufcHyG J usif;yw,f?wjcm;®r@awGvk dbJ a'ocHtm;vk H;

wpftdrfwpfa,muf roGm;rae&pepfeJ@ trdef@xkwfxm;w,f?ta=umif;rodwJ h jynfyuvlawGtaeeJ@=unf h&if ppftpk d;

&uk d jynfolawG wcJeufaxmufcHae=uygvm; qk d+yD;vG JrSm;pGmxifrdrSmtrSefbJ?a'ocHawGuk d OD;Zif;oGm;ar;=unf hawmh yG JwufaxmufcHcsifwJ hvl wpfa,mufrSr±d Sbl;? aoewftm%muk d rvGefqefEk difwJ hvlawGcsnf;bJ?

wu,f ht&if;tjrpf jyef=unf h&if “rif;wk d @ck dif;or# vk dufrvkyfEk difbl; uG”qk d+yD; OD;aqmif jiif;qefajym&JwJ hvl r±S dwma=umif hyg? &yfuGuf/ aus;±GmxJqif;+yD; ppfwrf;vk dufaumuf=unf hawmh

wynf hawmfwkd @twGufukd,fusK d;pGe f @ol&J&i fhxufjrufwJ hac gi f;

aqmifaumif;awG ay:xGufvmEk d;Ek d; ar#mfae=uw,fbk&m; vk d@OD;Zif;uk d wnDw!Gwfwnf; ajz=uw,f?

pufwifbm ta&;tcif;+yD;wJ haemufyk dif; etzppftm%myk difawG ®r@e,fwk dif;rSm anmifESpfyifaxmufcHyG JeJ@ qENjyoHCmawmf

awG qef@usif±_yfcsyG J usif;yaewm[m bk&m;om; oHCmawmfawGuk d pdefac:aewmjzpfw,fvk d@ OD;Zif;wk d@,lqw,f?

'gawGtm;vk H; jyefok H;oyf=unf h&if txdemqk H;u jynfolvlxkbJ? bmvkd@vJqkdawmh - “ppftkyfpkuaoewfukdif+yD;bkef;bkef;wk d @rSmawmh arwWmeJ @xD;bJ yk difwmuk d;”?

jynfolvlxktwGuf ppftkyfpkukd tHwkEkdifrJ hacgif;aqmifrsm;rsm; ay:aygufygap?

o#rf;jynfajrmufykdif;rScrf;qk difcrf;

Ek d0ifbm 12 2007

19 ESpfwm e0w§etz vufxufrSm ppftm%m±SifAdkvfoef;a±$wdk@ tpOfwpd kuf awmufav#mufpGJudkifwJh t"dua±Smif&ef - aqmif&ef usif hpOf 2 ckbJ±S dw,f?

a±Smif&ef Ð t+rJwif;cHjiif;qef/ qifa0S@&efa±Smif acgif;cgypfy,fwmu/ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;/ EkdifiHa&;jy\emajz±Sif;a&;/wef;wlxm; vufcHpum;ajyma&;?

aqmif&ef Ð t+rJvufcHóudqdk/ ar#mfudk;wdk;jr‡ifh/ usifhoHk;vdkufem/ zgax;rGrf;rHðyjyif/ vdkcsifcH krifwyfruf/ wG,fzufpGJudkif/ydkifqdkifxdef;odrf; umuG,fapmifha±Smuf xm;wmu - a&±Snftm%mqufvufcd kif+rJa&;?

'DjzpftifESpf&yf/ wyftyfaocsm jzpfygw,f?

ppftkyfpk. t"duusifhpOf ESpfcka':pkuk d wk dif;&if;om;awG,k H=unfetzeJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfawG@qH kr_ud k a':pkud k,f

wd kif ppfrSefwJ hawG@qk Hr_jzpfvmr,fvd k@ ,H k=unfxm;w,f? usaemfwd k@uvJ olr&J@,H k=unfcsuftwd kif;,H k=unfygw,f? wu,fqd kolwdk@ESpfa,mufxJr[kwfbJukvor*~t&m±SdwOD; yg&ifydkaumif;vdrf hr,f? ESpfOD;ESpfbufaqG;aEG;+yD;awmh oabmwlxm;cJ h&if aemiftcgrSm 'Dxufcd kifrmvmatmif olwd k@vkyfvdrf hr,fvd k@ ,H k=unfygw,f? etzbufu OD;atmif=unf/ jynfolvlxk 'Drd kua&pDbufawmfom;bufu a':atmifqef;pk=unfwk d@ awG@qH k pum;ajymzd k@ajcvSrf;awGpvmwJ htay:rSm wd kif;&if; om; tiftm;pkawGtaeeJ@tcktajctae[m tpysKd;av;bJ±SdwJhtwGuf aemufvdktyfwmawG qufjzpfr,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfygw,f?

ylusifh±Sif;xefBBC 14/11/2007

okd@§

*G%f;ac: pmapmif t,f'Dwm -



22 Vol. 24, No. 239, 2007

k

vlŒtcGif hta&;

+Adwdef0ef}uD;tm; eef;csrfawmif;oGm;awG@ vl@tcGif hta&;v_yf±Sm;ol eef;csrfawmif;u +Adwdo# jynfyzG H@®z;wd k;wufa&;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; tvufZENmeJ@ vef'efrSmxk dif;e,fpyfwav#muf v_yf±Sm;ae=uwJ hvl@tcGif hta&;eJ@'Drd kua&pDv_yf±Sm;r_tzG J@awG axmufyH hr_eJ@ywfoufvd k@ &HyH kaiGwd k;jr‡if hay;wJ h tpD&ifcHpmtay:rSmaqG;aEG;&wkef;u ±Gmykef;/ ±Gma±Smif wd kif;&if;om;jynfolawG&J@ta&;udpP wae@wjcm; }uD;xGm;vmaeovd k tultnDay;aewJ h tzG J@tpnf;awGtaeeJ@vnf; wm0efyd k}uD;vmwJh t

a=umif; ajymjywJ htwGuf rpPwmtvufZENmtaeeJ@ pd k;&drfruif;jzpfaewJ hta=umif;/ 'DudpPud kajyvnfatmif ulnDaqmif±Gufay;rJ htpDtpOfvJ±Sda=umif; jyefajym=um;ygw,f?

tcktajctaet& ±Gmykef;±Gma±Smif'kuQonfawGtjyif+yD;cJhwJhpufwifbmta&;tcif; zdES dyfr_&efuae a±Smifajy;vmwJ hvlawGtwGufyg e,fpyfuvl@tcGif hta&;tzG J@awGtzk d@ yd k+yD;awmhwm0ef}uD;vmw,fvd k@ oluqd kygw,f? 'DudpPud kyg 0ef}uD;rpPwmtvufpENmu ta=utvnfaqG;aEG;cJ hta=umif; eef;csrfawmif;u tckvd kajymygw,f?

“ukvor*~ 'kuQonfrsm;qkdif&m r[mrif;}uD;±k H;UNHCR &J@todtrSwfðyjcif;rcH&olawG/ ulnDxd kufolud k ulnDapmif ha±Smufay;ae&ovd k vwfwavmta&;tcif;a=umif h a±Smifwdrf;vmoludkvnf; vufcHapmifha±Smuf&wJh tydkif;±Sdvmvdk@ab;uif;wJ hem;cd kp&ma&m pm;eyf&duQmygaxmufyH h tultnDay;&wJ hta=umif;/ 'ghjyif &[ef;oHCmawmfeJ@ ausmif;om;ausmif;olawG ppftpd k;&&J@zrf;qD;ES dyfpufr_&efu vGwfuif;atmifxGufajy;

ykef;a±Smifae=u&vd k@ olwd k@ud kvufcHEd kifrJ hEd kifiHawGeJ@tquftoG,fvkyf+yD; 'kuQonftjzpf todtrSwfðyay;a&; pwmawGud k wifjyaqG;aEG;cJha=umif;” vl@tcGifhta&;eJ@ 'Drdkua&pDa&;v_yf±Sm;olo#rf;trsKd;orD;rsm; v_yf±Sm;r_tzGJ@ SWAN rS eef;csrfawmif;u+Adwdo#Ed kifiH&yfjcm;zG H@®z;wd k;wufa&;0ef}uD; a'gufwmtvufZENmeJ@awG@qHkyH kud k ±Sif;jyoGm;wmjzpfygw,f?

BBC 15/11/07 Dawn

rd k;jrifh

rk d;eJ®r@ etzaxmufcHyGJY "gwfyk H±k dufol a'ocHtrsKd;orD;wpfOD;tm; jynfyrD'D,m owif;axmuf[k etzHtm%myk difrsm;. pGyfpG Jjcif;cH&+yD; tcsKyfwnESif h aiGusyf 1 oef;'%f±k dufcH&a=umif;

rkd;eJa'ocHrsm;u qk dygonf?atmufwk dbmv 12 &ufu rk d;eJY usif;yaom etz.anmifESpfyifnDvmcH axmufcHyG J/ tajccHOya' óudqk dyG Jok d@ wufa&muf&ef qif hqk djcif;cH&aom rk d;eJa'ocHvlxkonf/ axmufcHyG JYpufwifbmvu ywWeduUKZ…euHaqmif oHCmawmfrsm;/ jynfwGif;jynfy twk dufcHtzG J@tpnf;rsm;/ RFA, BBC, VOA, DVB paomjynfytoHvGif hXmersm;tm; qef@usif±_yfcsonf h qk dif;bkwfrsm;ygukdifaqmif&onf[kqkd.?

yGJusif;yaepOf rkd;eJ®r@e,f ay:rdef;&yfuGufae OD;vk H;jrifh/

a':yg0kd wk [email protected]; eef;,dif; touf 28 ESpfonf "gwfyk H±k dufaepOfjynfolrsm;=um;rS t&yf0wfjzif h &Jom;wpfa,muf. zrf;qD;jcif;cH&onf[k rk d;eJa'ocHwpfOD;u ajymjyonf?

etz axmufcHyG J "gwfyk H±k duftrsKd;orD;tcsKyfwnESifh aiG 1 oef;'%fxd

“jynfyrD'D,m owif;axmufjzpfvkd@ "gwfyk H±kduf,lwmqkd+yD; eef;,dif;ukd rkd;eJ&Jpcef;rSm axmifcsxm;w,f? +yD;awmhtm%myk difawGu ol@rdbuk d yk dufqHusyfwpfoef;eJ@ oGm;xkwfck dif;

w,f? rdbawGuvnf; aqGrsKd;awGqDrSm yk dufqH vk dufvHacs;iSm;+yD;eef;,dif;uk d atmufwk dbm 13 &ufae@rSm oGm;xkwfvmcJ hw,f”[k qk dygonf?

4if;uqufI “ol@ Camera u w±kwfjzpfbJ? wefzk d;usyf8˜000 avmufbJ±S dr,f?b,fvk dvkyf jynfyrD'D,m owif;axmufjzpfEk difrvJ? ol@twGufol trSwfw& ±k duf,lxm;csifwmaygh” [kajymjyonf?

pufwifbmvu oHCmawmfrsm;OD;aqmifI ausmif;om;rsm;ESif h jynfolvlxkwkd@rS qENjy oydwfarSmufcJ honf haemufyk dif;

etzppftpk d;&onf wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;um ®r@e,fwk dif;/ trdef@jzifh ArmjynftESH@ axmufcHyGJrsm;usif;y&m a'ocHvlxkrsm;uk dvnf; rwufrae& qif hac:cJ honf? Ô




INDEPENDENCE

erf hcrf;®r@ oDwif;u|wfvjynf hausmf 2007 yG Jaqmif;qmrf

usif;ya&;twGuf a*gyursm;/ bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;ESifh®r@rd®r@zrsm;tpnf; ta0;usif;y&m r,uOuUX u yG Jusif;ypOf ay:aygufvmrnf h jy\emtwGuf wm0ef,l&ef tmrcHvufrSwfxk d;ck dif;ojzif hwm0ef,l0H@olwpfa,mufr#r±S dbJyG Jusif;yrnf h tpDtpOfzsufodrf;vk duf&a=umif; o#rf;jynfajrmufyk dif; owif;&yfuGufu qk donf?

(ESpfaygif;&mcsD) rjywfusif;ycJ haom oDwif;u|wfvjynf hausmf 8 &ufyG Jaqmif;qmrfac: &yfrd&yfz vl}uD;rsm;uefawmhyG JESif hvli,frsm; aysmfyG J±$ifyG Jusif;y&efoif hroif h atmufwk dbm 21 &ufu tpnf;ta0;wpf&yf usif;ycJ hygonf? tpnf;ta0;ok d@ erf hcrf;

r,u tygt0ifwufa&mufol 100 cef@±S donf[kqk d.?“r,u uyG Jusif;ywkef; jy\emwpfpk Hwpfck jzpfvmcJ h&ifb,folwm0ef,lrvJwJ h?wm0ef,lrJ hol±S d&if tmrcH vufrSwfxk d;ygwJh? olwkd @qkdvkdwmu wu,fvkd@Ak H;aygufuGJr_okd@r[kwf qENjyr_wckckjzpfvmcJ h&if yG Jjzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwDubJ wm0ef,l&r,fqk dwJ hoabmbJ?'Dawmh b,folrSvufrSwfrxk d;&J=ubl;”[k erf hcrf;a'ocHwpfOD;u ajymjy.?

4if;uqufI “ 'DESpfyGJrusif;yawmhbl;vkd@bJ qkH;jzwfvk duf&wmaygh? Armtm%myk difawGu ,k Hvk d@r&bl;? 'Dvk dxyf+yD;+cdrf;

ajcmufvk dufawmhwu,fjzpfvm&if wm0ef,lvufrSwfxk d;xm;wJ holubJ tvum;cH&rSm” [k ajymonf?

erf hcrf;Y yGJrusif;yjzpfaomfvnf; w±kyfjynfxJ a±$vDac:

rk dif;arm0f®r@ypfcrf;o#rf;bkef;}uD;ausmif;wGifrl oDwif;u|wfvjynf hausmf 8 &uf/ Ek d0ifbm 3 &ufu yG Jaqmif;qmrfuk d t}uD;tus,fusif;ycJ honf[k a'ocHwpfOD;u ajymjy.?

