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Incorporating Fisher’s Local Knowledge into Geographical Information System for fisheries management in the Mekong River: a case study of

Siphandon areas (Lao PDR)

Kaviphone Phouthavongs, Chanthone Phothity, Somboun Chanliya Living Aquatic Resources Research Center (LARReC)

Vientiane Lao PDR

Abstract

There is little information available on application of GIS to inland fisheries. Most research of this type has been conducted in marine environments. Most indigenous knowledge, such as fish habitats, fish species, gear use and environmental change is descriptive. In order to use and link this qualitative information with scientific knowledge, it needs to be converted to digital data. GIS serves as a tool to store local knowledge (LK) and to visualise LK and scientific knowledge (SK) in the form of maps, which are user-friendly and can be easily understood by all. The advantage of GIS is that it can store, retrieve, display, link and analyse data and export this data into digital maps in ArcGIS, which other software often has a limited function to deal with. Spatial data in GIS databases is associated with attributes that can be easily updated and incorporated with other datasets. In this research, GIS has been used to combine SK and LK such that spatial location from GPS and local knowledge about deep pools and fish distribution has been linked together in the form of digital maps. The results show that GIS has the potential not only for data storage and visualisation, but also as a tool to combine scientific and indigenous knowledge in digital maps. Integrating indigenous knowledge into a GIS framework can strengthen indigenous knowledge from unprocessed data to information that scientists and decision-makers can easily access and use as a supplement to scientific knowledge in aquatic resource decision-making and planning across different levels. The results show that when scientific and indigenous knowledge are both stored digitally in GIS databases, a variety of analysis can be done. Multiple layers or visualising functions in ArcGIS are an example of ways in which indigenous and scientific knowledge can be combined in GIS. Maps of deep pools and important fishing grounds gathered using GPS and indigenous knowledge provide base maps of aquatic resources in the study area. The attribute table associated with the map links characteristics of each point, including fishing gear and species found in each pool as well as spawning grounds and migration periods. This information is useful for management and planning purposes.

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Introduction

The Mekong River, along with its fourteen tributaries, is an essential component of the rural community in Lao PDR. It provides an important source of subsistence for the region, through the supply of animal protein for consumption, such as fish, shrimp, crabs, snails and other aquatic animals. Through fishing, the river provides essential employment and additional household income, as well as supplying water for transportation and agriculture.

The decline in fish production in the Mekong River Basin is of increasing concern, not only at the national, but also regional and international levels. Rapid population growth and environmental changes due to the impact of human activity are most likely the main causes of decline in fish numbers (SEAFDEC 2001). Various studies have been undertaken to investigate these issues and to look for alternative solutions to sustainable use of aquatic resources. Fish biology data (fish migration, Catch Per Unit of Effort, hydro-acoustic surveys) and social data (fish production, fish consumption, fish marketing) alone are inadequate for planning and development of natural resources. Local knowledge, however, has shown effective ways to manage fisheries resources in local communities.

Differences are evident between the use of scientific based and local knowledge systems. Scientific knowledge is utilised by scientists and is used for decision making at a national level for planning and development. On the other hand, local communities have developed their own management systems based on observation and direct contact with the environment for sustainable development of their resources. However, local knowledge alone is inadequate to deal with fish stock management and planning. There needs to be a certain level of knowledge and technique taken from scientific methods, in addition to local knowledge, to manage fisheries resources in the Mekong River, where the environment is very complex and there are a diversity of fish species. It has been said that the most cost effective way to deal with sustainable development is by combining local knowledge with scientific systems. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have the capability of storing, analysing and manipulating information in various ways and can be used to integrate these two knowledge systems. In this research the focus is on small-scale fisheries management in Khong District, Champasack province. GIS will be applied as the main tool for data analysis and communication. This research will use spatial databases in GIS to record, process and present data and information to assess knowledge systems and form a new knowledge based system that combines qualitative information from local knowledge with quantitative data from scientific knowledge that can then be applied to sustainable natural resource development. Objective The research objective is to determine an approach which integrates indigenous and scientific information in GIS, as a way of analysing and promoting participatory fisheries co-management in the Mekong River Basin. The research is designed to investigate the establishment of fisheries co-management by local communities, and the existing management system in fish conservation zones in Khong District, as a case study.

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Methodology This research is designed to use three methods to gather data, namely: secondary

data collection, village stay and observation, and qualitative methodologies (semi-structured open-ended interviews).

Data collection from fieldwork started (December 2004 - February 2005). Data collection focused on two main areas. The first was general information about the villages: number fishing households; fishing boats; fish habitat; fish resources and fish species as well as existing fisheries management systems; fishing grounds; fish conservation zones; mapping of deep pools and getting positioning by using global Positioning System(GPS). The second area of data collection focussed mainly on fishing experiences: the use of local knowledge in fishing activities; knowledge of fish lifecycles namely fish habitat, migration and spawning grounds; the existence of fish regulation; and changes in fisheries resources over time. Approximately 30 fishermen in each village were interviewed, resulting in a total of 90 fishermen interviewed overall. Small discussion groups (five persons) were formed in each village. These groups represented different levels of experience in terms of fishing activities (very good, good and little experience). A total of six groups (two very good fisher groups, two good fisher groups and two little experience fishermen groups) in each village were formed for interview.

In total, 18 groups were questioned about fishing activities both in recent years and the past, fish species, fishing gear, changes in fish composition and species, the formulation of FCZs, fishing regulation, etc. Results

Incorporating Local Knowledge into Geographical Information Systems

The information ascertained from the case study shows that most local knowledge is in the form of qualitative information - information such as fish habitats, fish species, gear use and environmental change. In order to use and link this information with scientific knowledge, the qualitative data needs to be converted to digital data. GIS serves as a tool to store local knowledge (LK) and to visualise Scientific Knowledge (SK) and LK in the form of maps which are user-friendly and can be easily understood by all.

There are many ways to input data into GIS, including digitising, scanning and direct data entry. This research uses the existing digitised map of rivers and land from the MRC as a base map. Deep pool locations based on GPS field survey data, and fish species distributions have been linked to the deep pools according to the information given by expert fishermen during interviews. When a base map has been created, attributes, such as attributes of different deep pools can then be added (Table 1). Each deep pool is given a code. Additional information can then be inputted directly, or a new table created and linked to the existing based on village and deep pool codes. Local knowledge about deep pools is linked to deep pools located via GPS. Table 7.1 shows the geographical characteristics of the bottom condition of pools, fishing habitats, fishing gear used, and the depth of pools. General attributes of the village have been added including number of households, fisherman, and fishing boats.

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A GIS database can be defined as a set of data which is related to specific locations or set of objects (Longley et al. 1999). In this case, researchers are looking at deep pool location and characteristics. This research uses the vector data series consisting of X and Y coordinates. The boundary, or shape of the objects in the form of points, polygons and lines is used. Table 7.1: The attribute table of deep pools (Showing the name of each deep pool and its code number)

Multiple representation and analysis tools Single and multiple layer functions in GIS provide a powerful tool for data

previewing and analysis. Digital data stored in a GIS database can be analysed in many ways depending on the needs and objectives of the project. This research will demonstrate how SK and LK information can be linked using ArcMap (ArcGIS) spatial analysis functions.

Figure 1 and 2 present a map of deep pools and important fishing ground, combining figures from the hydro-acoustic survey and information from local knowledge on characteristics of the deep pools. The GPS location of each deep pool was collected and the bottom condition of the river gathered from the interviews. This information was linked to the GPS location attribute and displayed on the map. ArcGIS can combine multimedia information including voices, video script, images etc. (ESRI 2005) onto a map. Hyperlink functions can display pictures from the GIS database at a point or location that has been set in the map. Geographical characteristics of each deep pool, including the shape of pools, the depth and other morphological information can be shown. This maybe useful for researchers when studying fish habitats in different deep pools as it can help to specify the role of deep pools for different species. The common fishing areas of the study villages are shown in Figure 2.

