Incoherent Scatter Radar Measurements of Ionospheric Modification by Chemical Releases

Paul A. BernhardtPlasma Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory

Phil J. Erickson, Frank D. Lind, John C. FosterMillstone Hill Observatory, MIT Haystack Observatory, MA

Mike P. SulzerArecibo Observatory, Arecibo, Puerto Rico

E KudekiDept. of Elec. and Comp. Eng., UIUC, Urbana IL 61801

J. Chau, R. WoodmanJicamarca Radio Observatory, Jicamarca, Peru

Craig HeinselmanSRII, Menlo Park, CA

AMISR Science Planning Meeting, Asilomar, CA12 October 2006

ISR Diagnostics of Chemical Release Experiments in the Ionosphere

• Ionospheric Modification– High Power Radio Waves

• ISR Detection of Density Cavities and Irregularities• Enhanced Ion-Lines and Plasma-Lines in ISR Spectra

– Chemical Releases• Electron Attachment and O+ Charge Exchange

– ISR Detection of Heavy Ions with Modified Ion-Line Spectra– Non-Thermal Velocity Distributions from Supersonic Chemical

Injections (i.e., Space Shuttle Exhaust - SIMPLEX) » ISR Ion-Line Spectra» Scatter from Ion-Acoustic Turbulence

• Nano-Particle Injections (Charged Aerosol Release CARE)– Artificial Dusty Plasmas in the Upper Atmosphere– Radar Scatter from Charged Dust Turbulence– Echoes from Artificial Mesospheric Cloud

• Conclusions

HAARPHAARP

SIERRA SEE Detector Network

HAARPHAARP

SIERRA SEE Detector Network

HAARPHAARP

SIERRA SEE Detector Network

AMISR Support of Ionospheric Heating

MUIR/AMISR

HIPAS

POKER/AMISR

Radio/Radar Based Diagnostics Facilities for HF Ionospheric Modification

HAARP HF Transmitter, AK

Kodiak SuperDARN Radar

SIERRA Spectrum Monitor

AMISR UHF Radar (MUIR)

F-Region Ionosphere

HAARP Radar Backscatterand Enhanced Ion/Plasma Lines

SuperDARN HAARP Transmitter AMISR

1a 0 ROTSI

0 0 0 1b 0 R

R

1 0 IAR RPDI0 0 0

1 IAR R

2 0 IAR RPDI1 0 IAR R

2 IAR R

LW (ω , -2 )

EM (ω , 0) LW (ω , 2 )

Dens. Irreg. (0, 2k )

LW (ω ω , 2 )EM (ω , 0)

IA ( ω , 2 )

LW (ω 3ω , 2 )LW (ω ω , 2 )

IA ( 2ω , 4 )

k

k k

kk

k

kk

k

2 0 IAR RPDI2 0 IAR R

2 IAR R

LW (ω 5ω , 2 )LW (ω 3ω , 2 )

IA ( 2ω , 4 )

kk

k

Backscatter Radar Spectra (R,kR):Generation of HF (0) Pumped Plasma-Lines and Ion-Lines in

AMSIR Data

0 Time (S) 1

R

R+ 0

R - 0

Pump Wave

Electrostatic Waves

Electrostatic Waves

Shuttle Ionospheric Modification withPulsed Localized Exhaust (SIMPLEX)

• Objectives– Study Regions of Large Relative Neutral-Plasma Convection– Examine Hyper Sonic Ion-Beam Injections for Enhanced

Plasma Turbulence

• Method– Release Shuttle Exhaust in Orbit– Charge Exchange with Ambient O+ Ions– Detect Effects with Radar Scatter

• Observations– Non-Thermal Ion Line Spectra– Effects of Ion Ring Velocity Distribution– Scatter of Electrostatic Waves Produced by Instabilities

Incoherent Scatter Observations During SIMPLEX

• SIMPLEX I– Jicamarca Observations, 4 October 1997– Ionospheric Hole Formation and Re-Filling– Ambipolar Diffusion Theory Does NOT Match Observations

• SIMPLEX II– Arecibo Observations, 27 July 1999– Ion Beam Formation– Non-Thermal Ion-Line Spectra– Indirect Evidence of Low Hybrid Instabilities

• SIMPLEX III and IV– Millstone Hill Observations

• 16 December 1999

• 8 April 2002

– Ion Beam Formation– Strongly Non-Thermal Ion-Line Spectra– Evidence of Ion Acoustic Instability