“a±$vDrSm yG Jusif;yvmwm 4-5 ESpf±S d+yD? 'DESpfrSm a'ocHtm%myk difawGuk d,fwk dif aiGa=u;tultnDawmh t}uD;tus,fudkusif;ywm? Armppftpkd;&eJ@ w±kwftpkd;& tkyfcsKyfykHcsif;uvk H;0rwlbl;? 'gayrJ h vlrsKd;}uD;0g'csif;awmh twlwlbJ ”[kqk d.?

o#rf;vlrsKd;awG&J@ ae@}uD;ae@jrwfyG Jawmfuk d ESpfaygif;&meJ@csDusif;yvmEkdifcJh+yD;awmhrS 'DESpfusrSbJ rusif;yjzpfbl;qkdawmh

awmfawmfav;uk d ESajrmp&m - 0rf;enf;p&maumif;w,f” [ko#rf;jynfrsKd;cspfyk*~KdvfwpfOD; uajym.?yGJaqmif;qmrf[lonfrSm a±S;ya0o%D a±$vDarmo#rf;

jynf h±Sif acwfuwnf;u usif;yvmcJ haom apmfbGm;rsm;ESif h a&ajr@t±Sifocif uefawmhyG Jjzpfonf? o#rf;bmompum; aqmif;qmrfonf 23 [lI t"dyüg,f&+yD; oDwif;u|wfvqef; 1 &ufae@rSoDwif;u|wfvjynf hausmf 8 &uftxd (15 š 8 ] 23 ) 23 &ufajrmufae@Y usif;yaomyG Jjzpfonf? apmfbGm;rsm;r±Sdawmhonf h,ae@acwfwGifrl vl}uD;rdb/ bk d;bGm;rsm;tjyif/ a&ajr@t±Sifocif/

®r@apmif hewf/ ±Gmapmif hewfrsm;uk d ylaZmfuefawmh=uonf h o#rf;vlrsKd;rsm;twGuf ae@xl;ae@jrwfjzpfonf? Ô

o#rf;±kd;&m tpOftvmyG Jawmf etz zsufqD;

vJcsm;tajcpk duf cv& 64 wyfcG J 2 rS Ak dvf}uD;jrif hpdefonfatmufwk dbm 26 &uf/ oDwif;u|wfvjynf hae@u 4if;.wynf hwyef; / aemufvk dufppfom;rsm;tm;vJcsm;®r@ta±S@buf0rf hrvef;±Gm oDwif;u|wfyG Japs;cif;/ ±GmwGif;/ rkef@qkdifrsm;Y ,mbpdwfºuGaq;a&mif;ck dif;&m ,mbpG Jol a'ocHvlxkrsm; yk drk drsm;jym;vmonf[k o#rf;jynfawmifyk dif;owif;&yfuGuf uqk dygonf?

“olrsm;awGa&mif;aps;u aq;wjym; 1500-2000 usyf?olwk d@uawmh tdwfuyfxJxnf h+yD; wpfjym; 1000 usyfeJ@vSnf ha&mif;aewmbJ?olwkd@a&mif;aewJh ,mbawGusawmh vufvDta&mif;orm;awGqDuzrf;vkd@&vmwJh[m/ Akdvfr–;}uD;rkdif;pifhtzG J@qDu &vmwJ h[mawGvJygw,f? 'ga=umif haps;aygaygeJ@ a&mif;Ek difwmaygh” [k vJcsm;a'ocHwpfOD;uqk d.?

4if;wk d@a&mif;ay;aom pdwfºuGaq;jym;rsm; 0,faomuf

ygu zrf;qD;rnfr[kwf/ ok d@aomf ®r@wGif;ok d@,lroGm;&? xk d@twljyifyrSvma&mif;olxHrSvnf; 0,frok H;&/ ok d@r[kwfygu zrf;qD;

bkef;}uD;ausmif;xJtxd etz wyfom;rsm; ,mb0ifa&mif;rnfjzpfa=umif; 0,fok H;onf h±Gmom;rsm;tm; +cdrf;ajcmufajymqk dvkdufao;onf[kqk donf?

tqk dyga'ocHuqufI “tckwavm vJcsm;ta±S@bufw0k duf aus;±Gmu vli,f/ vlvwfawmfawmfrsm;rsm; ,mbyk dok H;pG Jvm=uw,f? +yD;cJ hwJ h oDwif;u|wfvjynf hausmfwpf&ufu rvef;±Gmom; pk dif;0daZ,(touf 37 ESpf) eJ@pk dif;em&'(touf 40 ESpf),mbaq;rl;+yD; awmxJxGufajy;oGm;w,f? xGufoGm;wkef;ut0wftpm;tjynf heJ@? 3-4 &uf aysmufoGm;+yD; tdrfjyefa&mufawmh uk d,frSmt0wftpm; ygrvmawmhbl;/ yifwDbJusefw,fwJ h/om;r,m;±SdtdrfaxmifOD;pD;u tJvk djzpfawmh rdom;pkawG 'kuQa&mufwmaygh” [kajymjy.?

vJcsm; cv& 64 rS Ak dvf}uD;jrif hpdefOD;pD;onf h wyfcG J 2 onfvJcsm;®r@e,f/ ®r@ta±S@buf 5 rk difcef@tuGm 0rfhrvef;±GmteD;

erf hwdef;acsmif;ab;Y pcef;cs *dwfapmif honf htzG J@ jzpfonf? Ô



24 Vol. 24, No. 239, 2007

k1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

atmufwd kbmv 18 &ufu tzG J@0if 54 a,mufyg zG J@pnf;

yH ktajccHOya' rl=urf;a&;qG Ja&;aumfr±Sif zG J@pnf;a=umif; a=ujimvd kufwm[m ppftpd k;&csrSwfxm;wJ hpnf;rsOf;ud k ud k,fwd kif azmufzsuf+yD; trSm;wck xyfrHusL;vGefvdkufwmjzpfw,fvdk@ jynfytajcpd kuf Oya'ynm±SifeJ@wd kif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u oH k;oyfygw,f?

jrefrmEkdifiH a±S@aersm;aumifpD BLC twGif;a&;r–;OD;atmifxl; u-

“trsKd;om;nDvmcH pwiftaumiftxnfaz: uwnf;ud ku 1§90 eJ@qef@usifw,f? 1§90 tyd k'f(20)t& 1990 ar

a±G;aumufyGJrSm a±G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cHxm;&wJhyk*~dKvfawG&J@wm0ef[m zG J@pnf;yH ktajccHOya'a&;qGJzd k@omjzpfw,fvd k@ twdtvif; jyXmef;xm;wJ htwGuf zG J@pnf;yH ktajccHOya'a&;qG J&r,f hyk*~dKvfawG[m v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,fawGyJ jzpf&r,f? 'kwd,tcsufu tJ'Dtcsufud kav;pm;w,fqd k&if zG J@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qGJzd k@ trsKd;om;nDvmcH ac:uwnf;udku v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,fawGud kom ac:cGif hay;&rSmjzpfw,f? tjcm;yk*~ dKvfawGygvd k@r&bl;? tjcm;yk*~ dKvfawGygapcsifw,fqd k&if 1§90 ud k etzu t&ifqH k;jzwfzd k@vd kw,f?od k@aomf1§90ud krzsufbJeJ@trsKd;om;

nDvmcH qufusif;yoGm;wmud ku 1§90 tyd k'f 20 eJ@qef@usifwmjzpfw,f?wwd,tcsufu zG J@pnf;yH kOya'tajccHrlawGud kcs+yD;wJ htcgvJyJ 'DrlawGtwd kif; tajccHOya'w&yftjzpf toGifajymif;awmhr,fqd k&if 1§90 tyd k'f 20 t&v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,frsm;&J@wm0efomjzpfwma=umifh tJ'gudkvkH;0OyuQmðy+yD; olenf;ol@[efeJ@ qufqG JwJ hyk*~ dKvfuawmh vuf±S dwnfqJOya'eJ@a&m jzpfoif hwmeJ@a&m vH k;0rud kufnDbl;vdk@ usaemfwd k@ajymvd kw,f?”

“udk,fhwdkif;jynf&J@ toufaoG;a=umjzpfwJh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qG JwJ hudpPrSm vlxk&J@yg0ifywfoufr_u ta&;}uD;

qH k; jzpfygw,f? tJ'geJ@qef@usif+yD; vlxkyg0ifEd kifr_ud k etzwd k@pepfwusjiif;y,fEdkifzdk@ 5§96 udk xyfjyXmef;w,f? tajccHOya'a&;qG Jzd k@ óud;pm;wJ htzG J@tpnf;awG yk*~ dKvfawGud k axmif'%f tESpf20 csr,fqd kwJ h Oya'±S daewmu ppfrSefwJ hzG J@pnf;yH ktajccHOya'wpf&yfay:aygufa&;ud kvH k;0ydwfyif[ef@wm;xm;wmjzpfw,f?b,fwdkif;jynfrSmrS 'DOya'rsKd;r±S dbl;? 'ga=umifh 'DtajccHatmufrSmb,fvdkenf;eJ@rS ppfrSefwJhzGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'aumif;w&yfay:rvmEdkifbl;?”

o#rf;jynfzGJ@pnf;yHk rl=urf;a&;qGJa&;aumfr±SiftzGJ@0if

vnf;jzpf/ytd k@0ftrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;tzG J@ PPLO

OuUXvnf;jzpfwJ h Ad kvfr–;}uD;cGefOuUmuawmh -“OD;wnfcsuf 6 csuf tao;pdwftajccH&rJ h 104 csufawG

twkta,mif wZGwfxd k; rl=urf;a&; aumfr±Sif

xGufvm+yD;uwnf;u vkyfxH k;vkyfenf;eJ@tnDr[kwfbl;? tajccHOya'rl=urf;w&yfa&;qG J&r,f h vkyfief;pOfeJ@vnf; rud kufbl;? 'DProcessurSm;aeawm hb,fud krSOD;rwnfbl;?ppftkyfcsKyfa&;w&m;0ifjzpfzd k@yJ OD;wnfaeuwnf;ud ku vGJrSm;ae+yD?tckOD;atmifwd k;OuUXjzpfwJ h Drafter awGurGrf;rHOD;awmh Drafter oeyfcg;vdrf;

yef;yef wmyJ±S dr,f? rlvtajccHud kurSm;aevd k@aumif;wJ h zG J@pnf;yH kjzpfvmp&m ta=umif;r±S dbl;”z,fcHk®r@e,fu,ef;trsKd;om;v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f

OD;cGefrm;ud kbef;u -“wd kif;jynf&J@ rlv tm%myd kif±SiftppftrSef[m jynfol

vlxkjzpfw,f? vlxku 1990 rSmjynfol@vGwfawmfud k,fpm;vS,frsm;udk ,Hk=unfpGmtm%mvG Jtyfxm;+yD;om;jzpfw,f?'gawGud ketzu vHk;0qef@usifwJhtwGuf jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;udkapmfum;vd kufjcif;jzpfw,f? 'ga=umif hnDvmcHyJjzpfjzpf/ a&;qG Ja&;

aumfr±Sif 54 OD;yJjzpfjzpf/ tm;vH k;twkta,mifyJjzpfw,f? 'gud kjynfolvlxka&m EdkifiHwumyg vufcHEd kifrSmr[kwfbl;? awG@qH kaqG;aEG;a&;udk ausmcdkif;wJh wZGwfxdk;vkyf&yfwck jzpfw,fvdk@usaemf jrifygw,f?”

“vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;csdefrSmusif hoH k;cJ hwJ h 1947 tajccHOya'[m yifvH koabmwlnDcsufjzpfwJ h wd kif;&if;om;wef; wlnDr#a&;r±S dwma=umifh jynfwGif;ppf t±S defjrifhrm;cJ hw,f? aemuf 1974Oya'[m 'Drd kua&pDrjzpfwma=umif h 1988 rSmvlxkta&;awmfyH k}uD;ay:aygufcJh&w,f? 'ga=umifhaemufa&;qG Jr,fh tajccHOya'

[mvJ t&iftajccHOya'&J@tm;enf;csufawGtay:rSm oifcef;pm,loif hw,f?”atmufwk dbm 19 2007 VOA nykdif;

Adkvfrª;}uD;cGefOuUm P h o t o : S H A N




INDEPENDENCE

7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

o#rf;jynfta±S@yk dif; usKdif;wk HwGif ppftm%myk difwk d@ 'geðy

wnfaqmufxm;aom &yfawmfrlbk&m; bufpkHðyjyifrGrf;rHa&;twGuf &HykHaiG±Sm&ef }wd*Hppfwkdif;r–; AkdvfcsKyfrif;atmifv_difuavmif;upm;0k dif;zGif hcGif hay;a=umif; a'ocHrsm;u qk dygonf?

}wd*Hppfwk dif;r–;onf 2006 ESpfOD;yk dif;rSpI avmif;upm;0k dif;zGif hcGif hydwfyifum/trdef@vGefqefoltm; }uD;av;aomjypf'%f uscH&rnf[k qk d.? ok d@aomf ppftm%myk difrsm; uruxðyv–'gef;xm;aom ZGrfqwfawmifukef;ay:±S d &yfawmfrlbk&m; jyefvnfrGrf;rHwnfaqmuf&ef &HykHaiGvkdtyfaeojzifh usKdif;wkH®r@ta±S@awmifbuf 6 rk difcef@tuGm uwfzStkyfpk 0rf husdef;qJef±GmwGif +yD;cJ honf h

atmufwk dbm 10 &ufupI avmif;upm;0k dif;zGif hcGif hay;vk dufonf[k qk dygonf?“upm;0k dif;zGif hzk d@ ctz/ rtzuk d wk dif;r–;u t}uHay;w,f

wJ h? rtz uaewqifh pk dif;crf;qk difuk d vkyfck dif;w,f? pk dif;crf;qk difqk dwmu wk dif;r–;rdom;pk0ifaiGtwGuf t}uH m%fay;wJ hvlav?wk dif;r–;eJ@awmfawmfav; &if;ES D;w,f” [k usKdif;wk H a'ocHwpfOD;u

bk&m;rGrf;rHzd k@ &Hyk HaiGtwGuf avmif;upm;0d kif; zGifhcGifhðyajymjyonf?

avmif;upm;0k dif;uefx±k dufwm pk dif;crf;qk difonf uwfzStkyfpk jynfol@ppftzG J@tm; wpfae@usyf 10˜000 tjyif wyfwk dif;/AsL[m/ wyf&if;ESif h ctz/ rtztzG J@toD;oD;ok d@vnf;wpfzG J@ usyf10˜000 xufreJ ay;&onf[kqk donf?

4if;uqufI “avmif;upm;0k dif;u&vmwJ h aiGawG Xmeqk dif&mawGuk d a0iSae&awmh usefaiGu bk&m;ðyjyifzk d@twGuf ravmufrSmr[kwfbl;? uefx±k dufwmtwGufvnf; csef&ao;wmuk d;? avmif;upm;0k dif;vnf; rESpfuydwfw,f? tck jyefcGif hðyw,f?olwkd@ jzpfcsifwkdif; jynfolawGukd t±l;vkyfae =uw,f”

[kajymjyonf?avmif;upm;0kdif;rsm;zGif honfESif h etzppfom;rsm;/&Jrsm;ESif h ±Gmom;rsm;/ bkef;}uD;rsm;ygrusef tvkyfysuf tuk difysufae@a&m nygoGm;upm;ojzif h avmif;upm;0k dif;rSm pnfum;v#uf±d Sonf[k od&ygonf? avmif;upm;0k dif;uefx±k dufwm pk dif;crf;qk difonf usKdif;wk H®r@ta±S@buf 0rf h0def;rk dif±GmY aexk difoljzpfonf?Ô

1996 ESpfOD;yk dif;u ppftpkd;&xH vufeufcscJ haom MTA

rkefwk dif;wyfrawmf ppfOD;pD;csKyfa[mif; OD;cGefqm touf 73 ESpfonf aoG;wk d;/ qD;csKd/ avjzwfa&m*gjzif h atmufwk dbm28 &ufu uG,fvGefoGm;a=umif;/±kyftavmif;uk d ajrmufOuUvmy a&a0;ok\mefY atmufwk dbm 30 &uf ,ae@reuf 11 em&D rD;oò*õvfa=umif; &efukefowif;&yfuGufu qk dygonf?

[kdrdef;XmecsKyfY ppftpkd;&xH tºuGif;rJhvufeufcs+yD;aemufyk dif; aoG;wk d;/ qD;csKd/ avjzwfa&m*gpG Juyfvmojzif h 10 ESpf

MTA OuUXa[mif; OD;cGefqm tedpPa&mufcef@ a&m*gcHpm;cJh&onf? =o*kwfvaESmif;ykdif;wGif r*Fvm'kHppfaq;±k HY aemufqk H;t}udrfwygwfcef@t=um wufa&mufukor_cH,l+yD; a&m*gtenf;i,foufomvmaomfvnf; aetdrfok d@ jyefcGif hr&bJ

atmufwk dbm28

&uf uG,fvGeftedpPa&mufcsdeftxd

&efukefppfaxmufvSrf;a&; apmif ha±Smufr_atmufwGif aecJ h&onf?