Creating buffer zones is another function that has been used to identify fishing grounds in study villages. A buffer in this research refers to an area drawn at a uniform distance around a feature (ESRI 2004) and it is not an area that server as a conservation zone. Buffers can be created by taking a constant distant from each point and displaying this as a new polygon data set or drawn as graphics on a map. In this case, the fishing

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grounds have been connected together based on information from interviews that common fishing areas in each village are about 100m from deep pools. When buffer zones have been created, four different fishing areas can be identified on the map (Figure 4). Adding three layers together (rivers, fishing grounds, FCZs), provides general information about aquatic resources and traditional fisheries management systems in the study villages (Figure 4). In Ban Don Houat, fishing is prohibited the whole year around, in Ban Hatxaykhoun fishing is only not allowed in the dry season and in Ban Hat fishermen can access fishing grounds at any time. The type of fishing gear used, is dependent on the depth of pools and the bottom condition of pools. Common fishing gear types used in the dry season as reported by fisherman, is illustrated in Figure 3. It is clear from the map, that cast nets are used only in shallow water, while gill nets, hooks and lines are used in both shallow and deep waters.

Spatial analyst Spatial analyst in ArcGIS has many functions that can be used. In this research,

however, only ‘inverse distance weighed’ (IDW) and raster calculations are used. This analysis tool is used to interpolate vector maps to raster maps to estimate the unknown depths in the study area (based on existing depths calculated by hydro-acoustic data), and raster calculation of habitat preferences of fish species according to depths. This map can be linked with LK information gathered from interviews, such as species information, and gear used at different depths.

Figure 5 shows the depth, in more detail, of Vang Nong Hai fish conservation zone. It combines SK and LK to show which species have been observed and caught at which depths. This map also shows the habitat preferences of importance species in the FCZ. Some species prefer to stay only in one habitat (chitala blanci, pangasius macronema, Boesemania micloepis) deeper than 6m, others have different habitat and mixed together cirrhinus microlepis, helicophagus waandersii (with depth 3-5m and 4-6m respectively). In Figure 6 shows fish density in difference depths (data from hydro-acoustic) with the common fishing ground that fishermen use to place their gill net (data estimated from GPS location) in Veun Songkham deep pool. These information might be used for stock enhancement, monitoring of endangered fish species and/or to estimate fish yield through calculations using fish density.

In ArcScene, raster data can be presented on 2D maps. Tasks are used to visualise deep pools to gain a better understanding of depths and shape of the pool. This map can also integrate species distribution and fishing gear used at different depths. A map of species distribution and gear use in Khoum Done Phi is presented in Figure 7. Discussion

This study confirms that fishermen’s local knowledge of fisheries resources, and environmental changes are valuable resources that can be used for fisheries monitoring and management in the Khong district. Many researchers highlight the importance of LK in natural resources management. Some argue that qualitative information from local knowledge can be used for long-term monitoring and understanding of ecosystem changes (Berkes et al. 2002). Others argue that fishermen’s knowledge of fish habitats,

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behaviours, and marine physical environments is vital information for short and long-term management and planning (Grant et al. 2003). In the case of the Khong Island fisheries, fishermen know where fish are, when they are there and what fishing gear is needed to target different species at different localities. In the past, LK has been used to exploit rather then to conserve natural resources. Today, however, due to changes in the market economic, the competitiveness of the fish catch among fishermen, and the use of fish not only for subsistence but also for income, LK is playing an increasingly important role in the sustainable management and monitoring of fisheries resources. For instance, selection of FCZ sites, in most cases, is based on LK. Most FCZs are located in deep pools where local people have observed a natural fish abundance. Village rules and regulations are also based on local experience and LK. For example, destructive fishing gear such bomb blasts and poisonings that will damage fish stocks are prohibited.

Worldwide experience shows that scientific knowledge alone is insufficient to deal with natural resource management and planning, whilst at the same time there is no evidence to show that local knowledge by itself can resolve problems and protect the environment for long-term sustainability either. In the Khong district, there are only a few SK data sets available to fishermen and local authorities to use for sustainable management planning. In the marine environment, much evidence has shown that biology and ecology information from scientific methods is inadequate to manage the marine environment. A good example of where SK has failed is the North Atlantic Cod fisheries’ collapse (Johannes et al. 2000). However, this study shows that in the Mekong River, where fish species diversify is high and the environment is complex, LK alone is insufficient to deal with fisheries management.

There is little information available on applying GIS to inland fisheries. Most research has been conducted in marine environments (Anuchiracheeva et al. 2003, Calamia 1999; Close et al. 2006). GIS studies in the marine environment have shown that GIS is suitable to deal with environmental management, especially in terms of visualising and analysing data. In inland aquatic environments, GIS plays an important part as a tool to integrate both quantitative (SK) and qualitative (LK) data and visualise this data in the form of digital maps. The advantage of GIS is that it can store, retrieve, display, link and analyse data and interpret this data into digital maps in ArcGIS which other software often has a limited function to deal with. Spatial data in GIS databases is associated with attributes that allow for easy updating and incorporation with other datasets. In this research, GIS has been used to combine SK and LK - spatial location from GPS and LK about deep pools and fish distribution has been linked together in the form of digital maps.

This study shows that mental and GPS based maps also have the potential to be used as a communication tool with local people, since large scale maps of the aquatic environment in Khong district are not available. These maps can also provide information to outsiders who are not familiar with the village territory and environment. When questions are asked concerning place and environmental change, using the maps to identify critical habitat and common fishing ground could be useful. GIS maps may also be used as a communication tool at the provincial and national levels. GIS maps can be used as an official base map and combined with other sectors for sustainable planning and use of natural resources.

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References: Anuchiracheeve, S., Demaine, H., Shivakoti, G.P., Ruddle, K. (2003). Systematizing local knowledge using GIS: fisheries management in Bang Saphan Bay, Thailand. Ocean and Coastal Management 46: 1049-1068. Berkes, F. and Folke, C. (2002). Back to the Future: Ecosystem Dynamics and Local Knowledge. In Gunderson, L. H. and Holling, C.S. (eds.), Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. Island Press, Washington. 121-146 Calamia, M., A. (1999). A methodology for incorporating ecological knowledge with geographical information systems for marine resource management in the Pacific. Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #10. Close, C. H., Brent, Hall, G. (2006). A GIS-based protocol for the collection and use of local knowledge in fisheries management planning. Environmental Management. Vol.78, Issue 4, pg. 341-352. ESRI. (2004). Learning ArcGIS 8, Part I, Lesson 1 Basic of ArcGIS. The online ESRI Virtual Campus Course. Environmental Systems Research Institute. USA ESRI. (2005). Turning Data into Information Using ArcGIS 9. The online ESRI Virtual Campus Course. Environmental Systems Research Institute. USA Johannes, R. E., Freeman, M. M. R., & Hamilton, R. J. (2000). Ignore fishers' knowledge and miss the boat. Fish and Fisheries 1(3): 257-271. Longley, P. A., Michael F Goodchild, David J Maguire and David W Rhind (eds.) (1999). Geographical Information Systems. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York. SEAFDEC. (2001). Fish for the People. The ASEAN-SEAFDEC Conference on Sustainable Fisheries for Food Security in the New Millennium: "Fish for the People" Technical Document, Bangkok, Thailand.

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Figure 1: Combining SK and LK: Deep pools in the study area, including river bottom condition.

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Figure 2: Combining SK and LK: Important fishing grounds in the study areas

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Figure 3: Local knowledge map: Fishing gear used

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Figure 4:Local knowledge map: traditional management system

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Figure 5: Map of Done Houat and FCZ (top), species distribution in FCZ (left) and 2D map of Vang Nong Hai fish conservation zone (right).

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Figure 6: (A) General overview map of Khoum Done Phi, (B) 2D map of Khoum Done Phi and (C) Fishing gear used at different depths and species caught (reported by fishermen) in Khoum Done Phi, Hatxaykhoun village

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Figure 7: Fishing grounds in Hat village (right) and fish density in Veun Songkham (left) with common fishing areas are shown (reported by fishermen).

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Figure 8: Mental map of Done Houat village

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Incorporating Fisher’s Local Knowledge into Geographical Information System for fisheries management in the Mekong River: a case study of

Siphandon areas (Lao PDR)

Kaviphone Phouthavongs, Chanthone Phothity, Somboun Chanliya Living Aquatic Resources Research Center (LARReC)

Vientiane Lao PDR kaviphone@laopdr.com

Abstract There is little information available on application of GIS to inland fisheries. Most research of this type has been conducted in marine environments. Most indigenous knowledge, such as fish habitats, fish species, gear use and environmental change is descriptive. In order to use and link this qualitative information with scientific knowledge, it needs to be converted to digital data. GIS serves as a tool to store local knowledge (LK) and to visualise LK and scientific knowledge (SK) in the form of maps, which are user-friendly and can be easily understood by all. The advantage of GIS is that it can store, retrieve, display, link and analyse data and export this data into digital maps in ArcGIS, which other software often has a limited function to deal with. Spatial data in GIS databases is associated with attributes that can be easily updated and incorporated with other datasets. In this research, GIS has been used to combine SK and LK such that spatial location from GPS and local knowledge about deep pools and fish distribution has been linked together in the form of digital maps. The results show that GIS has the potential not only for data storage and visualisation, but also as a tool to combine scientific and indigenous knowledge in digital maps. Integrating indigenous knowledge into a GIS framework can strengthen indigenous knowledge from unprocessed data to information that scientists and decision-makers can easily access and use as a supplement to scientific knowledge in aquatic resource decision-making and planning across different levels. The results show that when scientific and indigenous knowledge are both stored digitally in GIS databases, a variety of analysis can be done. Multiple layers or visualising functions in ArcGIS are an example of ways in which indigenous and scientific knowledge can be combined in GIS. Maps of deep pools and important fishing grounds gathered using GPS and indigenous knowledge provide base maps of aquatic resources in the study area. The attribute table associated with the map links characteristics of each point, including fishing gear and species found in each pool as well as spawning grounds and migration periods. This information is useful for management and planning purposes.

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I. ບດນາ

ແມນນາຂອງ ແລະສາຂາ ແມນມຄວາມສາຄນ ຕການດາລງ ຊວດ ຂອງປະຊາຊນ ທ ຢເຂດຊນນະບດ ຍອນ ວາເປນ ແຫລງທາມາຫາກນ ຂອງ ປະຊາຊນ ທ ສະຫນອງທາດໂປເຕອນ ສາ ຫລບບລ ໂພກພາຍໃນຄອບຄວ ເປນ ຕນແມນປາ, ກງ, ຫອຍ ແລະສດນາອນໆ . ວຽກງານການປະມງ ແມນຍງຊວຍ ສາງ ອາຊບເສມໃຫແກຄອບຄວຊາວກະສກອນ ເຊນ : ການຈກສານ ເຄອງມ ຫາປາ, ການປງແຕງປາ, ການຕະຫລາດປາ ລວນ ແຕແມນກດຈະກາ ທ ສາຄນ ທ ສາງ ແຫລງລາຍ ຮບ ເພມໃຫແກຄອບຄວ. ນອກຈາກນແມນາຂອງ ຍງ ເປນ ແຫລງສະຫນອງ ນາສາຫລບການຜະລດກະສກາ , ຄມມະນາຄມ ແລະຜລດພະລງງານ ໄຟຟາ ອກ ດວຍ .

ການລດລງຂອງຈານວນ ປາ ໃນແມນາຂອງ ແມນເປນ ບນຫາ ວຕກ ບ ສະເພາະແຕຢໃນລະດບຊາດ ແຕແມນບນຫາ ໃນຂງເຂດ ແລະສາກນ. ການເພມຂນຢາງ ໄວວາຂອງຈານວນປະຊາກອນ ແລະການປຽນ ແປງຂອງສະພາບແວດລອມ ຍອນ ຜນກະທບຈາກ ວຽກງານການພດທະນາ ຂອງຄນ ແມນເຫດຜນນງ ທພາໃຫຈານ ວນຜນຜະລດປາ ໃນແມນນາຂອງ ຫລດລງ (SEAFDEC 2001). ໄດມການພະຍາຍາມຄນຄວາ ຊອກຫາວທການແກໄຂ ເພອ ຄມຄອງ ແລະນາໃຊຊບພະຍາກອນ ສດນາໃຫຢນ ຍງ ໂດຍມການສກສາ ທາງດານ ຊວະ ວທະຍາ ຂອງປາ, ການຫາປາຕຫວຫນວຍ ແຮງງານ CPUE, ການສກສາ ແຫລງທ ຢອາໄສຂອງປາ ໃນວງນາເລກ ໄປພອມໆ ກບການສກສາ ທາງດານ ເສດຖະກດສງຄມ (ຜນຜະລດປາ, ການບລ ໂພກປາ ແລະການຕະຫລາດປາ ເປນ ຕນ). ແຕຂມນເລາ ນນ ແມນຍງບທນແພງພ ໃນການວາງແຜນ ພດທະນາ ເພອ ນາໃຊຊບພະຍາກອນ ທາມະຊາດໃຫຢນ ຍງ. ໃນເວລາດຽວກນ ຄວາມ ຮພນ ບານ ຂອງ ຊາວປະມງ ທໄດນາໃຊ ເຂາ ໃນການຄມຄອງຊບພະຍາກອນ ທາມະຊາດໃນລະດບບານ ໄດສະແດງໃຫເຫນ ວາມ ປະສດທ ຜນ.

ທຜານມາ ໄດມການນາໃຊຂມ ນດານວທະຍາສາດ ແລະຄວາມຮ ພນບານຂອງ ຊາວປະມງ ເຂາໃນຫລາຍຈດປະສງທແຕກຕາງກນ . ຂມນດານວທະຍາສາດ ທໄດຈາກການຄນ ຄວາທດລອງ ສວນຫລາຍແມນຖກນາໃຊເຂາໃນວຽກງານວາງແຜນ ເພອພດທະນາ

ແລະໃຊເຂາໃນການຕດ ສນບນຫາ ໃນລະດບສນກາງ . ໃນຄະນະດຽວກນ, ຄວາມຮພນ

ບານຂອງຊາວປະມງ ແມນຖກນາໃຊ ເຂາໃນການພດທະນາ ລະບບການຄມຄອງ ຊບພະຍາ ກອນທາມະຊາດຂນບານ ໂດຍອງຕາມບດຮຽນຕວຈງ ທເຂາເຈາໄດ ສງເກດ ຫລພບເຫນ ຕວຈງ ໃນການດາລງຊວດປະຈາວນ ເພອພດທະນາມາເປນລະບຽບການ ແລະວທການ

ນາໃຊຊບພະຍາກອນທາມະຊາດໃຫຢນຍງ . ແຕວາ ຄວາມຮຊາວບານກຽວກບ ການປະມງ ແຕຢາງດຽວ ແມນບພຽງພ ສາຫລບການຈດການ ກຽວກບການຂະຫຍາຍ ພແມພນປາ