OD;cGefqm ac: usef;pDz–;onf 1934 azaz:0g&Dv 17 &ufwGif tzcGeftk dufESif h trd eef;qk difZkrfwk d@rS o#rf;jynfajrmufyk dif;wef@,ef;®r@e,f vG,farmftkyfpk zmzif h±GmwGif arG;zGm;onf? cGefqmESifhcGefikd@wkd@OD;pD;onfh vG,farmfumuG,fa&;wyfukd 1960 ckZefe0g&Dv 6 &ufwGifpwifwnfaxmifcJ h.? 1964 *|efv 15 &ufwGifawmck dI Ak dvfaw0def OD;pD;onf hwyfESif hyl;aygif;+yD; SUA o#rf;nD!Gwfa&;wyfzG J@uk d wnfaxmifcJ h.? 1967 *sLvk dif 6 rS 9 &ufae@txd a±$}wd*Ha'owGif cGefqm. vG,farmf umuG,fa&;wyfzG J@ESif hw±kyfjzL KMT wyfzG J@wkd@ urBmausmf a±$}wd*Hbdef;ppfyG J jzpfyG g;pOfavmEkdifiHtpk d;&u av,mOfjzif h Ak H;}uJwk dufck dufawmhrS cGefqmESif hKMT wyfwk d@taotaysmufrsm;jym;pGmjzif h wk dufyG J+yD;qk H;oGm;cJ honf?1985rwfv 3 &ufcGefqmOD;pD;onf h SUA onf p0f*G%f;Zdef;OD;aqmifaom1984 {+yDv 1 &ufu ( SURA ESif hawmifyk dif; SSA

pmrSufem 39 od k‹

P h o t o : S H A N



26 Vol. 24, No. 239, 2007

k

0 trsKd;om; wyfrawmf acgif;aqmif wmhr[mqef;onfatmufwkdbmv 29 &uf reuf 1 em&Du tqkwfa&m*gjzifhxk dif;Ek difiH csif;rk dif®r@ ygiJ haq;±k HY uG,fvGefoGm;ygonf?

touf 62 ESpft±G,f 0acgif;aqmif r[mqef;. ±kyftavmif;tm; csif;rk dif 0wfxghu'wf ausmif;wd kufok d@yk d@aqmif

xm;I 5-6 &ufcef@w&m;emtv–t'gef;ðy+yD;aemuf Ek d0ifbm 4&ufae@vnf 1 em&DtcsdefwGif 0wfxghu'wf ausmif;wkdufrSp0fqk difppf (cGef=umEk) tm; rD;oò*õvfonf h ok\mefjy\'fok d@o,faqmifrD;oò*õvfvk dufonf[k 4if;. ZeD;uajymjyonf?

“wmhr[mqef;&J@ vkyfazmfukdifzuf/ rdwfaqGtaygif;toif;tm;vk H; ol@&J@ tokbtcrf;tem;uk d vma&mufyk d@aqmif=uzk d@usrzdwfac:cJ hw,f? 'gayrJ h usrrSm Armpum;rajymwwfwJ htm;enf;csuf±S dygw,f? rdwfaqGrsm;tm;vk H; usruk d cGif hvGwfem;vnfay;=uvdrf hr,fvk d@ usrar#mfvif hygw,f”[k touf 58 ESpf

t±G,f eef;=umEk ac: vD,Of±Sif;u ajymonf?&ifusyfa&m*g/ tqkwfa&mifa&m*g/ tm±k Ha=umtm;enf;

a&m*gwk d@a=umif h vGefcJ honf h 2 vuwnf;u csif;rk dif axmif}uD;rSecGef;zif;aq;±k H (ok d@) ygiJ haq;±k Hok d@ ajymif;a±$@ukor_cH,lcJ honf[kqkd.?

uG,fvGefol 0 acgif;aqmif r[mqef;onf rl;,pf&mZma0ha±Smifuef;ESifh yl;aygif;I rl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,fr_pGJcsufjzifhxk dif;Ek difiHcsif;rk dif®r@ qefqk dif;&yfuGuf±Sd 4if;.aetdrfwGif ,ckESpfrwfv 6 &ufuxyfrHtzrf;cHcJh&jyefonf?2005 *sLvk difwGifwpfcg

tzrf;cH&+yD; jyefvGwfvmcJ honf? ±k H;wuf tr_ppfaq;pOf uGif;vk H;u|wfuif;vGwfcgeD;/ vGefcJ honf h ESpfaygif; 20 cef@u e,fjcm;apmif h

0 trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;wmhr[mqef; uG,fvGef

0 trsKd;om;tzJ G@csKyf OuUX}uD;wmhr[mqef;

udk,fa&;&mZ0if tusOf;csKyf

tjcm;trnf - cGeftkdufqef;azgif;arG;ae@ - 14/ 10/ 1946arG;&yf - 0def;iif; 0 apmfbGm;e,frdb - 0def;iif;apmfbGm; wmhazgif;ac: p0fqd kifrdef;crf;

ESif h p0feef;vlarG;csif; - 4 a,muf (eef;atmif/ cGefarmif/ cGefaumf

ESif h eef;Zrfyg)tdrfaxmif - eef;=umEk ESif h 1968 wGiftdrfaxmifðyom;orD; - 4 a,mufxGef;um;ynma&; - w±kyfpmESifh ±Srf;pmwwfajrmuf

1964 - xd kif;Ed kifiHcsdef;±k dif;c±d kif r,fqavmif;Yppfynmoif=um;cJ h

1966 - 0def;iif;wyfzG J@. 'k wyfr–;tjzpfcef@tyfcH& 1967 - aemifawmf p0fr[macgifuG,fvGef+yD; aemuf

apmfbGm;t±d kuft&mcH,l1968 - 0 e,fusL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmaom Arm

jynfuGefjrLepfygwDtm; ckcHwGef;vSef1971 - oHvGifjrpftaemufzufurf; wef@,ef;®r@

e,fod k@ XmecsKyfa±$@ajymif;1973 - vufeufcs&ef rqvtpd k;&u tusyfuk dif

ojzif h vufeufud kifawmfvSefa&; pwifqifE$ J1976 - 0 trsKd;om;tzG J@csKyf (WNO) ESif h0 trsKd;

om;wyfrawmf (WNA) OD;aqmifzG J@pnf;

1978 - nD!Gwfaom o#rf;jynfawmfvSefa&; wyfrawmf(SURA)ESif h yl;aygif;

1980 - r,fatme,f vG dKif0a[hwGif ÏmecsKyf zGif hvSpfI zmhAd kvfuef;aqESif h td kifqa,mif;aqwd k@OD;aqmifonf h 0tzG J@rsm;jzif h nD!Gwfa&;wnfaqmuf

1983 - trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDwyfOD; (NDF) tzG J@0if1989 - UWSA XmecsKyfyefqef;od k@ r'w (NDF)

ud k,fpm;vS,ftzJ G@ud k OD;aqmifoGm;/ UWSA

.txifrSm;r_a=umif h txdef;odrf;cH&/ ESpfv=umrS xGufajy;vGwfajrmufvm?




INDEPENDENCE

xk dif;&JwyfzG J@tm; 4if;.wyfzG J@tay: trdef@ay; ypfowfck dif;onf htr_jzif h jyefvnfpGJcsufwifcH&ojzif h uG,fvGefcsdeftxd qufvufzrf;qD; axmifcsjcif;cHcJ h&onf?

r[mqef;tzrf;cHcJ h&+yD;aemufyk dif; xk dif;Ek difiHr,f ha[mif hqGefc±k dif/0rf h&wfxk dif;±GmESif h rsufESmcsif;qk difvG,f0a[hwyfpcef;rS 4if;.0trsKd;om;wyfrawmfwm0efrsm;uk d 'kAk dvfr–;}uD; Ak dvfwk dufrdef;uxrf;aqmifvmcJ honfrSm vGefcJ honf hESpf uwnf;ujzpf.? WNA

0trsKd;om;wyfrawmfonf u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±kH; KNU

u,m;trsKd;om;wkd;wufa&;ygwD KNPP wkd@yg0ifaom NDF

National Democratic Front trsKd; om;'Drkdu&ufwpfwyfOD;.tzGJ@0ifvnf;jzpfonf?

wmhr[mqef;onf 1946 ckESpfu yefqef;®r@ajrmufbuf0def;iif;®r@apmfbGm; tz wmhazmif;ESif h trd eef;vlwk d@rS arG;zGm;onf hom;OD;jzpfonf? wmhr[mqef;OD;aqmifonf h 0 trsKd;om;tzG J@WNA /0 wyfrawmf WNO .rlvtajccHrltcsKd@rSm (1) uGefjrLepfpepfqef@usifa&;/ (2) etzppftpk d;&ESif h typftcwfr&yfpJa&;wk d@jzpfygonf? PSLF twGif;a&;r–; rk dif;tk dufzkef;onf wmhr[mqef;. orD;axG;ESif h tdrfaxmifusonf? ,cktcg ZeD;eef;=umEk ac:vD,Of±Sif;ESif h orD;ok H;a,muf usef&pfonf? Ô

Photo : SHAN

1994 - r'w (NDF) 'k OuUÏ tjzpfa±G;aumufcH& 1998 - ytdk0f;/yavmif/vm;[l/o#rf;wyfzGJ@rsm;

ESif hyl;aygif;I nD!GwfaomtrsKd;om;aygif;pH ko#rf;jynfwyfrawmf (UNSSA) zJ G@pnf;

2000 - o#rf;jynftajccHzGJ@pnf;yHkOya'rl=urf;a&;qG Ja&; aumfr&Sif (SSCDC) yg0ifzG J@pnf;

2001 - a&m*ga=umif h aq;±k HwufcG Jpdwfukor_cH,l2007 - 29/ 10/ 07 tqkwfqd k@usyfr_a&m*gjzif h

uG,fvGef Ô



28 Vol. 24, No. 239, 2007

k

aqmif;yg;

wdkif;&if;om;jy\

ema=umifh

jrefrmEdkifiH òyduGJrS mvm;wd kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkjy\ema=umif h jrefrmEd kifiH wu,f®y

uG JEk difrJ htE W&m,fud k tdrfeD;csif;Ed kifiHawG pd k;&drfae=ua=umif; vuf±S dtmqD,HOuUX puFmylEd kifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; a*smh,k d;u az:xkwfcJ hvdk@ jzpfygw,f?

“=um;vd kufwJ htay:rSm

t}uD;tus,fpdwfysufrdygw,f?jrefrmEdkifiH&J@ wk dif;&if;om;jy\emud k taotcsmravhvmbJeJ@vufvGwfpyg,fajymw,f vdk@bJ,lqw,f? jzpfwJhjy\emuord kif;a=umif;ay:rSmtajccH+yD;awmh wd kif;&if;om;awG &oif h&xd kuf

wJ htcGif ha&; awmif;wJ htay:rSm t"dyü g,fem;vnfr_vG JrSm; zGif hw,fvd k@bJ ,lqygw,f? wd kif;&if;om;jy\em[m ppfrSefpGmajz±Sif;vd k@&w,f? ajz±Sif;Ed kifwJ h jy\emjzpfw,f? ®yuG JEd kifwJ hta=umif; r±S dbl;vd k@ jrifygw,f?”

“wk dif;&if;om;awG=um;rSm wef;wltcGif hta&;ud k Ed kifiHa&;t& ay;&rJ h (yifvH kpmcsKyfud ktajccH+yD;awmh ay;&rJ h) wef;wltcGif hta&;ud k zG J@pnf;yH ktajccHOya'ESif htnD ay;a&;jy\emu quf±S daew,f?1947 tajccHOya'rSmvJ wef;wltcGif hta&;az:aqmifwJ htcgrSm tm;enf;csufawG±S dcJ hw,f? yd kqd k;wmu 1974 zJ G@pnf;yH k

tajccHOya'u ydkqd k;oGm;w,f? rqv wygwDpepfatmufrSmwef;wltcGif hta&;ud k tajccH+yD;az:xm;wJ h vGwfawmf 2 &yfawmifr±S dawmhbl;? tck etztrsKd;om;nDvmcHrlt&qd k&if wd kif;&if;om;awG wef;wltcGif hta&;uyd k+yD; qd k;oGm;wmjzpfw,f? bma=umif hvJqd kawmh vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; 'DbufacwfrSm=unf hr,fqd k&if zG J@pnf;yH ktajccHOya' oGm;wJ hvrf;a=umif;u Rigid Centralization vd k@ac:wJ h yd k+yD;wif;usyfwJ h wjynfaxmifpepfud k wqif h+yD;wqif h yd k+yD;az:aqmifvmw,f?1947 tajccHOya'rSmoif hoifh avsmufywfwJ htcGif hta&;ud k wd kif;&if;om;awG &±S d+yDvd k@ ajymvd k@&w,f? 1974

Oya'rSmyd kqd k;oGm;w,f? tck etz qG Jxm;wJ h zG J@pnf;yH ktajccHrlutqd k;qH k;jzpfw,f? tjcm;wbufrSm wd kif;&if;om;awG&J@ zGJ@pnf;yHka&;qGJa&;vkyfief;pOf[m jzpfpOfESpfckeJ@oGm;aew,f? wckujynfaxmifpkwckvHk;eJ@qdkifwJh Federal ay:rSm tajccHwJhjynfaxmifpk wnfaqmufyHkpepfudk trsKd;om;aumifpD NCUB uOD;aqmif+yD;zG J@pnf;yH ka&;qG Ja&; vkyfief;pOfw&yf±S daew,f? wcsdefxJrSm Ethnic Nationalities Council vd k@ac:wJ h wd kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;aumifpDuOD;aqmif+yD;awmh jynfe,fzG J@pnf;yH k a&;qG Ja&;jzpfpOfeJ@oGm;aew,f?

'DjzpfpOfESpfck[m wpfckeJ@wck qufpyfn‡dEd _if;r_±S daewma=umif h wd kif;&if;om;awG=um;xJrSmn‡ dE_ dif;wJ h/ aqG;aEG;wJ h Pro-

cess quf±Sdae+yD? wa,mufeJ@wa,muf&mE_ef;jynfh oabm

wlnDcsufr&ao;aomfvnf; wef;wltcGifhta&;uaetajccHwJ hvkyfief;pOf In process uawmh wqif hqif h+yD;wqif h oGm;aew,fvd k@ ajymvd k@&ygw,f?”

( BLC twGif;a&;r–; OD;atmifxl;)

“tmqD,HEdkifiHawGuawmh jrefrmEdkifiHtay:rSm olwd k@apwemxm;jcif;[mtxufyd kif;uyk*~ dKvfawGtay:rSmbJpD;yGm;a&;t& apwemxm;&ifxm;zd k@bJ±S dygw,f? jrefrmvlrsKd;awGtay:

apwemxm;+yD;ajymw,fvd k@usrur,lqygbl;?wd kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;awGta=umif;b,favmufodvd k@vJ vd k@usruar;csifygw,f?Ed kifiHa&;vkyfae=uwJ hyk*~ dKvfawG/ acgif;aqmifyd kif;jzpfwJ h a':atmifqef;pk=unftygt0if NLD ygwD0ifawG[m Ed kifiHa&;t&a&m vlrsKd;a&;t&yg wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHkeJ@ zG J@pnf;xm;wJh CRPP qdkwm±Sdygw,f?'DudpP[m usrwd k@ylyif&rJ hudpPjzpfovd k usrwd k@acgif;aqmifud k,fwd kif tawG;xJrSm awG;xm;wJ hudpPjzpfwJ htwGuf tmqD,H0ef}uD;tzJ G@awGu apwemeJ@ajymw,fqd kwm b,fvd keJ@rS r,H kEd kifygbl;?”