ຫລເພມຜນຜະລດປາຈາກທາມະຊາດ ທຕອງການໃຫມຄວາມຮທາງດານເຕກນກ

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ໃນລະດບທແນນອນ ຈາກການຄນຄວາທດລອງ ທາງດານວທະຍາສາດ ທຈະເປນຂມນເສມໃສ ຄວາມຮພນບານຂອງຊາວປະມງ ເພອ ຄມຄອງ ແລະ ນາໃຊຊບພະຍາກອນສດນາ

ໃນແມນາຂອງ ທມລະບບນເວດວທະຍາທສບສນ ແລະມຊະນດພນປາຫລາຍພນຊະນດ . ຈາກບດຮຽນຕວຈງ ໄດມການພສດໃຫເຫນວາ ຢາກຄມຄອງຊບພະຍາກອນທາມະຊາດ ຢາງມປະສດທຜນນນ ແມນຕອງ ໄດນາໃຊຄວາມຮພນ ບານ ປະສມ ປະສານກບຄວາມຮດານວທະຍາສາດ . ແຜນທພມສາດ (GIS) ແມນມຄວາມສາມາດໃນການເກບຮກສາ ຂມນ, ວໄຈ ແລະສະແດງຂມນໄດຫລາຍຮບແບບ ຊງ ມຄວາມອາດສາມາດໃນການ ລວບລວມທງສອງຂມນເຂາ ຮວມ ກນ. ບດຄນຄວາ ນ ແມນຈະໄດສກສາ ການຄມຄອງການປະມງ ໃນລະດບບານ ຢ ສາມບານ ເຂດເມອງ ໂຂງ, ແຂວງຈາປາ ສກ. ການຄນຄວາ ແມນຈະໄດໃຊ GIS ເປນ ເຄອງມ ສາຫລບວໄຈ ແລະສສານ ກບຊາວປະມງ. GIS ຈະຊວຍ ໃນການເກບຮກສາ ຂມນ, ວໄຈ ແລະສະເຫນຂ

ມນ ແລະຊວຍ ສາງ ລະບບ ຂມນໃຫມ ທ ປະສມປະສານກນລະຫວາງ ຄວາມຮຊາວບານ ແລະຂ

ມນທໄດຈາກການຄນຄວາ ທດລອງ ຊງ ຈະສາມາດນາໃຊເຂາ ໃນການວາງແຜນພດທະນາ ຊບພະຍາກອນ ສດນາ ໃຫຢນ ຍງ.

II. ວທການ ການຄນຄວາ ນແມນນາໃຊ ສາມ ວທເພອ ເກບກາຂມນຄ: ການເກບຂມນມສອງ ຈາກບດລາຍງານ ແລະບດຄນຄວາທ ໄດປະຕບດ ຜານ ມາແລວ; ການພກເຊາ ນາບານ ປະຊາຊນເພອ ສງເກດ ແລະເກບກາຂມນຕວຈງ; ແລະການສາພາດ ໂດຍເນນໃສການສນທະນາ ເປນ ຫລກ (semi-structured open-ended interviews).

ການເກບກາຂມນແມນເລມແຕເດອນ ທນວາ 2004 ຫາ ກມພາ 2005. ຂມນທໄດເກບກາແມນເລງໃສ ສອງ ພາກສວນ ໃຫຍ ເຊນ : ຂມນລວມຂອງບານ (ຈານວນ ຄອບຄວ, ຈານວນ ເຮອທໃຊໃນການຫາປາ, ແຫລງທ ຢອາໄສຂອງປາ, ຊະນດພນປາທມ, ເຄອງມ ຫາປາ, ລະບບການຄມຄອງ ຊບພະຍາກອນ ສດນາທມ, ແຕມແຜນທແຫລງຫາ ປາ ແລະວງນາເລກທສາຄນ ຂອງບານ (ຮບ 8) ແລະຈບຈດທຕງ ຂອງ ແຫລງອາ ປາ ແລະວງສະ ຫງວນ ດວຍ ການນາໃຊເຄອງ GPS. ຂມນພາກທສອງ ແມນຂມນຈາກຊາວປະມງ ສວນໃຫຍຈະເລ ງໃສ ບດຮຽນໃນການ ຫາປາ : ການນາໃຊຄວາມຮພນບານ ເຂາໃນການເລອກເຄອງມເພອຫາປາ

ແຕລະຊະນດ , ການສງເກດຈດປາຂນ , ບານອວາງໄຂ ແລະການປຽນແປງ ຂອງສະພາບ ແວດລອມ ທມອທພນຕ ການເພມຂ ນ ຫລ ຫລດລງຂອງປາ .

ການສາພາດແມນໄດເລອກເອາຊາວປະມງຢ 3 ບານ (ດອນຫວດ, ຫາດ ແລະຫາດຊາຍຄນ) ບານລະ 30 ຄນ ລວມທງຫມດ 90 ຄນ. ການສາພາດແມນຈດເປນກມ

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ກມລະຫາຄນ , ໃນແຕລະກມໄດຄດເລອກເອາຜທມປະສບປະການ ຫລບດຮຽນໃນການ ຫາປາ

ທແຕກຕາງກນເຊນ : ເປນຊຽວຊານໃນການຫາປາ , ຫາປາເກງປານກາງ ແລະມບດຮຽນ ໃນການ ຫາປາຫນອຍ . ລວມແລວ 6 ກມຕ ບານ ( 2 ກມ ແມນຊຽວຊານຫາປາ , 2 ກມ ຫາປາເກງປານ ກາງ ແລະ 2 ກມ ຫາປາບເກງ ). ລວມທງຫມດແມນມ 18 ກມ ທໄດສາພາດ ກຽວກບການ ຫາປາໃນປະຈບນ ແລະອະດດ ຕະຫລອດຮອດການສາງວງສະຫງວນ ແລະກດລະ ບຽບຫາປາ ຂອງບານ ແລະບນຫາອນໆ . III. ຜນຂອງການຄນຄວາ . 3.1 ການເອາຂ ມນຄວາມຮພນບານຂອງຊາວປະມງ ເຂາໃນລະບບແຜນທພມສາດ

ຂມນຄວາມຮພນບານຂອງຊາວປະມງ ທໄດຈາກການສາພາດ ສວນໃຫຍຈະ ເປນຂມນ ທວໄປ ເຊນ ແຫລງທຢອາໄສຂອງປາ , ລາຍຊຊະນດພນປາທພບເຫນ , ການນາໃຊເຄອງ ມຫາປາ , ການປຽນແປງຂອງສະພາບແວດລອມ ທກຽວພນກບກ ານເພມຂນ ຫລຫລດລງຂອງປາ .