“usrwd k@'Dbufyd kif;rSm

wd kif;&if;om; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;eJ@awG@=u&w,f?jynfwGif;rSmxufpm&if wcsKd@ut&ifwkef;uawmh

Armud krkef;wD;w,f? ArmvlrsKd;[m vlrsKd;}uD;0g'usif hoH k;w,fqd k+yD;awmh wbufowftjrifav;awG ±Sd=uygw,f? tckaetcgrSmusrwd k@tm;vH k;[m zdES dyfcH&wmcsif;twlwlqd kwm wjznf;jznf;

a':pENm0if;




INDEPENDENCE

aqmifawGvJ ±SdcJhygw,f? 'gb,folrSjiif;vdk@r&ygbl;?'gayrJ hvdk@'Dae@rsKd;qufopfvli,fawG&J@oabmxm;ud kavhvmzd k@vd kygw,f?usaemfaxmifxJrSmaecJ hpOfu ArmvlrsKd; rsKd;qufopfvli,fawGqk d&if olwd k@ud k,fYu ArmvlrsKd;qd k&ifolwd k@udk,f ±G Hrkef;ygw,f?usaemfjzwfoef;cJ h&wJh axmufvSrf;a&;ppfAd kvfawGuawmh“igwdk @ud k emZDvufopfawGvd k@ rif;wd k @rSwfxm;Edkifw,f?”wcsKd@vJ ud k,f hud kud k,fzufqpfvd k@ajymwmud k ESpfESpfoufoufcH,lwm±S dygw,f? Armrsm;xJrSm=unf hr,fqd k&if ppftm%m±Sif tod kif;t0d kif;xJrSm ud k,f hud kud k,f emZDzufqpfvd k@cH,l&Jovd kr[mArm0g'wu,fusif hoH k;zdk@twGuf óud;pm;aewmyg? od k@aomf 'Drd kua&pDtiftm;pkawGxJrSm±S dwJ h Armvli,fawGuawmh wd kif;&if;om;awGudk pmempdwf±Sdygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dae@rsKd;qufopfvli,fawG&J@oabmxm;udkvJ xnfhwGuf&rSmjzpfygw,f?”

(oxk H NLD - MP OD;cGefjrif hxGef;)

“etzvufatmufa&mufrSbJ wd kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wpf&mausmf [mjy\emygvd k@ vuf!d _;xd k;aewmyg? wd kif;jynfwd k;wufr_®yuG Jr_qd kwmu usif hoH k;wJ hpepfeJ@ tkyfcsKyfaeol&J@t&nftcsif;awGrSm trsm;}uD;rlwnfaeygw,f? t&nftcsif;vnf;±S d jynfaxmifpkwnfwh Ha&;twGuf rSefuefwJ htawG;tac:±S dcJ hwJ h OD;cGefxGef;OD;vd kyk*~dKvfrsKd;udk jynfaxmifpkr®yuG Ja&;twGuf toH k;cs&aumif;rSef;vnf; olwd k@rodbl;/ em;vnf;rvnfbl;? tJ'ga=umif hrd k@ axmifESpf

±Snfcsypfw,f? igeJ@rwl

igh&efolqd k+yD;awmh ES dyfpufzd k@yJwwfwJ h 'Dppfacgif;aqmifwpkuom oufqk d;±Snfaejcif;uomv#if jynfaxmifpk}uD;®yuG Ja&;twGuf wu,fh&efoljzpfaewm?”

“ Federal jynfaxmifpkpepfud k jynfwGif;uolawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u cG JxGufa&;vd k@bJem;vnfw,f? wu,f h t"dyüm,frSefud ku ±Sif;ygw,f? emrnfud ku Federal jynfaxmifpkpepfvd k@ac:wm?”

“ArmvlrsKd;pk trsm;pkuawmh Ad kvfcsKyfae0if; vufxufuwnf;u oifvmwJ h jynfaxmifpk®yuG Jw,fqd kwJ h t,ltqeJ@

}uD;jyif;vmwJ hvlawGjzpfygw,f?'Dt,ltq/ tpG Jtvrf;awG±S daeao;awmholwd k@em;vnfatmifvkyfzd k@u tm;vk H;&J@wm0efyg?”

(*syefrS BBC y&dwfowf- OD;pdef)

“wd kif;&if;om;udpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; ord kif;taxmuftxm;rSmawmh OD;ae0if;u tm%modrf;vd k@aumif;atmif ta=umif;jycJ hwm?wd kif;&if;om;jy\emu Federal qd kwm vGwfvyfa&;awmif;wmr[kwfbl;? 'guud k,fyd kiftkyfcsKyfa&;? 1947 zG J@pnf;yH ktajccHOya't& ay;ud kay;oif hwJ hudpP? wd kif;jynf®yuG Jp&m ta=umif;r±S d

bl;? ppfwyfu tm%mvkcsifawmh 'gud kta=umif;jywmjzpfw,f?puFmylvnf; jrefrmEd kifiHtay: pdwf&if;apwemaumif;xm; ajym

oabmaygufvmwJ htcg wdkif;&if;om;awG&J@pdwfxJrSm 'DpdwfawGavsmhenf;vmygw,f? igwdk@wifrubJ ArmjynfuvJbJ etzvufxufrSm igwd k@enf;wlygbJ 'kuQqif;&JcHae&wmygvm; qd kwJ hjzpfysufaewJ h wd kif;jynf&J@taetxm;ud k olwd k@oabmaygufvmawmh usrwd k@!‡ dE_ dif;ajymqd kaqG;aEG;&wJ h ae&mrSm awmfawmfav;tom;usvmw,f?em;vnfr_yd k±S dvmw,f? vufwG J+yD;aqmif±GufcsifwJ hpdwfawG±S dvmw,fqd kwm xifxif±Sm;±Sm;±S dvmygw,f?”

“ppftpd k;& tkyfpd k;vmwJ h 45 ESpfrSm wd kif;&if;om;awG[molwd k@&J@ pmud kawmifrS oifcGif hr&wJ htaetxm;/ bmoma&;t& zdES dyfcH&wJ h taetxm;/ tJvd krsKd;taetxm;rSm jynfwGif;uArmawG&J@ awmfvSefEd kifr_/ tckbkef;}uD;awGjzpfoGm;wJ hudpP tifrwefrStoufpGef@Ed kifwJ hudpP olwd k@jrifawG@&wJ htcgrSm usrwd k@tay:rSmtvGef pmemav;pm;wJ hpdwfawGjzpfvmwma=umif h yÉdyuQawG[muif;a0;oGm;Ed kifr,f? 'DudpPawG[m ajz±Sif;vd k@r&wJ hudpP r[kwfygbl;?”

(rauG;wk dif; NLD trsKd;orD; OuUÏ a':pENm0if;)

“&cd kifvlrsKd;awG[m ppftm%m±Sifpepfud k wd kufaewmyg?jynfaxmifpkr®yuG Jzd k@ wd kufaewmyg? vlrsKd;ud kwd kufaewmr[kwfygbl;? 'Drd kua&pDtwGuf/ vlrsKd;pkrsm; wef;wlnDr#r_/ w&m;r#wr_twGuf/ vl@tcGif hta&;twGuf wd kufaewmyg? olwd k@[m jrefrmEd kifiH wd kif;&if;om;ta=umif;rodbJeJ@ e0wtouf±Snfzd k@twGufajymaewJ@pum;omjzpfygw,f?”

“wd kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; 'Drd kua&pDtzG J@csKyfeJ@ trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J@csKyfwd k@ Ad kvfatmifausmfvrf; oabmwlnDcsufeJ@oabmwlaqmif±Gufae=uygw,f? jynfol@vGwfawmfud k,fpm;ðyaumfrwD CRPP rSmvJ wd kif;&if;om;tzJ G@ aygif;pH kyg0ifvmygw,f?oabmw&m;tm;jzif h wd kif;&if;om;eJ@ NLD ,H k=unfr_wnfaqmufvd k@&ygw,f? 'Drd kua&pDtiftm;pkawG oabmw&m;jynf h0vm+yD;awmh jynfaxmifpkr®yuGJa&; vlrsKd;aygif;pHkwJ hrlud k oabmaygufaqmif±Gufaewmud k awG@&ygw,f?”

(&ck difjynf rif;jym; ALD-MP OD;xGef;0if;)

“pD;yGm;a&;tusKd;tjrwftwGuf etzudk vmbfxdk;+yD;ajymwmvd k@ jrifygw,f?jynfaxmifpkaz:aqmifzd k@twGuf wd kif;&if;om;awG ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm toufaoG;ac|;&if;&wJ htay:rSm tckvd kvG,fulul oHk;oyfvdkufwmu ravsmfuefwJ hudpPyg?”

“tkyfcsKyfwJ holawGu ArmawGqd kawmh tkyfcsKyfcH&wJ h olawGu rkef;wD;wmobm0bJ? axmifxJu tawG@tóuHud k ajymjycsifygw,f? usaemfwd k@twdwfwkef;u Armrsm;eJ@ wd kif;&if;om;

rsm;t=um;rSm trkef;w&m;awGtEd kifusif hwmawG±S dcJ hygw,f?”“wu,fhArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'udk usifhoHk;=uwJh Armacgif;



30 Vol. 24, No. 239, 2007

k

wmr[kwfbl;? ppftpdk;&wufcgprSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk+cHpnf;±k d; aemufuG,frSm ±kyfjytaeeJ@aeoif hw,fvd k@ajymvd kajym/oHCmta&;tcif;jzpfvmawmh vDuGrf,kud k,fwd kifu jrefrmEd kifiH[mtcsdefjynf haygufuG JEd kifwJ hAH k;vk d@ajymvd kajym/olwd k@u jrefrmEd kifiHa&;ta=umif; odwmr[kwfbl;? ppftpd k;&ud kwbufrSm trsKd;rsKd;acsmh+yD; ajymaew,f? wd kif;&if;om; udpPu Armjynf®yuG Jr_rSmbmrSrywfoufbl;qd kwmtcd kiftrmajym&Jygw,f? usaemfu rqvatmufrSm }uD;jyif;vm+yD;awmh wd kif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;eJ@ywfouf+yD; avhvmcJ h&w,f? usaemfud k,fwd kif ArmvlrsKd;ppfppfyg? wd kif;&if;om;eJ@ywfouf+yD; ppftpd k;&eJ@ Ed kifiHjcm;wd kif;jynftcsKd@u ajymwJ h[muk d usaemhtaeeJ@ vufrcHbl; jzpfvJrjzpfEd kifbl;?”

(uk drD;cJ r,f&DvJef;)

“Federal jynfaxmifpk zG J@pnf;yH ktajccHOya'ud k wu,fwm0efcHa&;qG Jaewm trsKd;om;aumifpDjzpfygw,f? Armjynfe,f[m jynfaxmifpk 8 jynfe,f rSmygw,fvd k@ avhvm&ygw,f?”

“Armud kvnf; wd kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkawGvd kbJ jynfe,fwckxJay;r,fqk dwm jzpfoif hygw,f? wd kif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pk wef;wltcGif hta&;taeeJ@ajym&&if Armqd kwmvJvlrsKd;pkwckbJ? vlrsKd;pkwcktaeeJ@bJ owfrSwf&rSm? 'gayrJ h vlrsKd;pkwcktaeeJ@ vlOD;a&rsm;wmudktcGifhaumif;,l+yD; ArmvlrsK d;}uD;0g'xm;w,fqdkwmyGif hyGif hvif; vif;ajym&&if pdwf&if;apwemrrSefwJ hol/ tcGif hta&;

,lcsifwJ hol&J@,lqcsufyg? pdwf&if;apwmrSefeJ@ajym&&if ArmvlrsKd;uvnf; Armwusyf/ o#rf;wusyf jzpfudkjzpf&rJhudpP?”

“rauG;[m wdkif;eJ@jynfe,f 14 ckcGJxm;wJhtxJrSmjynfe,fwckeJ@ wef;wl&xm;wJ hwd kif; jzpfygw,f? ArmwckvH k;ud kaygif;+yD;awmh 8 jynfe,fpepfeJ@ Federal jynfaxmifpkzG J@pnf;&ifArmjynfolawG vufcHEk dif atmifajym&rSmbJ±Sif h? Ed kifiHa&;orm;rsm;vufcHatmif wwfEd kifor#ajym&rSmbJ? wef;wl&nfwlpum;t& qdkvdk@±Sd&if wef;wl&nfwlay;udkay;&r,f? ±Sdudk±Sd&r,f? vHk;0uef@uGufp&mr±S dygbl;? vufcHygw,f?”

“o#rf;wd kif;&if;om;rsm;'Drd kua&pDtzGJ@csKyf cGefxGef;OD;ubmajymvJqd kawmh jynfaxmifpkxJucG JxGufwm[mjynfaxmifpkòyuGJa&;jzpfygw,f?'gudkqef@usifuef@uGufygw,f?jynfaxmifpkppfppfud kraz:aqmifEd kifwmuvJ jynfaxmifpkud kòyuG JapEd kifygw,fwJ h?1993 nDvmcHrSm 'Drd kua&pDtiftm;pkawGa&m wd kif;&if;om;tiftm;pkawGyg tm;vH k;wifoGif;cJ h=uwmu vGwfawmf 2 &yfeJ@jynfaxmifpkppfppfrlyg? NLD yg0ifzG J@pnf;xm;wJ h vGwfawmfud k,fpm;ðyaumfrwD CRPP rluvJbJ jynfaxmifpkppfppfrljzpfygw,f?8 jynfe,frleJ@bJzG J@r,fvd k@usdef;aoawmhr±S dygbl;?e,fpyfrSma&;qG J

aewJ hzG J@pnf;yH kud k avhvmwJ htcgrSm vlrsKd;ud ktajccHwJ h trsKd;om;jynfe,fawGvJ±S d&r,f? a'oud ktajccHwJ h trsKd;om;jynfe,fawG

vJyg0ifzG J@pnf;r,fqd kwJhrludk xnfhwGuf&ygw,f?” Ô

OD;ausmfZHomVOA 13th Nov, 2'07 (nyd kif;)

jynfolEk difrnfrkcsppfom;u vkyf}uHzefwD;wJh zGJpnf;ykH tajccHOya'ukd

jynfolvlxku vufrcHvk d@ ppfwyfu xdyfwk duf&ifqk dif r,fqk d&ifppfwyfeJ@ vlxkwk dufyG J ay:aygufvmr,f? wk dufyG JrSef&if tEk dift±_ H;±d Sp+rJbJ/ 'gayrJ h jynfoleJ@ ppftm%myk difwk d@&J@ &ifqk difwk dufyG JrSmtm%m±Sifwkd@ubJ aemufqk H; t±_ H;eJ@&ifqk dif&rSm rkcsjzpfw,f?

tkxk dif; zif;*sKdifc|ef; (15/8/2007),cifxk dif;tajccHOya' rl=urf;a&;qG Ja&;aumfr±Sif tzG J@0if

tok H;cscH rjzpfeJ‹

etz tajccHOya'opftwGuf vlxkqENcH,lyG JvkyfcJ h&ifrJqENay;yk difcGif h±d Sol vlxktzkd@ rdrd&J@uk d,fyk dif tod m%fqk H;jzwfcsuf ( 0dpm&%^m%f) uk d owd±d S±S d csif hcsif hcsdefcsdef tok H;cs+yD; wk dif;jynf&J@uH=urRmtwGuf tav;xm; OD;pm;ay;&ygr,f?ppftm%m±SifawG&J@ tok H;cscH ckwk H;tjzpf rusa&mufrdzk d@ t"dujzpfw,f?

AÀm"dum& (18/ 8/ 07)




INDEPENDENCE

*rfbm&Davmufawmh&Dwmaygh*rfbm&Davmufawmh&Dwmaygh

wd kif;&if;om;twGuf a':pktmrcHcsufay;Edkif“a':atmifqef;pk=unf&J@ &yfwnfcsuf rSefuefaew,f

qk dwm wurBmvk H;u todtrSwfðyxm;wmjzpfw,f? usaemfwk d@ar#mfvifh ,kH=unfygw,f? awG@qkHaqG;aEG;r,f qkd&ifawmha':atmifqef;pk=unftaeeJ@ usaemfwk d@ wk dif;&if;om;tm;vk H;uk dtmrcHcsufay;Ekdifvdrfhr,fvk d@ usaemfwk d@,k H=unfygw,f? a':pktaeeJ@ wk dif;&if;om;awGtm;vk H;uk d uk d,fpm;ðy+yD; aqG;aEG;r,fqk d&if wk dif;&if;om;awG yg0if+yD;aqG;aEG;awmhrS jynf hpk Hr,fvk d@ usaemfwkd@ cH,lygw,f?”

“usaemfwk d@ tawG@tóuHuk dajym&r,fqk d&if t&ifESpfwkef;u ukvor*~uk d,fpm;vS,fawG 0ifvm+yDqk d&if etztusyf twnf;awG óuHvm+yD?oltusyftwnf;óuHvmwJhtcgrSm twGif;yk dif; +idrf;csrf;a&;tzG J@tpnf;awGuk d t=uyfuk difwmawG ±S dygw,f?vk HòcHa&;aumifpDwifvk dufwJ h udpPrSmqk d&if raxmufcHzk d@/ uef@uGuf

zk d@ zdtm;ay;w,f?tJ'Dwkef;u usaemfwk d@vnf; pmawG bmawGxGufay;vk duf&ao;w,f? tckvJ etz&J@ zdtm;ay;r_a=umif h 'Dvd k

oabmxm;tjrifawG xGufay:vm&wmyJ”

(PNLO- GS cGefol&def)

Ekd0ifbm 18 &ufu&ifeDtrsKd;om; wkd;wufa&;ygwDKNPP xdef;csKyf&ma'owGif;rSm typf&yfvlrsKd;aygif;pkHjynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;tzG J@csKyf SNPLO uae cG JxGufawmck d+yD; ytk d0f;trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;tzG J@ PNLO tzG J@tjzpf trnfopfcH,lajymif;vJwJ h tcrf;tem;w&yf usif;ycJhygw,f? tzG J@OuUXtjzpfAk dvfr–;csKyf cGefxdaqmif/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r–;tjzpf Ak dvfr–;}uD;atmifausmfwkd@u wm0ef,l=uygw,f?

&vvztzG J@[m 1994 uppftpk d;&eJ@ typftcwf&yfpJcJ hygw,f?+yD;cJ hwJ h ZGefvtwGif;u cGefxdaqmif OD;aqmifwJ htzG J@[mtypftcwf&yfpJa&;uk dvufrcHawmhbJ ppftpk d;&uk d vufeufuk difwk dufck dufcJ h+yD; ytk d0f;trsKd;om; vGwfajrmufa&;tzG J@tjzpf trnf

ajymif;vJzGJ@pnf;vkdufwmjzpfw,f?ÔVOA 18/ 11/07

rpPwm*rfbm&DeJ@ ukvor*~tcef;u¾uk d etzwk d@ em;rvnfbl;vk d@ Oa&myjrefrm±k H; EBO 'g±k dufwm OD;[efa,mifa[G@

u tckvk d ajymygw,f?“*rfbm&D&J@ vkyfyk difcGif huk d olwkd@em;rvnfbl;vk d@ usaemf

jrifygw,f?bma=umif hvJqk d&if*rfbm&Du etzeJ@a':pkpum;ajyma&;uk d wm0efay;cH&ygw,f? Ek difiHwumuzdtm;ay;wJ hudpPolvk H;0ryk difbl;? zdtm;ay;wJ hudpPu ukvor*~eJ@vJrqk difbl;? ,ltufpf/tD;,lwk d@rSm vkyfyk difcGif h±d Saew,f?qk dawmh *rfbm&DtaeeJ@ b,fvk drSoGm;wm;vk d@r&bl;? vlxkeJ@bkef;}uD;awGukd etz=urf;=urf;wrf;wrf;zdES dyfxm;wJ hudpPuk d olwk d@uwkef@jyefwmjzpfw,f?*rfbm&Dub,fvk drSwm;qD;vk d@r&bl;? qk dawmh tJ'Dae&mrSm olwk d@em;vnfr_

vG Jwmjzpfr,f? r[kwf&ifvnf; UN uk dwrifwum tjypfwifwmjzpfEkdifw,f?”

jynfwGif;rSmyJ tcsif;csif;±Sif;r,fqk dwJ h etz t,ltqeJ@ywfoufvkd@-

“jzpfEkdif&if taumif;qkH;vkd@ajymvkd@&ygw,f? 'gayrJhorkdif;ukdjyef=unfh&ifawmh rjzpfEkdifwJh tvm;tvmawG jrif& w,f? etzu wk dif;&if;om;vufeufuk diftzG J@awGeJ@1989 up+yD;typftcwf&yfpJr_ vkyfcJ hw,f? oabmwlnDcsufuvnf; etzajymcJ hwmu Ek difiHa&;tajz±Smzk d@ / wk dufzk d@rvk dbl;? vmpum;ajym

=uyg qk d+yD; olwk d@ uk d zdwfac:vk d@ +idrf;csrf;a&;awG vkyfoGm;=uw,f?'gayrJ h apmif h&if;apmif h&if; b,fvk drSrjzpfvmbl;? trsKd;om;nDvmcH

rSm vmwufyg? tJ'DrSmaqG;aEG;vk d@&ygw,fvk d@ajymw,f? typftcwf&yfpJa&;tzGJ@awGuvnf; oGm;wufw,f? olwkd@tpD&ifcHpmawGwifw,f? olwkd@awmif;qkdwJh tcsuftvufawGukdwpfckrS*±krpkdufcJhbl;? tJ'Daemufykdif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@2000 up+yD;awmhrS pum;ajymvmwJ hae&mrSm ukvor*~bufu&mZmvDvmulayrJh bmrSta=umif;rxl;cJhbl;? 'DwpfacgufvJetzu Home Grown olwk d@eJ@a':pkeJ@bJajymr,fqk d 'gu,kwW dr±S dbl;vk d@ usaemfwk d@jrifygw,f? bma=umif hvJqk dawmh etzbufuwu,frvkyfcJhbl;?”

“*rfbm&DvmwJh tcsdefrSmu AkdvfcsKyfr–;}uD;oef;a±$eJ@awG@zkd@oifhw,f? *rfbm&D&J@tqifhu tJ'Dtqifhjzpfw,f?OD;atmif=unfuk dbJ awG@&w,fqk d&if 'gu r[kwfawmhbl;? Ek difiHwumu=unf hvJ etzu *rfbm&Duk d *±krpk dufbl;? vmulay;wJ hvluk d jiif;y,faew,f? ±Sif;vif;yG Jvkyf+yD;vJ jiif;y,fw,fqk dwmawmfawmfqk d;wJ h tajctaevk d@ ajymvk d@&ygw,f?”Oa&myjrefrm±k H; EBO 'g±k dufwm OD;[efa,mifa[G@ ajymoGm;ygw,f?

VOA

OD;om;!Gef @OD;/ 8 Ek d0ifbm 2007



32 Vol. 24, No. 239, 2007

k

a±S@wkd;-xrf;ykd;/ aemufqkwf-vSnf;ikwf/ Armjynft±_yf

Armjynfjy\emum;tmZD,H/w¶kyf/ ukvm;/ ±k±Sm;/*syef/tar&duef/ EU/ UN ponfwkd@ESifh qufpyfESD;EG,fvkH;axG;aeojzif h urBmhv,fA,ftqif h a&mufae+yDjzpf.? 'Drk dua&pDqdwfokOf;r_jy\em wckwnf;a=umif hr[kwfawmhay? ok d@aomfololigig tvk

t,uf vk dcsifrufarm=uonf h ArmjynfwGif;rS tusKd;pD;yGm;rSmt"duta&;ygaom tpdwftykdif;}uD;jzpfonf?

Armjynfjy\emtay: =unf hjrifaom pOf;pm;enf; 2 ck±d S.?

(1) Armjynfolrsm;tay: tm%m±Sifppftkyfpkwk d@ rnfok d@yiftkyfcsKyftkyfcsKyf/ taemuftkyfpkuºuG,f0onfh o,H

Zmwrsm; vma&mufodrf;óuH;,liifr_rS umuG,f[ef@wm;xm;Ek difonf? xk d@tjyifwk dif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;. cG JxGufa&;uk dvnf;xdef;csKyfumuG,fxm;Ekdifonf?

w±kyfESif htdEN d,wk d@u 'k dif;ozG,f aumif;pGmumuG,fayG@yk dufxm;onf? *syefESif h tmZD,Hwk d@u t®yiftqk dif pD;yG g;a&;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;+yD; ppftpk d;&tm; oG,f0kdufyhHykd;xm;onf? EU

ESifh tar&duef UN wkd@rwkd;Ekdif? Ttaetxm;ukd w±kyfESifhtdENd,wkd@u auseyfpGm xdef;odrf;xm;vkd.? Armjynfe,fpyfuvnf;w±kyf/ tdEN d,ESif h xdpyfaejyefonf? etz tzk d@ ighjrif;igpk dif;/ ighavSigxkd; óudufonf h ykHpHrsKd;jzif h quftkyfcsKyfEkdifonf?bmrSjy\emr±Sd?

(2) taemuftkyfpku tpOfwpk duf (tckaemufyk dif; tmZD,Htygt0if) 'Drk dua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;vkyf&ef

etztm; wk dufwGef;zdtm;ay;vm.? ppftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf av#mhcs-tqk H;owf&ef etztm; ausmoyfacsmharmhazsmif;zs.?ok d@aomftwefwef jiif;y,fcscH&.? ta=umif;rSm etzwk d@ wHcg;tus,f}uD;zGif hvk dufonfESif h taemuftkyfpku 0k dif;tk Hwk d;0ifvmrnf[k ,k H=unfxm;=uaoma=umif h jzpfonf? t"dutcsufrSm etzwk d@tm%mvufvGwf&rnf? ±kwfw&uftusKd;rJ h wefzk d;usoGm;rnf[k 4if;wk d@cH,lxm;=uonf?

Trwifrus taetxm;wGif Armjynfolrsm; b,fvk db,fyk Hqufpcef;oGm;rvJ [kar;p&m±S d.? qif;&Jiwfjywfusyfwnf; cufcJ'kuQ 0J=oCxJ w0J0Jv,f±k HrSwyg; tjcm;r±dS?ppfAkdvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;twGuf q,foufpm;rukef tvkH;pkHjynfh0usdusdwufcsrf;om=uayrnf? pD;yGg;a&;/ vlr_a&;rnfr#yifc|wfòcHusus/ avmifpmqDESifh ukefaps;E_ef; rnfr#yifwufaeaeb,folaoao iawrSmv#if+yD;a&m? TZmwfarsm}uD; ±Snf=umrnf?

a&eH/ "gwfaiG@/ u|ef;opf/ owWK/ ausmufoHywWjrm;To,HZmwrsm;onf tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfol ppfAkdvfcsKyf}uD;rsm;twGufomjzpfonf? vufvkyfvufpm; vlxktrsm;pktzk d@ tajctaerJ h ypPnf;rJ hv_yfvDv_yfvJ hb0wGifom vk H;jcmvnf+yD; wHcg;ydwf0g' tarSmif=um; prf;w0g;0g;touf±Sifae&ojzif h jynfajy;'kuQonfrsm;tjzpf/ pD;yG g;a&;uyfqk dufr_ab;rS pGef@ajy;ausmck dif;ola±$@ajymif; tvkyform;rsm;tjzpf tdrfeD;csif;wkdif;jynfrsm;okd@ykdrk dwdrf;a±Smif =uOD;rnf?

TrsufarSmufjzpf&yftrSef tES Do±kyfouefonf jynfolvlxk um,okc/ pdwWokc±S d±S d vGwfvyfpGm pdwfat;vufat;aexkdifEkdifap&ef tm%m±Sifppftpkd;&ubmrS vkyfray;a=umif;rD;armif; xk d;jyaom taxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfonf?

w&m;r#wr_/ vGwfvyf+idrf;csrf; wef;wlr_±d Sonf h 'Drk dua&pD

yef;wk difok d@ra&mufrcsif; jynfolrsm;qufvuf±kef;uef wk dufyG J0ifoGm;=u&rnf? uk d,f huk d,fuk dtm;uk d;rS urBmu ulEk difu,fEk difrnf?

uae@tzkd@ tckduftwef@t±_H;ESifh &ifqkdif&aomfvnf;reufzef tajymif;tvJ {uefrvG J±S drnf? urBmuvnf; enf;vrf;aygif;pk Hjzifh ulnDzdtm;ay;aeonf?

Armjynfolrsm; rdrduH=urRm rdrdbmom zefwD;qk H;jzwfEk dif&eftwGufwnf;? Ô

vdcdwZkef; oukv

xk dif;&wf (30/9/07)




INDEPENDENCE

ef@

jyefa':pka=ujimcsuf ENC wkef@

jyef

“a':atmifqef;pk=unf&J@ xkwfjyefcsufxJrSmvJbJ ol@taeeJ@ wk dif;&if;om;awGvlrsKd;awGta&;uk d txl;OD;pm;ay;+yD;awmhpOf;pm;r,fqk dwJ htcsuf ygygw,f?tJ'guk dvnf; usaemfwk d@taeeJ@v_ dufv_ dufvS JvS J óudqk dxm;ygw,f? usaemfwk d@ wk dif;jynf&J@Ek difiHa&;jy\em +idrf;csrf;wJ henf;eJ@ajz±Sif;Ek difzk d@qk d&if awG@qk HaqG;aEG;jcif;rSty/ wjcm;enf;vrf;r±S dygbl;? tJ'DtwGufa=umif h 'Dvk dawG@qk HaqG;aEG;wJ h[muk d óudqk dw,f? wqif h+yD;wqif h tm;vk H;yg0ifEk difwJ h taetxm;rsKd;urBmhukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcHa&murBmhukvor*~vk HòcHa&;aumifpD&J@ Press Statement rSmygwJ htwk dif; ok H;yGif hqk difaqG;aEG;yG Jtxd OD;wnfwJ henf;vrf;rsKd; usaemfwk d@vk dvm;w,f qk dwmxkwfjyef+yD;om;jzpfw,f? 'DtwGufa=umif h usaemfwk d@wk dif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;aumifpDtaeeJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfuk d tjynh ft0axmufcHygw,f?”