ເພອຢາກຈະເອາຂມນດງກາວເຂາ ກບ ຂມນທາງດານວທະຍາສາດໄດນນ ແມນຈະຕ ອງໄດປຽນ ຂມນດງກາວໃຫເປນ ດຊຕອນ (digital data) ທສາມາດນາໃຊໃນລະບບແຜນທພມສາດໄດ . GIS ແມນສາມາດໃຊເປນບອນເກບຮກສາຂມນ ຄວາມຮຊາວບານຂອງ ຊາວປະມງ ແລະສະແດງຂມນດານວທະຍ າສາດ ແລະຄວາມຮຊາວບານ ເຂາໃນລະບບແຜນທ ທທກຄນສາ

ມາດເຂາໃຈ ແລະນາໃຊໄດ . ມຫລາຍວທ ທຈະເອາຂມນເຂາໃນລະບບແຜນທພມສາດ ເຊນ : ໃຊເຄອງ ດຈດຕາຍ

(digitising), ສະແກນ (scanning) ແລະ ປອນຂມນເຂາໂດຍກງ (direct data entry). ການຄນຄວານແມນ ໄດນາໃຊ Shape file ແຜນທແມນາ ແລະຂອບເຂດເມອງ ໂຂງ ຈາກຄະນະກາມາ ການແມນາຂອງສາກນ (MRC) ເປນ ແຜນທຫລກ . ເຂດວງນາເລກ

ແມນໄດຈາກການ ຈບຈດທຕງໂດຍໃຊລະບບ GPS, ການກະຈາຍຂອງຊະນດພນປາ ໃນແຕລະວງ ແມນໄດຈາກການສາພາດຈາກຊາວປະມງ . ເມອເວລາເຮາມແຜນທ ພນຖານ

(Base map) ໂດຍອາໄສ ເລກລະຫດ (code) ຂອງແຕລະຈດວງນາເລກ (ຕາຕະລາງ 1) ແມນສາມາດເອາຂມນອນໆ ເພມເຕມໄດ ບວາຈະເປນຕວເລກ ຫລຕາຕະລາງຕາງໆ

ກສາມາດສອດເຂາໃນແຜນທດງກາວໄດ . ຄວາມຮພນບານຂອງຊາວປະມງ ກຽວກບ

ເຂດວງນາເລ ກ ແມນສາມາດເອາເຂາແຜນທ ໂດຍຜານຈດທຕງຕວຈງ ທໄດຈາກ GPS. ໃນຕາຕະລາງ 1 ໄດສະແດງໃຫເຫນເຖງຂມນທສາມາດນາໃຊເຂາໃນລະບບ GIS ໄດ, ນອກຈາກຈະມເລກລະຫດ ແລະຈດທຕງຂອງແຕລະວງແລວ ຍງສາມາດຕມຂມນ ກຽວກບຄວາມເລກຂອງແຕລະວງ , ລກສະນະທາງດານພມສາດ , ຊະນດເຄອງມທໃຊ ແລະຂມນອນໆ ເຂາຕມອກດວຍ .

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ຖານຂມນຂອງ GIS ແມນຂມນທາງດານພມສາດ ທກຽວພນກບຈດທຕງໃດນງ

(Longley et al. 1999). ໃນການສກສາຄງນ ແມນໄດລງເລກເກບກາຂມນຈດທຕງ ຂອງວງນາເລກ ແລະຈດພເສດທາງດານພມສາດ ຂອງແຕ ລະວງ ເປນຫລກ . ໂດຍການນາໃຊ GPS ແມນສາມາດບນທກ ເສນແວງ ແລະເສນຂະຫນານ ຂອງແຕລະວງ ທສາມາດນາໃຊຢໃນ

ລະບບແຜນທພມສາດໄດ . ບນດາເສນແມນາ , ເຂດແດນ ແລະຈດທຕງທສາຄນ ແມນໃຊ ເຄອງຫມາຍເສນຊ (lines), ເຄອງຫມາຍຮບຕາງໆ (polygons), ເຄອງຫມາຍຈາ (points)

ຕາມລາດບ . ຕາຕະລາງ 1. ລາຍລະອຽດຂອງຂອງວງນາເລກ ໃນຖານ ຂມນGIS

7

3.2 ການສະແດງຂມນຊອນກນຫລາຍຊນ (Multiple representation) ແລະການວໄຈຕາງໆ ໃນລະບບ GIS

ການສະແດງຂມນຊນດຽວ ແລະຫລາຍຊນໃນ ລະບບ GIS ແມນເປນ ວທ ທ ສາມາດເບງ ແລະວໄຈຂມນ ທດ ອກ ວທນງ . ຖາວາ ເຮາ ມຖານຂມນໃນ GIS ແລວແມນສາມາດແປງ, ເພມເຕມ ຫລລບຂມນໄດຢາງ ສະດວກ ແລະປະຍດເວລາ ພອມ ທງສາມາດສະເຫນຂມນໄດດວຍ ຫລາຍຮບແບບ ຂນກບຈດປະສງ ຂອງ ແຕລະ ໂຄງການ. ການຄນຄວາຄງນ ແມນໄດສະແດງໃຫເຫນ ວາ ເຮາ ສາມາດນາໃຊ ArcMap (ArcGIS) ເພອ ສງລວມເອາ ຄວາມຮພນ ບານ ແລະຄວາມຮວທະຍາສາດ ແລະວໄຈໃນລະບບ GIS.

ໃນຮບ 1 ແລະ 2 ແມນແຜນທວງນາເລກ ແລະບອນ ຫາປາ ທໄດຈາກຄວາມຮຊາວບານ ປະສມປະສານກບຂມນວງນາເລກທ ໄດຈາກການຄນຄວາ ວທະຍາສາດ ໂດຍໃຊເຄອງ

ສອງ ປາ EK 60 (hydro-acoustic). ຈດທຕງຂອງ ວງນາເລກແມນໄດຈາກ GPS ແລະຂມນດານ ພມສາດຂອງແຕລະວງ ແມນໄດຈາກການສ◌າພາດ . ທງສອງຂມນດງກາວ ແມນໄດລວບລວມເຂາກນ ໂດຍໃນລະບບ GIS ແລະສະແດງອອກໃນຮບຂອງແຜນທ. ໃນ ArcGIS ສາມາດສະແດງ ຫລສອດຮບເຂາ ໃນແຜນທໄດ ລວມທງ ສຽງ ແລະວດໂອຕາງໆ ໂດຍໃຊລະບບ Hyperlink

(ESRI 2005). ໃນຄາສງຂອງ Hyperlink ສາມາດສະແດງຮບພາບ ທໄດສາງ ໃວໃນລະບບຖານຂມນຂອງ GIS ຂອງຈດ ຫລທຕງໃດນງ . ໃນນແມນເຮາ ສາມາດ ສະແດງບນດາ ຂມນ ກຽວ ກບລກສະນະທາງ ດານ ພມສາດ ຂອງແຕລະວງນາເລກ ແລະອງປະກອບທາງດານ ນດເວດວທະຍາ ເຂາ ຕມ ໃສແຜນທທເຮາ ມ. ຊ ງວທດງກາວ ອາດ ເປນ ອກວທການນງ ທ ສາມາດນາໃຊ ເຂາ ໃນການສກສາ ແຫລງທ ຢອາໄສ ຂອງປາແຕລະຊະນດ ແລະກຈະສາມາດອະທບາຍ ໄດເຖງ ຈດ ພເສດ ແລະການຄດເລອກ ແຫລງທ ຢອາໄສ ຂອງປາແຕລະຊະນດ. ແຫລງຫາ ປາ ທສາຄນ ຂອງແຕລະບານ ແມນສະແດງໃຫເຫນ ຢຮບ 2. ຄາສງສາງ ເຂດ buffer zones ແມນຄາສງນງ ທ ຖກນາໃຊ ເພອ ການດ ເຂດຫາປາຂອງ ແຕລະບານ . ເຂດ buffer zones ຢໃນບດຄນຄວາ ນແມນ ພນ ທ ທ ໄດຈາກການແຕມຈາກຈດໃຈກາງ ຂອງເຂດດງກາວ ໄປຫາ ໄລຍະຫາງ ໃດນງ (ESRI 2004) ບແມນພນ ທ ທ ໃຊເພອ ເປນບອນ ອະນລກ. Buffers ສາມາດສາງ ຂນໂດຍການການດ ເອາ ໄລຍະຫາງ ຈາກຈດໃດນງ ເພອ ສະແດງ ເປນ ພນ ທໃຫມ ຫລປະກອບເຂາ ໃນແຜນທນນເລຍ. ໃນການຄນຄວາ ຄງນ ແຫລງ ຫາ ປາ