“rl&if;pmom; t*Fvdyfvkd xkwfjyefxm;ygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu wk dif;&if;om;awGuk d uk d,fpm;ðyygr,fqk dwJ htcsuf rygygbl;? rSm;,Gif;+yD;awmh t"dyüg,fjyefwm jzpfygr,f?etz taeeJ@ vlawGZa0Z0gjzpfoGm;atmif vkyfwmrsKd;vm;qk dwmoHo,jzpfrdygw,f? a':pk&J@apwemukd 'DrSm ±Sif;±Sif;vif;vif;bJazmfjyxm;ygw,f? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;awG jynfaxmifpkta&;aqmif±GufwJ hae&mrSm olrtaeeJ@txl;OD;pm;ay; pOf;pm;aewJ hta=umif; apwemoef@oef@eJ@ azmfjyxm;wmawG@&ygw,f? ol

uk d,fpm;ðyygr,fqk dwJ h tay:pD;avoHrsKd; vk H;0r±S dygbl;? 'DtcsdefrSm

wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;aumifpDENC

taxGaxG twGif;a&;r–;wpfa,muftaeeJ@ rdwfaqGnD&if;tpfuk d wk dif;&if;om;Ek difiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;awGukd arwWm&yfcHcsifwmu 'DvkdtjctaersKd;rSmusaemfwk d@tm;vk H;pnf;vk H;nD!Gwfzk d@vk dygw,f? usaemfwk d@ tcsif;csif;em;vnfzk d@vk dygw,f? 'Dvk dtajctaersKd;rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfuk dwpfrsKd;rjrifzk d@ oabmxm;}uD;}uD;eJ@em;vnfzk d@vJ usaemfawmif;yefcsifygw,f? wk dif;&if;om;eJ@'Drk dua&pDtiftm;pk=um;rSmnD!Gwfr_wnfaqmufzk d@vk dovk d etzppftpk d;&uvJbJ awG@qk HaqG;aEG;yG Jukd wu,fvk dvm;w,f? wk dif;jynf+idrf;csrf;apcsifw,f?

'Drk dua&pD&±S dcsifw,f? jynfwGif;ppfuk d tqk H;owfcsifw,fqkd&ifetzppftpk d;&eJ@ usaemfwkd@ 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pk=um;rSmvJbJem;vnfr_awGwnfaqmuf&rJ h tcsdefjzpfygw,f? em;vnfr_uG JvG JEk difwJ htajymtqk d oabmxm; xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsKd; usaemfwk d@tm;vk H; a±Smif±Sm;zk d@vk dw,fvk d@ ajymcsifygw,f? 'Dvk dr[kwfr[wfawG vkyfvk dufvk d@±S d&ifawmhjynfolvlxkbJ epfemr,f? wk dif;jynfbJepfemr,f?”

“awG@qk HaqG;aEG;yG J jzpfay:vmzk d@twGuf yxrajcvSrf;bJ±S dygao;w,f? em;vnfr_wnfaqmuf&rJh tcsdefjzpfygw,f?

“'gu Pre-Talk tqifhrSm qENapm+yD;awmh [kdvlvJyg&r,f/ 'DvlvJyg&r,f/ 'DudpPaqG;aEG;r,fqk d+yD; ajym&rJhtcsdefr[kwfao;bl;vkd@ usaemfxifygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm qENrapmoif hao;bl;? tcsdefwefvm&if usaemfwd k@wk dif;&if;om;vlrsKd;awG em;vnfw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfvJ em;vnfw,fvk d@ usaemfoabmaygufw,f? bmjzpfvk d@vJqk dawmh ol@a=ujimcsufxJrSmtwdtvif;a&;xm;ygw,f? UN uvnf; em;vnfw,fvkd@usaemfjrifw,f? usaemfwk d@ wk dif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;aumifpD ENC

u urBmhukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;r–;csKyfrpPwm befuDrGef;qDvnf;pma&;+yD; jrefrmjynfta=umif; ±Sif;jyxm;w,f? olwkd@vnf;em;vnfrSmyg? jy\emajz±Sif;zk d@ wkdif;&if;om;tcef;u¾rygbJeJ@ b,fvk drSajz±Sif;vk d@r&bl;qk dwm tm;vk H;oabmaygufygw,f? tcktcsdefrSm pOf;pm;zk d@vk dwmuawmh t"duEk difiHa&;t& wu,f htESpfom&±S d/ t"dyü g,f±S dwJ h/ awG@qk HaqG;aEG;a&;jzpfay:vmzk d@uk dbJ usaemfwk d@0k dif;+yD; óud;pm;oif hw,f? ”

ENC-GE a'gufwmqvk dif;vsJefrkef;qmacgif;VOA 17/11/07



34 Vol. 24, No. 239, 2007

k

uvJ hpm;acsr[kwf w&m;r#wr_ygomreftm;jzif h vlawG[m tE W&m,f}uD;rm;wJ h/ vlrqef

wJ h/ &mZ0wfom;rsm;uk d a±Smif±Sm;csif=uw,f? aumif;aumif; r

qufqHcsif=ubl;? 'Dta=umif;awGuk d owdðyrdvsuf usaemfwk d@wawGvnf; &mZ0wfom;uk da±Smif±Sm;=uwmbJ?

'DtE W&m,fawGuae uif;a0apzk d@ usaemfwk d@uk d ynm±S dawGu t}uHay;xm;w,f? &mZ0wfom;awGuk d cc,, nifnifomom rqufqHoif hbl; wJ h?

'gayrJh vlrqef&mZ0wfom; Armppftpkd;&ukdajymif;zkd@urBmhukvor*~eJ@tmqD,Hwkd@ubmjzpfvkd@at;aq;n‡ifomenf;uk d ok H;ae=uovJ? olwk d@rSmtm%m±S daeao;oI b,fawmhrSajymif; vJrSmr[kwfbl;?

vlowfr_usL;vGefaomtpkd;& okd@r[kwf ±kdif;pkdif;=urf;ñuwf+yD; vlr_a&;em;rvnfaomolawG[m trSm;eJ@ trSefrcG Jjcm;wwfwJh vlwpfpkjzpfw,f?

taumif;tqk d; cG Jjcm;odjrifwwfr_[m vlawG&J@qk H;jzwfcsuftay:rSmrlwnfygw,f?tod^m%fynm/ vlrsKd;pk/ rdef;r/a,mufsm;xuf trsm;}uD; ta&;ygygw,f?

pwk d;qk difawGuk d 0ifck d;&mu&vmwJ h vlwpfa,muf&J@0ifaiGuk drS Dck dwJ hvleJ@/ oHtrwfolck d;wpfa,muf&J@vpmuk d rS Dck d&wJ h vlt=um;bmuGmjcm;r_±SdvJ? 'grSr[kwfomrefusvlvnfwpfa,muf

eJ@ vlowform; b,fvk duG Jjym;ovJ?wu,fawmh t±S deft0g/ ynm/ vk dtifqEN/ &ruf / tcGif h

ta&;/ yk difqk difcGif hawG uGmygw,f?'DuGm[csufawGukd r&ifqkdif&zkd@twGuf usaemfwkd@

vlom;qefwJ h tvkyf/ pdwfoabmxm;uk d vk dtyfwJ hae&mrSm jznf hqnf; ay;oif hygw,f? (rmwmpawmuf Martha Stout, Ph.D)

The Sociopath Next Door)

awmfawmfacgif;rmwJh Akdvfa[mif;/ pdwf"gwfppfqifa&;tm%m±Sif ppftpk d;& oef;a±$[m olvkyfcJ hwJ h trSm;awGuk d tjypf

vk d@awmif cHpm;rdrSmr[kwfbl;? ol@&mZ0wfr_uk d ausmfvGefEk difr,fvk d@xif+yD; ol&rf;wrf;vkyfcJhor#/ trSm;trSefra0zefwwf/ Oya't& vkyfaewmygqk d+yD; jynfolvlxkuk domru ol@uk d,folyg jzm;a,mif;aew,f?

ol[m vdrfwwfwJ hae&mrSm ESpfa,mufr±S dbl;?u|rf;u|rf;usifusifvdrfwwfw,f? urBmukdvdrfw,f?jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmeJ@ owif;pmwcsKd@uazjycsufawG[m trSefw&m;eJ@ wvG JpDqk dwm vlwk dif;odygw,f?vlwum&J@ a0zefcsufawGvnf; olwkd@vk H;0 *±krpk dufbl;? ol@tvk dus ol@&J@ vufatmufi,fom;awGuk d

yg;eyfpGm uk difwG,fxdef;csKyfEk difjcif;[m vl@*k%fuif;wJ h&mZ0wfom;&J@*k%f±d SefeJ@ +cdrf;ajcmuf jzm;a,mif;r_ tpGrf;a=umif hyg? 'gawG[mtHh=op&mr[kwfygbl;?

'Dawmh ol@&J@ ^m%feD m%feufuk d r,k Hrdapzk d@ usaemfwk d@owdxm;&r,f? ,k Hrdvk d@uawmh uvdrfuuspform;&J@xdef;csKyfr_

atmufuk d a&mufoGm;vdrf hr,f?pdwfa&m*g±SdwJhvlukd !‡ dE_ dif;tay;t,lvkyfvkd @r&Ekdifbl;-

a'gufwm 0DvD,H *dwf*sifuajymw,f?ppftpk d;& SPDCeJ@a':pkawG@qk HaqG;aEG;&if taumif;buf

ajymif;vJr,fvk d@trsm;pkuar#mfvif h=uw,f?Ak dvfcsKyfatmif=unfeJ@a':pk aqG;aEG;cGif h&cJ hw,f? ajymif;vJr_ r±d S±k Homru urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&;qk±Sif a':pk[m aqG;aEG;r_t+yD;rSm !‡ dK;i,foGm;wmuk d awG@jrifcJ h&w,f? b,fvk drsKd;aqG;aEG;r_ jzpfcJ hw,fqk dwm vlwk dif;pOf;pm;vk d@&ygw,f?

awG@qk HcGifhay;vk dufwm[mvnf; EkdifiHwum&J@ a0zefr_awGvG JacsmfoGm;atmif olwk d@ zefwD;vkyf}uHvk dufwmbJjzpfw,f?wjcm; tpk d;&t&if;tjrpft& w±kyfeJ@±k±Sm;uk d ESpfodrf hzk d@twGuf&nf±G,fygw,f?(oef;a±$[moHrsufESmzk H;xJuvl vk d@ {&m0wDowif; t,f'DwmatmifaZmfu ajymcJ hzl;w,f?)

&efukefeJ@ xk dif;jrefrme,fpyfuk d oGm;a&mufvnfywfcJ holt*FvefEk difiHEk difiHwumwk d;wufa&; aemufa,mifcHtwGif;a&;r–;rpPwm 'Jef;'±l;rD±SJ ajymjycsuft&-

ppftpk d;&uk duvJ hpm;acszk d@r[kwfbJ uk d,f hvlrsKd;twGuftvkyfvkyfaewJ hacgif;aqmifawG±d Sygw,f? ppftpk d;&[m tjcm;acgif;aqmifawGqDuae uk d,fcsif;pm/ t=uifemw&m;awGvk dtyfvm;´ uk d,fcsif;pmeJ@ t=uifemw&m;[m vlowform; wpfa,muftwGufxk dufwefyg&J@vm;´/Ceausescu a&m´/ quf'rf[lpdefa&m´/ olwk d@awGeJ@ vk H;0rxk dufwefbl;?

Armjynfoljynfom;awGtay: t=uifemrJ hpGm qk d;0g;pGmvkyfcJ hwJ hetzppftpk d;&[mb,fwpfa,muf&J@ =uifemr_eJ@rSrxk dufwefbl;qkdwm --- b,ftcsdefrSm b,ft&mawGu olwkd@ukd

odatmifvkyfEkdifrvJ?arwWmrJ h ±k dif;pk dif;wJ hppftm%m±Sifoef;a±$/ ol@&J@Ak dvfygrsm;eJ@ olwd k@uk d axmufyhHaewJholawG[m axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomwkdif;oljynfom;uk d owfjzwfaewJhvlawGjzpfw,f?

'ga=umif h olwk d@vkyfcJ hovk d olwk d@tay: jyefvnf wkef@jyefoif h±k Homru/olwd k@&J@&mZ0wfr_aºuG;twGuf xk dufwefwJ hjypf'%fjyefay;oifhw,f?'g[m uvJhpm;acszkd @twGufr[kwf/ w&m;r#wr_twGufyg?Ô

5/11/07 u

Feraya Nangmone a&;om;aom Justice not revenge uk d Yawd Lao bmomjyefxm;onf?




INDEPENDENCE

ytrzESif h PNO ESpfzG J hrSmtESpfom&tm;jzif h wpfzG J@wnf;yifjzpfonf[k em;vnfygonf? ytrz onfytd k0f;v_ difAltzG J@rSqif;oufvmaomtzG J hjzpfI/ u|efawmfwd k h &w'z onfvnf;o#rf;jynfjynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzG J@csKyf &yvrSqif;oufvmaomtzG J@jzpfygonf? 1947-1949 txdtcsdefumvu&yvESif hytd k0f;v_ difAltzG J@wd k@onf ya'o&mZfwd kufyG Jrsm;wGif &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;tjzpf &if;ES D;pGmyl;aygif; wd kufyG J0ifcJ h=uonf? xd kpOfuwd kufyG Jrsm;wGiftoufay;v–cJ h=uaom OD;atmifom/ OD;[defarmif paom ytd k0f;acgif;aqmifrsm;ud kvnf; ,ae@wd kif*k%fðy owd&vsuf±S dae=uygonf? ytrz/ PNO ESif h,ae@wd kif &if;ES D;pGmqufqHvsuf±S daomOD;pHatmifonf &yvacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfovdk /ytrz.em,uvnf;jzpfygonf?

1947 ckESpfutajccHOya'a&;qG J=upOfu tajccHOya'a&;qG Jaom wd kif;jynfv$wfawmfwGif &yv acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf=uaomOD;wif{/ OD;xGef;jrif h (vif;ac;)ESif h OD;xGef;jrif h(awmif}uD;)wd k hyg0ifcJ h=uygonf? od k@aomf xd kpOfu &yvacgif;aqmifrsm;onfEk difiHa&;tawG@tóuHEke,fao;Ivnf;aumif;/ zqyvacgif;aqmifr_ud k tºuGif;rJ h,H k=unfcJ h=uojzif hvnf;aumif;/ wpfESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;&±S d&eftcsdefuefowfcsuf±S dojzif h zkwfylrD;wd kufaqmif±GufcJ h=uIvnf;aumif;/ +yD;jynf hpk Hjcif;r±S dbJcsKd@,Gif;csufrsm;/ [muGufrsm; yg0ifvmcJh&ygonf?xd ka=umifh o#rf;jynfae vlrsKd;pkwpfckpDtwGufrqd kxm;bd/ &Jabmfwd k@tygt0if o#rf;jynfwpfckvH k;. ta&;ud kyif jynf hpH kpGm raqmif±GufEk difcJ honfrSm trSefjzpfygonf?wef;wl&nfwl jynfaxmifpkjzpf rvmbJ/ r[mArmjynfaxmifpkjzpfvmojzif h jyifqif=u&efóud;yrf;=u&m 1962 wGif ppfwyfu tm%modrf;jcif;ud k cHcJ h&ygonf?

1974 ckESpftajccHOya'a&;qG JpOfwGif &yv acgif;aqmifa[mif;rsm;jzpfaom OD;wif{ ESif hOD;xGef;jrif h(vif;ac;) wd k hvnf;yg0ifvmonf?odk@aomf xdkpOfu tm%modrf;wyfrawmf. t&dyftm0goESifh vrf;!$efr_atmufwGifaqmif±Gufjcif;jzpfI bmr#xda&mufpGmrvkyfEkdifbJ rqv=oZmcH wpfjynfaxmifpepfjzpfaom“wdkif;ESifh jynfe,faygif;pk”yHkpH/ trnfcHjynfaxmifpkomjzpfvmcJ honf? vlrsKd;pkwpfckpD.ta&;ud krqd kxm;bd o#rf;jynfwpfckvk H;.ta&;onfyif bmr#r&cJ hbJqH k;±_ H;epfemcJ h&ygonf?oif hawmfaomvlrsKd;pkrsm;twGuf oD;jcm; ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'orsm;xm;±S day;&ef xd kpOfu wifjyawmif;qd kcJ hzl;aomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJhyg?

,ckwwd,t}udrfwGifrS 4if;udpP taumiftxnfay:

vmEd kifcJ hygonf? ta=umif;rSm b,fbuftdwfxJod k h aiGwpfusyf

ytd k0f;trsdK;om;tzGJ hcsKyf (ytrz) ESifh typf&yf PNO

xnf hay;+yD; nmbuftdwfxJrS aiGig;usyftE_ dufcH&aom OyrmESif hwlI jzpfygonf? wenf;tm;jzif hqd kygv#if u|efawmfwd k@ o#rf;jynfonf ,cif tcsdefrsm;xuf tqif htwef;yd kI av#musoGm;jcif;a=umif h jzpfygonf? ytd k0f;vlrsKd;pkrsm;twGuf uk d,fyd kiftkyfcsKyfcGif h

&a'o jzpfvmaomfvnf;/ o#rf;jynfwpfckvH k;onf Ek difiHa&;t& atmufodk@av#mqif;oGm;&aom=umifhjzpf.?

1947 ESif h 1974 Oya'rsm;

1947 ckESpf tajccHOya'wGif yifvk HnDvmcHY tajccHtm;jzif h oabmwlnDcJ h=uaom ArmjynfrESif h usefjynfe,frsm; wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;yg0ifonf h ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpkyk Ho¾mef jzpfrvmbJ ArmvlrsKd;}uD;u tzufpD;rSae&m,lxm;aom r[mArmjynfaxmifpk jzpfvmcJ h.? 1974 ckESpfwGifrl wk dif;ESif hjynfe,frsm;uk d

wef;wlxm;I yl;aygif;aom jynfaxmifpktwkukdom &cJhjyefygonf? ,ckw}udrfwGifum; wk dif;jynfESif h jynfe,fyk Ho¾meftjyifppfwyf=oZmcHb0ok d@ xm0pOf usa&muf&rnf hyk HjzpfI yk dqk d;vmygonf? xk dwefzk d;avsmhusaeaom o#rf;jynfxJwGifytk d0f;trsKd;om;rsm;twGuf oD;oef@a'owpfckowfrSwf ay;vkdufjcif;jzpf.?wenf;tm;jzif hajym&v#if jynfaxmifpk±mtwk}uD;xJ±S d o#rf;jynftdrf}uD;xJwGif oD;jcm;tcef;wpfck ay;vk dufonfrSm rSefyg.? ok d@aomf xk do#rf;jynftdrf}uD;rSm wefzk d;usqif;oGm;cJ h+yDjzpf&m tcsKd@vlrsKd;pkrsm;&±S daom tcef;onfvnf; tvk dtavsmuf wefzk d;us

oGm;+yD;jzpfygrnf?

wcd sefu Ak dvfcif!Gef ‹ ESif h PNO OuUX OD;atmifcrf;xD



36 Vol. 24, No. 239, 2007

k

o#rf;vlrsKd;}uD;0g'tay:tjrif

tvsOf;oifhojzifh Tae&mwGif vlrsKd;}uD;ta=umif;tenf;i,f wifjyvk dygonf? o#rf;trsKd;om;rsm;u Armrsm;onf4if;wk d@tay: vlrsKd;}uD;0g'usif hok H;onf[k rSwf,l=u.? &Jabmf

wk d@uJ hok d@aom o#rf;jynfwGif;ae vlrsKd;pkrsm;uvnf; o#rf;rsm;onf vlrsKd;}uD;0g' usif hok H;onf[k xifjyefonf? ok d@aomf xk dtm;enf;csufuk d tcGif haumif;,l+yD; tdrf=uufcsif; tk d;rJtokwfcH&onf htjzpfrsKd;ra&mufap&ef txl;owdðytyfvSayonf? Divide and

Rule oabmuk d rarhapvk dyg?ytk d0f;trsKd;om;rsm;uk d axmufjycsifovk dusef "Ek trsKd;

om;rsm;/ yavmiftrsKd;om;rsm;/ uk d;uef@trsKd;om;rsm;/ 0trsKd;om;rsm;uk dvnf; xk dtwk dif;yif axmufjyvk dygonf?vGefcJ haomESpfaygif; 1000 cef@u yk*HjynfwGif taemf&xmrif; rif;ðypOf tcsdefY

o#rf;ukef;ajrjrif hapmfbGm;rsm; tkyfpk d;r_atmuf o#rf;vlrsKd;rsm;aexk difvsuf±S d=u.?xk dpOfu o#rf;jynfa'owGifapmfbGm;e,f 10 ckxufryk dyg? 1808 jrefrmbk&if. jyefwrf;t&anmifa±$apmfbGm;yk dife,fajronf“ta±S@uk dvm;aomf erf hyGefacsmif;ESif hrk d;eJe,fajrtpyf/awmifukdvm;aomrkd;+AJESifhawmifile,ftpyf/ taemufukdvm;aomf aygif;avmif;acsmif;ESif h v_ dif;wuf/ &rnf;oif;txd/ ajrmufuk dvm;aomf erRwlacsmif;ESif h oDayg/ rk d;rdwfe,fpyftxd” us,f0ef;ygonf?

taemf&xm. Armbk&ifwyfrsm; ES dyfpufr_'%fuk d rcHEk difojzif h rdrdwk d@ t}uD;tuJrsm;OD;aqmifI xGufajy;wdrf;a±Smifvm+yD; anmifa±$apmfbGm;xH tajcpk dufaexk difcGif hawmif;.? anmifa$apmfbGm;u ,ckqDqk dift&yfwGif aexk difcGif hðyonf?wjznf;jznf;ESif h ytk d0f;vlrsKd;rsm;

wk d;yG g;vmonf? anmifa±$e,f tif;av;uefta±S@t&yfok d@ vnf;aumif;/ yifavmif;ao'owkd@vnf;aumif;/ ajrmufbufESifhtaemufbufok d@vnf;aumif;/a±G@vsm;tajcpk duf=u&m rkdif;yGef/yifvk Ht&yfa'orsm;txd us,fjyef@oGm;onf? ,ckacwf tac:tm;jzif h ppfajy;'kuQonfrsm;tjzpfa&muf±S dvm+yD; tajccsaexk difvm=u.? wenf;tm;jzifh tdrf±Sifo#rf;rsm;xH cGif hyef+yD; ytk d0f;trsKd;om;rsm;onf {nf honftjzpf aexk difvm=ujcif;omjzpf.?"EktrsKd;om;rsm;onf tavmif;pnfolrif; wk dif;cef;vSnf hvnfpOfu vk dufygvm=uaom &ck diftrsKd;om; av;onfawmfwyfom;

rsm;jzpf=uonf?a&/ ajr/awmawmifuk d

ESpfouf=uojzif h Armjynfrok d@ vk dufrjyefawmhbJ ae&pfcJ h&mrS "EktrsKd;om;[lI jzpfvmcJ honf[k rSwfom;cJh&zl;onf?

tvm;wlpGmyif uk d;uef@trsKd;om;wk d@onfvnf; ajrmuft&yfrSaeIo#rf;jynftwGif;okd@ tpdrfhpdrfh0ifvm=u+yD; tdrf±Sifo#rf;rsm;. {nf honftjzpfaexk difvm=ujcif;jzpf.? ok d@aomf ESpfy&dap>'=umjrif hvmaomtcg tdrfom;rsm;ozG,f txk difusvmcJ honf? o#rf;jynfXmaewkdif;&if;om;rsm;yifjzpfvm=u.?

xkdokd@us,f0ef;aomfvnf; vlOD;a&rSm ajymyavmufatmif r±S dacs/? ajrvGwfajr±k dif;trsm;tjym;yif±d S.? xk dtcsdefwGifok0ÀbkrR dac: oxk Hrif;Ek difiHY rEl[mrif; tkyfcsKyfvsuf±d Sonf?yk*Hjynf h±Siftaemf&xmrif;onf ydËuwfok H;yk Huk dtvk d±S dI oxk Huk d0ifwk duf+yD; rEl[mrif;uk dygzrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;.? oxk HjynfwGif

rGefvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh a&maESmaexkdif=uaom ytkd0f;vlrsKd;rsm;onf

ok d@aomfork dif;a=umif;t& o#rf;trsKd;om;rsm;onf tdrf±SifjzpfIuseftrsKd;om;rsm;onf aemufrSa&mufvmaom {nfhonfrsm;om jzpfonf[laom Zmpfjrpfukd todtrSwfðy=u&efvk dygrnf?o#rf;trsKd;om;rsm;u aemufrS0ifa&mufvmaomytkd0f;/ "Ek /uk d;uef@trsKd;om;wk d@tay: &if;ESD;pGmqufqH&efvkdtyfouJ hok d@

useftrsKd;om;rsm;uvnf; tjyeftvSeftm;jzif h o#rf;trsKd;om;

ytk d0f;trdsK;om;ae@usif;y=upOf




INDEPENDENCE

rsm;tay: av;pm;pGm qufqHoif hygonf? ok d@r[kwfbJ ab;vlrSajcxk d;ajr‡mufyif h ay;jcif;/ tdrf=uufcsif;tk d;rJ okwfay;jcif;wk d@uk dem;a,mif+yD;uGJ=uv#if rdrdwkd@tcsif;csif;omepfem=urnf jzpfonf? udpPwckay:aygufwkdif; ork dif;tjrifjzif h jyefvnfok H;oyfowd&=uygu jy\emtrsm;onf ajyvnfoGm;=urnfjzpfygonf? twGif;eH&HESif h tjyifeH&HcGJjcm;od&ef vk dtyfvsuf±Sday+yD?

&w'z ESif h ytrzwk d @. qufqHr_ork dif;

&yvESif hytrzytk d0f;v_ difAltzG J@wk d@onf &Jbufr[mrdwfrsm;jzpf=uouJ hok d@ &w'zESif h ytrzwk d@onfvnf; r[mrdwfrsm;yif jzpfcJ h=uygonf? &w'z em,u vl}uD; OD;ausmfpdef/ 'k OuUXcGefxGef;atmif tr_aqmif cGefpdef0if;wk d@onf ytk d0f;trsKd;om;rsm;jzpfygonf? xk d@jyifusaemfwk d@. o#rf;jynfwk dif;&if;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;

'Drk dua&pDtzG J@csKyf &w'zonf trnfuk d,fYu o#rf;trsKd;om;wrsKd;wnf;ukd uk d,fpm;ðyonf r[kwfbJ/ o#rf;jynf±S d vlrsKd;pkrsm;tm;vk H;uk d uk d,fpm;ðyzG J@pnf;xm;onfukdvnf; owdðy=uapvk dygonf? xk d@jyif vlrsKd;pkuk duk d,fpm;ðyaom tjcm;tzG J@tpnf;rsm;ESifhr[mrdwfzGJ@+yD;“o#rf;jynfvlrsKd;aygif;pkH tzGJ@csKyf”ukdvnf; zG J@pnf;cJ honfuk d rSwfrd=uygvdrfhrnf?

usaemfwkd@. av;eufrSefuefaom apwemt&if;cHjzif harwWm&yfcH wifjycsufrsm;onf ta[moduH jzpfrnfrxifyg?ezl;ay:vufwif tjyeftvSefpOf;pm;I oif hawmfaomwcsdefcsdef

wGif oifhawmfovkdajcvSrf;rsm; jyifEkdif=uvdrfhrnfxifygonf?jyifEkdif=uvdrfhrnf[kvnf; o#rf;jynfvlxkw&yfvkH;ukd,fpm;ar#mfvif hawmifhwaeygonf?

o#rf;jynfrS tvif;0if&Jabmfrsm;ok d@yef=um;csuf

o#rf;jynfrS tvif;0if&Jabmfrsm;vnf; txufyg vlrsKd;pkrsm;uJ hok d@aom jy\emrsm;ay:aygufvsuf ±S drnfjzpfyg.? wk dufyG J0if rdrdwk d@&Jabmfrsm;. ta&;onf o#rf;jynfwckvk H;±S d vlrsKd;pkrsm;

tm;vk H;ESif hvnf; qufEG,f vsuf±S dygonf? &Jabmfwk d@ac|;ESif h aoG;ukd t&if;wnfI wkdufcJh=uonfrSm o#rf;jynfvlxk. tusKd;twGufyifjzpf&m a±S@qufI rdrdwk [email protected];rsm;ESif h oufqk difaom Ek difiHa&;jy\emuk d pOf;pm;onf htcgwk dif; o#rf;jynfvlxk.rsufESmuk d axmufxm;!‡mwmEk dif=uvdrf hrnf[k tm;uk d;ar#mfvif hvsuf ±S dygonf? Ô

OD;a±$tk H;.16/11/2007 xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrSxkwfE_wf wnf;jzwfxm;ygonf

(t,f'Dwm)

*rfbm&Dc&D;pOfwk dif;&if;om; acgif;aqmif tjrif

“wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifeJ@ awG@w,fqdkwm etzeJ@tu|rf;w0if±SdwJh olwd k@csKyfudkifEdkifwJ h wd kif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ ay;awG@wmxifw,f? wu,f htwd kuftcH wd kif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ awG@&w,fqd k&ifawmh tvm;tvm wd k;wufw,fvd k@awmh ajymEd kifygw,f?od k@aomfvnf; tvm;tvmtmrcHcsuf b,favmuf±S dvJ/ tESpfom& b,favmuf±S dvJ qd kwmawmhapmif h=unf h&rSm jzpfygw,f?rpPwm*rfbm&DtwGuf a':pk omruwd kif;&if;om;awGeJ@ygawG@zd k@ Ed kifiHwumzdtm;vnf; ±S dw,f? txl;ojzif h tdrfeD;em;csif;wd kif;jynf xd kif;wd k@/ w±kwfwd k@ zdtm;±Sdw,f?

'ga=umif h ukvor*~&J@ wu,f hqH k;jzwfcsuftwd kif;vd kufr,fqd kvd k@±S d&if wd kif;&if;om;tiftm;pkawGyg awG@qH kzd k@vd kw,fqd kwJ h tcsufuajy;vd k@rvGwfbl;jzpfaew,f? aygufaygufajrmufajrmuf ay;awG@csifwJh/ wef;wl&nfwl pum;ajymcsifwJhqENawmh ±SdyHkr&ygbl;?zdtm;awG rvG Jra±SmifomwJ htwGuf 0wfauswef;ausbJ ay;awG@wmudk pdk;&drfw,f? trsKd;om; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;twGuftvm;tvmaz:r,f raz:bl;qd kwm ajymzd k@apmaew,f? rpPwm*rfbm&D&J@ óud;pm;r_ tqufrjywfjzpfvm&ifawmh wd kif;&if;om;pnf;vH k;nD!Gwfa&; jyef+yD;awmh jzpfvmr,fvk d@ ajymEd kifwmaygh?”