ໄດຖກສາງ ຂນ ໂດຍອງໃສຂມນ ທໄດຈາກການສາພາດ ຊາວ ປະມງໄດໃຫຂມນວາຈດຫາປາທສາຄນ ມຂອບເຂດ ຫາງ ອອກຈາກ ຈດໃຈກາງຂອງແຕລະວງປະມານ 100 ແມດ. ເມ ອເຮາເສອມ ຈດຕາງໆເຂາກນ ເຮາ ກຈະເຫນ ແຫລງຫາປາທສາຄນ ສ ແຫງໃນເຂດທໄດສກສາ (ຮບ 4). ເວລາເອາ ສາມຖານຂມນສະແດງຮວມ ກນ (ແມນາ, ເຂດຫາປາ, ວງສະ ຫງວນ) ກ

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ສາມາດ ສະແດງໃຫເຫນ ເຖງ ຂ ມນທວ ໄປ ກຽວ ກບການຫາປາຢເຂດດງກາວ ແລະລະບບການຄມຄອງການປະມງຂ ນບານ ທ ມວງສະ ຫງວນ ຢໃນແຕລະ ເຂດ (ຮບ 4). ຢບານ ດອນຫວດ ແມນມວງສະ ຫງວນທຫາມ ຫາປາຕະຫລອດປ, ສວນ ວງສະ ຫງວນຢບານ ຫາດຊາຍຄນແມນຫາມຫາ ປາແຕໃນຊວງ ລະດແລງ ກງກນຂາມ ຢບານ ຫາດ ແມນສາມາດຫາປາໄດຕະຫລອດປ. ການນາໃຊເຄ ອງມຫາປາ ໃນແຕລະ ເຂດກ ບຄກນ, ສວນ ໃຫຍແມນຈະຂນກບຊະນດປາທຈະຫາ ແລະຈດພເສດທາງດານ ພມສາດ ແລະຄວາມເລກຂອງແຕລະວງ. ເຄອງມ ຫາປາທນຍມ ໃຊກນຫລາຍກວຫມ (ຂມນຈາກການສາພາດ ) ແມນໄດສະແດງຢ ຮບ 3. ເປນ ທຈະແຈງແລວວາ ແຫ ແມນາໃຊຢສະເພາະເຂດນາຕນ, ສວນ ມອງ ແລະເບດ ແມນໃຊທວ ໄປ ລະຫວາງ ເຂດນາຕນ ຫາ

ວງນາເລກ. 3.3 ການວໄຈຂມນ (Spatial analyst) ໃນ ArcGIS

ຄວາມອາດສາມາດໃນການວໄຈຂມນ ໃນ ArcGIS ແມນມຫລາຍຢາງ ທສາມາດເລອກໃຊ. ສະເພາະບດຄນຄວາ ນແມນໃຊແຕ ‘inverse distance weighed’ (IDW) ແລະ raster

calculations. ຄາສງດງກາວ ແມນໃຊເພອ ອະທບາ ຍຂມນ ຈາກຈດທຕງນງ vector ມາເປນ ພນ ທໃຫຍ raster ຊງ ສາມາດຄາດຄະເນຄວາມເລກຂອງເຂດໃດນງ ທ ມຂມນບຕເນອງ ແລະສາມາດ ເສ ອມຕຂມນ ຊະນດພນປາ ທອາໄສຢໃນແຕລະລະດບຄວາມເລກຂອງຫນານາ ຕະຫລລອດ ເຖງການນາ ໃຊເຄອງມ ແຕລ ະຊະນດ ເພອຈບປາທຢໃນຄວາມເລກ ທແຕກຕາງກນ ໄດ.

ຮບ 5 ສະແດງໃຫເຫນເຖງລາຍລະອຽດທາງດານຄວາມເລກຂອງວງຫນອງໄຮ ທເປນວງສະຫງວນພນປາ . ຂມນທສະແດງໃນແຜນທດງກາວແມນປະສມປະສານກນ ລະຫວາງຄວາມຮຊາວປະມງ ແລະຂມນທາງວທະຍາສາດ ກຽວກບຊະນດພນປາ ທສງເກດ

ເຫນວາມ ຢໃນແຕລະລະດບເລກທແຕກຕາງກນ . ແຜນທດງກາວຍງສະແດງໃຫເຫນເຖງ ແຫລງທຢອາໄ ສ ຂອງປາທສາຄນບາງຊະນດ ເຊນປາບ າງຊະນດ ແມນມກຈະອາໄສຢແຕ ບອນດຽວ (ປາຕອງ, ປາກວາງ, ປາໜ) ຊງມຄວາມເລກຫລາຍກວຫ ກແມດ. ແລະບາງຈາພວກ ພດອາໄສບອນຢຫລາຍບອນ ນບທງບອນ ຕນ ແລະບອນເລກ ແລະຢຮວມເປນກມກບປາ ຊະນດອນ ຊງອາໄສຢວງທມຄວາມເລກ 3-5 ແມດ (ປາພອນ).

ຮບທ 6 ສະແດງໃຫເຫນເຖງຄວາມຫນາແຫນນ ຂອງປາ ຢໃນລະດບຄວາມເລກ ທແຕກຕາງກນ (ຂມນຈາກເຄອງຊອງປາ ) ແລະແຫລງຫາປາຂອງປະຊາວ ປະມງ ທໄດຈາກ ການບນທກຂມນ ດວຍ ການໃຊ ເຄອງ GPS ຢເວນ ສງຄາມ , ບານຫາດ . ຂມນດງກາວອາດ ສາມາດນາໃຊ ເຂ າໃນການຄມຄອງ ຊະນດພນປາທຫາຍ າກ ຫລຄດ ໄລຜນຜະລດຂອງປາ ໂດຍນາໃຊຕວເລກຄວາມຫນາແໜນ ເປນຕວຄດໄລ .

9

ໃນໂປແກມ ArcScene, ຂມນ raster ສາມາດສະແດງໃຫເປນຮບ 2 ມຕ. ຊງສາມາດນາໃຊເພອສ ກສາຮບຮາງລກສະນະຂອງວງນາເລກ . ແຜນທດງກາວ ສາມາດເສອມຕ ການກະຈາຍຂອງຊະນດພນປາ ຕະຫລວດເຖງ ການນາໃຊເຄອງມຫາປາຢແຕລະ ລະດບຄວາມ

ເລກທແຕກຕາງກນ . ແຜນທທສະແດງການກະຈາຍຂອງຊະນດປາທສາຄນ ແລະການນາ

ໃຊເຄອງ ມຫາປາ ຢຂມດອນຜ , ບານຫາດຊາຍຄນ ແມນໄດສະ ແດງຢໃນຮບ 7. IV. ສະຫລບ ການຄນຄວາຄງນໄດຢງຢນວາຄວາມຮພນບານຂອງຊາວປະມງກຽວກບຊບພະຍາກອນສດນາ ແລະການສງເກດເບງ ການປຽນແປງຂອງສະພາບແວດລອມ ທກຽວພນກບການຂນ ຫລລງ ຂອງປາ ແມນເປນຂມນພນຖານ ທສາຄນ ແລະສາມາດນາໃຊເພອວາງແຜນ ໃນການຄມ ຄອງການປະມງ ໃນເຂດເມອງໂຂງ , ແຂວງຈາປາສກ ໃຫຢນນານ . ນກຄນຄວາຫລາຍ ທານໄດຊໃຫເຫນເຖງ ຄວາມສາຄນຂອງຄວາມຮຊາວບານ ທປະກອບສວນເຂາ ໃນການ ຄມຄອງສະພາບແວດລອມ , ບາງທານຍງໄດຢງຢນວາຂມນທໄດຈາກຄວາມຮຊາວບານ

ສວນໃຫຍຈະເປນການສງເກດເບງ ການປຽນແປງສະພາບແວດ ລອມ ຫລຂມນທໄດຈາກ ການບອກເລາ ແມນສາມາດນາໃຊເຂາ ໃນການປະເມນຜນ ຫລເຂາໃນການສກສາການ ປຽນແປງ ຂອງລະບບນເວດວທະຍາ (Berkes et al. 2002). ຍງມຫລາຍທານ ໃຫຄວາມເຫນວາ ຄວາມຮພນບານຂອງຊາວປະມງ ກຽວກບແຫລງ ທຢອາໄສຂອງປາ , ນໄສຂອງປາ ແລະ ການປຽນແປງສະ ພາບແວດລອມທາງທະເລ ແມນມຄວາມສາຄນ ຕການຄມຄອງ ການປະມງ ໃນໄລຍະສນ ແລະໄລຍະຍາວ (Grant et al. 2003). ໃນກລະນຂອງຊາວປະ ມງຢເມອງໂຂງ ແຂວງຈາປາສກ , ຊາວປະມງແມນຮວາຢໄສ ມປາຫລາຍ ແລະມເວລາໃດ ແລະເຄອງມຫາປາ ຊະນດໃດ ທເຫມາະກບການ ໃຊຈບປາ ແຕລະຊະນດ ແລະ ໃນ ແຫລງຫາປາ ທແຕກຕາງກນ . ໃນອະດດຄວາມຮພນບານຂອງຊາວປະມງ ແມນຖກນາໃຊເຂາໃນການຫາປາ ເພອບລໂພກ

ຫລາຍກວຈະຖກນາໃຊເຂາໃນວຽກງານ ສະຫງວນ ຫລຄມຄອງການປະມງ . ປະຈບນ ຍອນວາ ມຄວາມປຽນແປງ ທາງດານເສດຖະກດ ສງຄມ ຄວາມຕອງການຕະຫລາດປາສງ , ມການຊວງເສງ ກນຫາປາ ແ ລະການຫາປາບແມນເພອ ກນແຕຢາງດຽວ ແຕເພອຂາຍເປນສນຄາ ຄວາມຮພນ ບານ ຂອງຊາວປະມງ ແມນມບດບາດ ສາຄນໃນການນາໃຊເພອຄມຄອງການປະມງ ໃຫມການ ຊມໃຊແບບຢນນານ . ຕວຢາງການ ນາໃຊຄວາມ ຮພນບານຂອງ ຊາວປະມງເພອຄດ ເລອກສະ ຖານທສາງວງສະຫງວນ , ວງສະຫງວນພນ ປາສວນໃຫຍແມນຢວງນາເລກ ບອນທຊາວປະມງ ເຄຍສງເກດເຫນ ປາຫລາຍ ຫລສາມາດຫາປາໄດຫລາຍ . ການສາງກດລະບຽບຫາປາຂນບານ

ກແມນອງຕາມຄວາມ ຮພນບານ ທມ ແລະຮວາຖາໃຊເຄອງມຫາປາແບບດບສນ ກຈະເປນຜນ

10

ສະທອນຕ ແນວພນປາ ໃນວງດງກາວ ຊງມການຫາມໃຊສານເຄມ ເພອເບອປາ , ໃຊໄຟຊອດປາ ຫລລະເບດ . ບດຮຽນຈາກ ຫລາຍປະເທດທວໂລກໄດສະແດງໃຫເຫນວາຂມນທໄດຈາກການຄນຄວາທດລອງ ທາງດານວທະ ຍາສາດພຽງຢາງດຽວ ແມນບພຽງພໃນການຄມຄອງ ແລະວາງແຜນ

ເພອນາໃຊຊບພະຍາກອນ ທາມະຊາດໃຫຢນຍງ . ໃນຄະນະດຽວກນກບທນມສງຢງຢນວາ ຄວາມຮພນບານແຕຢາງດຽວ ສາມາດແກໄຂບນຫາ ແລະປກປກຮກສາສະພາບແວດລອມ

ເພອນາໃຊໃຫຢນນານໄດ . ຢເມອງໂຂງແຂວງຈາປາສກ ແມນມຂມນ ຂອງ ການຄນຄວາກຽວ ກບການປະມງ ຈາກດ ທສະຫນອງ ໃຫແກຊາວປະມງ ແລະອານາດການປກຄອງ ທອງຖນເພອ ໃຊເຂາໃນການວາງແຜນ ຄມຄອງຊບພະຍາກອ ນສດນາ . ຢໃນທະເລ ມຫລາຍຫລກ ຖານໄດ ຢງຢນວາຂມນທາງ ດານຊວະວທະຍາ ແລະນເວດວທະຍາ ຈາກການຄນ ຄວາທດລອງທາງ ດານ ວທະຍາສາດ ແມນບພຽງພຕການຄມຄອງຊບພະຍາກອນສດນາໃນທະເລ . ບາງຕວຢາງ ການຜດພາດ ໃນການໃຊຂມນ ວທະຍາສາດຢາງດຽວເຂາໃນການຈດ ໂກຕາການປະມງ ຢເຂດທະເລເຫນອ ອດລງຕກຂອງການນາດາ ທເຮດໃຫແນວພນປາທະເລລດລງ (Johannes et

al. 2000). ມແຕການຄນຄວາຄງນ ໄດສະແດງໃຫເຫນວາ ໃນສະພາບຂອງແມນາຂອງ ທມຊະນດພນປາຫລາຍ ແລະສະພາບແວດລອມມການປຽນແປງນນ ແລະຍາກຕການກະຕວງ , ຄວາມຮພນບານພຽງຢາງດຽວ ແມນບພຽງ ພສາຫລບນາໃຊເຂາໃນວຽກງານຄມຄອງການປະມງ

ແລະມຄວາມຈາເປນຕອງປະສມປະສານກບຂມນທາງດານວທະຍາສາດ . ຂມນກຽວ ກບການນາໃຊ GIS ເຂາ ໃນວຽກງານການປະມງນາຈດແມນມຈາກດ . ການຄນຄວາສວນຫລາຍ ແມນ ໄດມການນາໃຊ GIS ເຂາ ໃນການປະມງຢທະເລ (Anuchiracheeva et al.

2003, Calamia 1999; Close et al. 2006). ການຄນຄວາ ກຽວ ກບການນາໃຊ GIS ຢໃນທະເລ ໄດສະແດງໃຫເຫນ ວາ GIS ສາມາດນາໃຊເຂາ ໃນວຽກງານການຄມຄອງປະມງຢທະເລ ໂດຍສະເພາະແມນການສະແດງຂມນ ໃນຮບຂອງແຜນທ ແລະການວໄຈຂມນ. ຢໃນການປະມງນາຈດ GIS ແມນເປນ ເຄອ ງມສາຄນ ໃນການນາເອາ ຄວາມຮພນບານຂອງ ຊາວປະມງ ທ ສວນ ໃຫຍເປນຂມນດບ ທ ຍງບທນໄດວໄຈ ມາເປນ ຂມນທໄດຮບການປງແຕງ ແລະສາມາດໃຊໄດ ເພອ ເປນຂ