(cGefOuUm) uk datmifvGifOD; 5/ 11/ 2007VOA nyk dif;tpDtpOf

typf&yf ytdk0f;ESpfzGJ@u bmudkqdkvdkwmvJqdkwmusaemftwdtusrodygbl;? 'gayrJhwu,fhwu,f usawmha':atmifqef;pk=unftaeeJ@wdkif;&if;om;awGudk ypfxm;rSmr[kwfbl;? avmavmq,fawmh wd kif;&if;om;awGtaeeJ@ etzeJ@a':atmifqef;pk=unfawG@qH kr_ud k axmufcH&r,f? olwd k@ajym+yD;wmeJ@ wd kif;&if;om;awG quf+yD;awmhajymr,f?ucsifwd kif; &if;om;awGtaeeJ@uawmh 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJh jynfolvlxkjzpfwJhtwGuf tm;vH k;eD;yg;u (a':pkuk d) ,k H=unfygw,f?

Duwa Bawmwang Laraw

ucsiftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±k H;/wd kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;aumifpD ENC 'k OuUX

wd kif;&if;om;awGa':pkuk d ,kH=unf



38 Vol. 24, No. 239, 2007

k1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2

tar&duefu Armppftpk d;&tay: jyif;xefpGm±_yfcszk d@ ukvvk HòcHa&;aumifpDuk d a=ujimcsufawGxkwfck dif;+yD; Ek difiHa&;tusOf;om;awGvGwfay;zk d@/ twk duftcHawGeJ@pum;ajymzk d@/ Ek d@rk d@&if UN

uae '%fcwfydwfqk d@r_awGyk dvkyfzkd@ UN uk dzdtm;ay;cJ hw,f?tar&du&J@ (yg;pyfuom) rdwfaqGppfjzpfwJ h xkdif;tzk d@

tar&dueftwk dif; vk dufvkyfrvm;? xk dif;tpk d;&eJ@ Ek difiHjcm;a&; 0ef}uD;Xmeuk d usaemfajymcsifwmu aumif;aumif;òcHik Hok H;oyf pOf;pm;yg? ta=umif;uawmh usKyfwk d@wk dif;jynf[m ArmjynfeJ@aESmifzG J@+yD; ypPKyüefa&mtem*wfyg r[m{&mr tusKd;pD;yGm;}uD;±S daevk d@yg ?

tar&duaemufvkduf+yD; Armppftpkd;&tay: oydwfarSmufrdwJ htcsdef[m xk dif;Ek difiHeJ@xk dif;vlxktwGuf tcsD;ESnf; tusKd;rJh+yD; a&enf;ig;vk d aozk d@bJ±S dw,f?

w±kyfeJ@awmifuk d;&D;,m;wk d@[m bmha=umif h taemuftkyfpktiftm;}uD;EkdifiHawGeJ@twlvk duf+yD; Armppftpkd;&tay: jypfwif±_yfcswm rvkyfovJqk dwmowd±S d±dS =unf hjrifwwfyg?

tajzuawmh vGefcJ hwJ h=o*wfpfvwkef;u w±kyfjynf yDóxdcsKdif;em;ukrŠ%D (Petro China Co.) [m A-1 eJ@ A-3 urf;vGef yifv,fvkyfuGuf obm0"gwfaiG@uk d Armppftpk d;&qDu 0,f,lwJ hvufrSwfpmcsKyf a&;xk d;+yD;cgprk d@vk d@bJ? aemufESpfESpftwGif; "gwfaiG@yk dufvk dif;awG t+yD;ðr‡yfES HoG,fwef;ygawmhr,f? xk dif;eJ@tdEN d,wk d@xuf w±kyfuaps;yk day;+yD; uk d;&D;,m;&J@a'0l;ukrŠ%D vkyfcGif h vk difpif &xm;w,f?

b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfu tJ'Dat0rf;eJ@ ato&D; "gwfaiG@wGif;[m ukAayoef;aygif; 4.5 uae 7.7 txdavmuf±d S+yD; Armjynf&J@ t}uD;qkH; obm0"gwfaiG@okduf}uD;jzpfw,f? xkdif;ukda&mif;ay;wJ h &JwHcGefeJ@ &wem"gwfaiG@wGif;&J@ yrm%xufawmifykd}uD;rm;w,f?

atmufygtjzpfrSef tcsuftvufawGukd xk dif;jynfol

awGodoifhw,fvkd@,lqw,f?wpf - uae@rsufarSmuftaetxm;t& xk dif;Ek difiH[m

Armjynfu obm0"gwfaiG@eJ@v#yfppfpGrf;tifuk d tvGefrwef rS Dck dae&w,f? &wfcsfyl&Dc±kdifuv#yfppf"gwftm;puf±kH}uD;eJ@ tjcm;yk*~vduyk difpuf±k HawGom Armjynfu&wJ h"gwfaiG@eJ@ rvnfywfEk difbl;qk d&if xk dif;Ek difiH[m b,favmuftxd v#yfppf"gwftm; jywfawmufoGm;rvJ? Armu "gwfaiG@yk dufvk dif;jzwfawmufvk dufwmeJ@&wfcsfyl&Dv#yfppfpuf±kHvJ csufcsif;&yfqk dif;zkd@bJ±S dvmw,f?

ESpf- tckqkd&if Armppftpkd;&ykd+yD; vnfy,fyg;eyfvm

w,f? a±S@av#muf xk dif;wpfckbJ Arm&J@t}uD;qk H; "gwfaiG@azmuf

xd kif;u Armuk dt=um}uD;tm;xm; &OD;rnfonfr[kwfawmhygbl;? w±kyfu t}uD;qk H;eHygwfwpf t0,fawmf}uD;tjzpf ausmfwufvmae+yD? tdEN d,eJ@ awmifuk d;&D;,m;wk d@vJyGwfumoDum tajy;vk dufvmaeyg+yD? ta=umif;uawmh wk dif;jynfzGH@®z;r_twGuf pGrf;tifavmifpm t"duta&;}uD;qkH;u¾a&mufvmwJ hacwfor,rSm urBmhaps;uGufxJ pGrf;tifavmifpmt®yif vk,ufyk difqk difr_[m Ek difiHwk dif;&J@y"geay:vpDjzpfaevk d@ygbJ?

okH; - xwfqif csif;e0yftpk d;&vufxufu xk dif;EkdifiHv#yfppfpGrf;tifxkwfvkyfa&;tm%mykdiftzGJ@EGAT [mArmjynfxJ a&tm;v#yfppfpGrf;tifxkwfvkyfa&;rSm &if;ES D;ðr‡yfES Hr_ pmc|efv$m vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJ h=u+yD;jzpfw,f?

bwfaiGoef;aygif; 4/ 5 odef;zk d;&if;ES D;ðr‡yfES H+yD; oHvGifjrpfay:a&tm;v#yfppfpDrHudef; 5 ck ( 5 ae&m) vkyfzk d@ oabmwlcJhw,f?tJ'Duae xk dif;Ek difiHxJ 12˜000 rS 16˜000 rD*g0yf±d S v#yfppfpGrf;tifawG xkwfvkyfyk d@v$wfr,f? yxrOD;qk H; aqmufvkyfrSmu wwfc±k difeJ@rsufESmcsif;qkdif [wf}uD;a&tm;v#yfppfpDrHudef;jzpfw,f?

av; - aemifvmrJ h 15 ESpftwGif; tdrfeD;csif;Ek difiHawGqDu&wJ h v#yfppf"gwftm; 12˜000 rD*g0yfuk d xk dif;u rS Dck dtm;xm;& vdrf hr,f? avmEk difiHu0,fwJ h v#yfppfu rD*g0yf 4˜000/ ArmqDu0,fwm 5˜000 rD*g0yfeJ@ w±kyfqDu0,fwm rD*g0yf 3˜000 ?

tJ'gawG[m v#yfppf"gwftm;wrsKd;xJeJ@oufqkdifwJht=urf;zsif;tcsuftvufavmufbJ jzpfao;w,f?

vuf±d Sumvtzk d@ xk dif;Ek difiHxJ v#yfppfpuf±k Haqmufvkyfa&;[m wjznf;jznf;yk drk dcufcJvmw,f? ta=umif;uawmha&tm;v#yfppfpuf±kHjzpfap/ obm0"gwfaiG@okH; v#yfppfpuf±kHjzpfapausmufrD;aoG;ok H; v#yfppfpuf±k Hjzpfap/ qef@usifuef@uGufr_awGcHae&vk d@ygbJ? tJ'ga=umif h ArmeJ@avmvk d tdrfeD;csif;Ek difiHawGqDuv#yfppf0,f,lr_vJbJ yk d+yD;vk dtyfvmw,f? Ek d@rk d@&if usKyfwk d@wk dif;jynf v#yfppfjywfvwfr_ tusyftwnf;eJ@ &ifqk dif&+yD; cG Jwrf;pepfeJ@okH;pGJ&wJhtxd jzpfvmEk difygw,f?

xk dif;[m ArmqDu pGrf;tifavmifpmawG rvk dcsifbl;bJ xm;OD;?tdrfeD;csifEkdifiHawGu irf;irf;wufvk dcsif=uygw,f?

zG H@®z;qJEkdifiHpm&if;0if w±kyf/ tdENd, / AD,uferfwk d@[mpD;yGm;a&;wk d;wufr_ t±S deft[kefeJ@ xk dif;uk dausmfwufaeygw,f?

bmbJvkyfvkyf ol@ta=umif; uk d,f hta=umif;odzk d@ t"duyg? bkrod brodolrsm;aemufcsnf;vk dufzkd@r[kwfygbl;?Ô

ae@pOf yifwk difaqmif;yg;±Sif vkrf;yvd,Jefxpf(xk dif;Ek difiH armfuGef;u¾)

xkdif;&wf ( 9/ 10/ 07 pm 5)




INDEPENDENCE

tdrfrD;avmifaewm ud k,fhtcef;xJbJaevd k@rjzpfbl;

ytdk0f;trsKd;om;tcGifha&;&wmudk usaemfaxmufcHygw,f?'gayrJ h ydkta&;}uD;wmu olwdk@aeaewJh o#rf;jynf}uD;uawmh tcGif hta&;r&bl;? o#rf;jynf tcGif hta&;qH k;±_ H;+yD;awmh olwd k@csnf;bJ oufouf&aeawmh odyfauseyfp&mr±Sdbl;? odyfvnf;

raysmfygeJ@/ usefwJ hvlrsKd;pkawGud kvnf;owd&yg? 'gbJusaemfowday;wm?usaemfodwmuawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unfwd kif;&if;om;

awGud k ud k,fpm;ðyw,fqd kwmryg ygbl;?wd kif;&if;om;awG&J@oabmxm;vJ xnf h+yD;pOf;pm;yghr,fvd k@bJajymwm? bmrS uef@uGufp&mr±S dbl;? ±Sif;aewmbJ? NLD twGufbJajymrSmr[kwfbl;?wd kif;&if;om;awGtwGufvJvd kcsifwm ud k,fpm;ajymay;r,fqd kwmbJ?trSefajym&&if a':atmifqef;pk=unf a=ujimcsufud k axmufcHyg w,f?a':atmifqef;pk=unf&J@NLDeJ@ usaemfwd k@[m [k d;wkef;uwnf;

u r[mrdwfawGyg? rdwfaqG vJ[kwfw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfaqG;aEG;cGif h&wJ htcg usaemfwd k@ud kvJrarheJ@? 'gbJusaemfowday;wm?

tdrfrD;avmifaewm ud k,fhtcef;xJbJaevd k@rjzpfbl;

PLO vdk UNPLO vkd wjcm;wdkif;&if;om; tzGJ@awGa':atmifqef;pk=unf a=ujimcsufudk uef@uGufw,fqdkwmolwd k@q&mu wa,mufxJbJav/ twlwlbJaerSmaygh? usaemfem;vnfygw,f?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf awG@qH kaqG;aEG;cGif h&&if usaemfwd k@wd kif;&if;om;tm;vk H;ud k,fpm; t}uH m%f ay;apcsifw,f? PNO

wdk@tcGifhta&;&wmudk usaemf0rf;omygw,f?'gayrJho#rf;jynfxJrSm aeaewJ h olwd k@vlrsKd;pk wckxJuGuf+yD; tcGif hta&;&aeawmhwjynfvH k;epfem tcGif hta&;qH k;±_ H; aew,f? tdrfrD;avmifaewmud kud k,f htcef;xJbJvkyfaevk d@rjzpfbl;? rD;avmifaewJ htdrf}uD;ud kjyef=unfh ygtH k;? olwd k@wuGufxJ&+yD; olrsm;ud k owdr&wmuawmhodyf+yD; rr#wbl;? Ô

OD;a±$tk H;19/11/2007 VOA nyk dif;

wk d@yl;aygif;zG J@pnf;cJ honf h) o#rf;jynfjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;aumifpDTRC ESif hyl;aygif;um 1986 wGif SSRC/ MTAo#rf;jynfwyfrawmf

tjzpftrnfajymif;vJvmcJhonf?cGefqmpwifwnfaxmifcJ honf h (aemufyk dif; SUA jzpfvmaom) vG,farmfumuG,fa&;wyfonf 1996 Zefe0g&Dv ppftpk d;

&xH vufeufcstvif;0ifonftxd MTA tjzpf&yfwnfaeEk difcJhonf?

MTA XmecsKyf [k drdef;®r@uk d pwifxlaxmifol cGefqm.vufpG Jaqmifyk'frSm“ Ak dvfjzpfcsif+yD;awmh- ppfwk duf&rSma=umuf

&if/ qef&csif+yD;awmh-v,fvkyf&rSmysif;&if/ aiG±Sdcsif+yD;awmh-ta&mif;t0,frwwf&if/ wk dif;jynfvk dcsifwmawmh a0&mr%dbJ”[lIjzpfonf? Ô

pmrSufem 25 rS

0J rS ,m pk dif;apmatmif (SNLD)/ OD;ombef; (&cd kif)/ OD;a¶$tk H; (o#rf;)/ ylusif h¶Sif;xef (Zk drD;)/ Ek difxGef;odef; (rGef)/ atmifxGef;pdef (&ck dif)/OD;tk H;wif (&cd kif)/ OD;ausmf ²²² (&ck dif)/ OD;cifarmifwif h (pd kif;!Gef ‹vGif tpfuk d)

txifu& wd kif;&if;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;



xkho5 b;y-5;y9khlK'yr,:dyh ) ]dyrxwK9uhxdyr,wKl6 b;yh9K'ytxkj];yr-:,yHxouHmwrv,yjl;yrp'y t

s^,yhl6 bdyr,Koyh,K'y t,6 b'y t96bdy t-6b'y

95'yo6 b'yc9jsG9yr9CoyhawK9G'yo,y t-5'yrg9pkTp5'yrlb'yj;C9yt]:,ytS;Koyhl5oy]6]C;yzy.l,y t'C;y-u,wh0y.0:,yrdkh]whv5oyho:,yrd5,yh96'yrv;yd5Pyrs6 b;yM

P h o t o : S a p a w a

k H l C \ o y H

A S E A

N + , 5 b ' y r06,yrl6 bdyr,Koyh SPDC

oy .r,5 b'yrgdkhm6xy t]C;yz;ypkTl6 bxyjx:'y0kTg9kjo:dyh,5b'yrmC'yh

independence_vol._24_no._239_nov_2007(1)

Documents

Transcript of independence_vol._24_no._239_nov_2007(1)