ມນເສມ ໃຫແກຂມນທາງວທະຍາສາດ ແລະສະແດງໃຫເຫນ ໃນຮບແບບຂອງແຜນທພມສາດ. ຈດດຂອງແຜນທພມສາດແມນສາມາດເປນ ບອນ ເກບມຽນຂມນ, ສະແດງຂມນ, ເສ ອມຕກບຂມນອນ ແລະວໄຈຂມນໄດ ດວຍ ຫລາຍຮບຫລາຍສ ພອມ ທງສາມາດອະທບາຍ ຂມນ ໃນຮບແບບແຜນທ ທ ເຂາ ໃຈງາຍ ທ ສາມາດເຮດ ໄດຢໃນຊອບແວ ArcGIS ເເລະເປນ ການຍາກທ ຈະ ເຮດ

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ໄດຢ ໃນຊອບແວທວ ໄປ. ຖານຂມນຂອງແຜນທພມສາດຊງ ປະກອບດວຍ ຮບທມຫລາຍຈດ ແລະຕາຕະລາງ ແມນສາມາດດດແປງ ແລະ ເພມຂມນ ໃຫມເຂາ ໄດງາຍ ພອມ ທງສະດວກໃນການເສອ ມຕກບຂມນອນ . ໃນການຄນຄວາ ຄງນແມນໄດໃຊ GIS ເພອ ປະສມປະສານລະຫວາງ ຄວາມຮພນ ບານ ຂອງຊາວປະມງ ແລະຂມນທາງດານ ວທະຍາສາດ (ຈດທຕງທມຕາ ແໜງເສນ

ແວງ ແລະເສນ ຂະຫນານ ຈາກ GPS ແລະຂມນທໄດຈາກການສາພາດ ຊຽວຊານ ຫາປາ ກຽວກບເຂດວງນາເລກ ແລະການກະຈາຍຂອງຊະນດພນປາທສາຄນ ໃນແຕລະວງ) ໄດຖກເສອ ມຕເຂາກນ ແລະສະແດງໃຫເຫນ ໃນຮບແບບຂອງແຜນທພມສາດ (ຮບ 5) ການຄນຄວາ ໄດໃຫຮວາ ແຜນທທໄດຈາກການແຕມດວຍ ມຂອງຊຽວຊານ ຫາປາ ຮບ 8 (Mental map) ແລະແຜນທພມສາດ ທໄດຈາກການບນທກຈດທຕງໃນ GPS ແມນມທາແຮງ ໃນການນາໃຊເຂາ ໃນການຕດຕສສານ ກບປະຊາຊນ ເນອງ ຈາກວາແຜນທລະອຽດ ກຽວ ກບຊບພະຍາ ກອນ ແຫລງນາ ຂອງ ເມອງ ໂຂງ ແມນບມ . ແຜນທດງກາວ ແມນສາມາດສະຫນອງຂມນພນຖານ ກຽວ ກບ ຊບພະຍາກອນ ປະມງ ໃຫແກນກຄນຄວາ ທ ບຄນເຄຍກບສະຖານທດງກາວ . ເມອ ເຮາ ມຄາຖາມກຽວ ກບສະຖານທ ແລະການປຽນ ແປງຂອງສະພາບແວດລອມ ໃນເຂດດງກາວ , ການນາໃຊແຜນທພມສາດ ເພອ ອະທບາຍ ເຖງແຫລງທ ຢອາໄສທຕອງ ປກປກຮກສາ ແລະແຫລງຫາ ປາທສາຄນ ແມນມຄວາມເປນ ໄປໄດສງ. ແຜນທພມສາດຍງສາມາດໃຊ ເພອ ການຕດຕສສານ ລະຫວາງ ຂະແຫນງການພາຍໃນແຂວງ ແລະພະນກງານສນ ກາງ. GIS ຍງສາມາດໃຊໄດເປນ ຂມນແຜນທທາງການ ແລະເສອ ມຕກບຂມນຂອງຂະແຫນງການອນ ເພອ ນາໃຊເຂາ ໃນວຽກງານວາງແຜນ ແລະພດທະນາ ຊບພະຍາກອນ ທາມະຊາດ ໃຫຢນ ຍງ.

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ເອກະສານອາງ ອງ Anuchiracheeve, S., Demaine, H., Shivakoti, G.P., Ruddle, K. (2003). Systematizing local knowledge using GIS: fisheries management in Bang Saphan Bay, Thailand. Ocean and Coastal Management 46: 1049-1068. Berkes, F. and Folke, C. (2002). Back to the Future: Ecosystem Dynamics and Local Knowledge. In Gunderson, L. H. and Holling, C.S. (eds.), Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. Island Press, Washington. 121-146 Calamia, M., A. (1999). A methodology for incorporating ecological knowledge with geographical information systems for marine resource management in the Pacific. Traditional Marine Resource Management and Knowledge Information Bulletin #10. Close, C. H., Brent, Hall, G. (2006). A GIS-based protocol for the collection and use of local knowledge in fisheries management planning. Environmental Management. Vol.78, Issue 4, pg. 341-352. ESRI. (2004). Learning ArcGIS 8, Part I, Lesson 1 Basic of ArcGIS. The online ESRI Virtual Campus Course. Environmental Systems Research Institute. USA ESRI. (2005). Turning Data into Information Using ArcGIS 9. The online ESRI Virtual Campus Course. Environmental Systems Research Institute. USA Johannes, R. E., Freeman, M. M. R., & Hamilton, R. J. (2000). Ignore fishers' knowledge and miss the boat. Fish and Fisheries 1(3): 257-271. Longley, P. A., Michael F Goodchild, David J Maguire and David W Rhind (eds.) (1999). Geographical Information Systems. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York. SEAFDEC. (2001). Fish for the People. The ASEAN-SEAFDEC Conference on Sustainable Fisheries for Food Security in the New Millennium: "Fish for the People" Technical Document, Bangkok, Thailand.

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ຮບ1: ແຜນທການປະສມປະສານກນລະຫວາງ ຄວາມຮພນ ບານ ແລະຂມນວທະຍາສາດ : ເຂດວງນາເລກ ລວມທງຮບຮາງ ລກສະນະ ຂອງພນ ວງ

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ຮບ 2: ແຜນທການປະສມປະສານກນລະຫວາງ ຄວາມຮພນ ບານ ແລະຂມນວທະຍາສາດ : ແຫລງຫາ ປາທສາຄນ .

15

ຮບ3: ແຜນທການປະສມປະສານກນລະຫວາງ ຄວາມຮພນ ບານ ແລະຂມນວທະຍາສາດ : ການນາໃຊເຄອງມ ຫາປາ

16

ຮບ 4: ແຜນທການປະສມປະສານກນລະຫວາງ ຄວາມຮພນ ບານ ແລະຂມນວທະຍາສາດ : ລະບບການຄມຄອງການປະມງຂນບານ

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ຮບ 5: ແຜນທບານ ດອນຫວດ ແລະເຂດວງສະ ຫງວນ (ຮບເທງ ), ການກະຈາຍຂອງຊະນດພນປາ (ຮບຊາຍ ) ແລະຮບສອງມຕ ຂອງ ວງສະຫງວນຫນອງ ໄຮ (ຮບຂວາ)

18

ຮບ 6: (A) ສະພາບທວ ໄປຂອງ ຂມດອນຜ, (B) ຮບສອງມຕ ຂອງ ຂມດອນຜ (C) ການນາ ໃຊເຄອງມ ຫາປາ ແລະຊະນດປາທຫາໄດມນຈາກການສາພ າດຢຂມດອນຜ, ບານ ຫາດຊາຍຄນ

19

ຮບ 7: ແຫລງຫາ ປາຢບານ ຫາດ(ຮບຂວາ) ແລະຄວາມຫນາແຫນຂອງ ຊະນດປາ ຢເວນສງຄາມ , ບານ ຫາດ

20

ຮບ 7: ແຜນທບານ ດອນຫວດ (Mental Map)

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