SHUTTLE IONOSPHERIC MODIFICATION WITH PULSED LOCALIZED EXHAUST SIMPLEX

56° Inclination Limit to Space Shuttle Orbit

Space Shuttle OMS Engine Exhaust Parameters

Auroral Ionospheric Disturbances

Exhaust Species

Mole Fraction

CO 0.050

CO2 0.122

H2 0.241

H2O 0.274

N2 0.313

Single OMS Burn at NightSymmetrical

Dual OMS Burn in DaylightNonuniform

Dual OMS Burn

Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS)

Flow Rate: 2.5 x 1026 Molecules per Second per Engine

Technique: Radar Scatter from Plume Ion Beams in Rocket Exhausts

NOZZLENOZZLE

WATER VAPOR, HWATER VAPOR, H22OOMOLECULAR IONS, HMOLECULAR IONS, H22OO++

10 m 100 m 1000 m

IONOSPHERE (O+, e-)

EXPANSION-COOLING-CHARGE EXCHANGE

RADAR BEAM

FIELD ALIGNED BEAMSAND GYRO ORBITS

ION ACOUSTIC ANDLOWER HYBRID WAVES

Ion Beam Formation Through Exhaust Molecule Reactions with O+

ION-MOLECULE CHARGE EXCHANGE:

O+

+ H2O H2O+

+ O Rate Constant: k1

ION-ELECTRON RECOMBINATION:

H2O+

+ e- OH* + H Rate Constant: k2 = 6.5 x 10-7 [300/Te]

0.5 cm3/s

NET REACTION

O+

+ e- + H2O OH* + H + O .

SpeciesMole

FractionThermal Rate Constant k1

(cm3/s)

Thermal Rate Product Ion

Species (Fraction)

Orbital Speed Rate Constant

k1 (cm3/s)

Orbital Speed Product Ion Species

(Fraction)

CO 0.050 0.0 CO+ (0.00) 6.0 x 10-11 CO+ (0.00)

CO2 0.122 9.0 x 10-10 O2+ (0.10) 6.0 x 10-10 CO2

+ (0.06)

H2 0.241 1.7 x 10-9 OH+ (0.36) 1.7 x 10-9 OH+ (0.33)

H2O 0.274 2.3 x 10-9 H2O+ (0.55) 2.4 x 10-9 H2O

+ (0.53)

N2 0.313 1.0 x 10-12 NO+ (0.00) 3.0 x 10-10 NO+ (0.00)

SIMPLEX I 4 OCTOBER 1997 GMT OMS BURN

78 W 77 W 76 W

12 S

11 S

SIMPLEX IJicamarca Radar During STS-86 SIMPLEX Burn

West East

B

North

South

UNMODIFIED FLUX TUBES

MODIFIED FLUX TUBES

OMS BURN

RADAR BEAMS

Nor

mal

ized

Ele

ctro

n D

ensi

ty

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

East Radar Beam

Space Shuttle

JRO ISR, 4 October 1997, 20:32:15 GMT

West Radar Beam

Density Depression

-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

Time (minutes)

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

Alt

itu d

e (k

m)

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

10 m/s Vertical Drift

0 5 10 15 20 25 300.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

dezilamroN

nortcelE

ytisneD

0 5 10 15 20 25 300.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

dezilamroN

nortcelE

ytisneD

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7 1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

Nor

mal

ized

Ele

ctro

n D

ensi

ty(a) West Radar Beam

(b) East Radar Beam

4 October 1997, 20:32:15 GMT, 350 km

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Time (minutes)

Shuttle Echo

Exponential Fit to Data

Diffusion Theory

SIMPLEX IISTS-93 Ion Beam Injection Experiment Arecibo Radar Observation Geometry

Relative-0.5 0.0 0.5 Longitude

0

.5

Re

lati

ve

L

ati

tud

e

Mag

netic F

ield L

ine

Dip

An

gle =

49o

Burn Start

Stop

Rad

ar B

eam

81.4

o Ele

vatio

n

AreciboObservatory

STS-93 Orbit 276 km Altitude

280 km Altitude

430 MHz Radar Spectra, 27 July 1999, 00 AST

-10 -5 0 5 10240

260

280

300

3204955

-10 -5 0 5 10240

260

280

300

3205000

-10 -5 0 5 10240

260

280

300

3205005

-10 -5 0 5 10240

260

280

300

3205010

-10 -5 0 5 10240

260

280

300

3204935

-10 -5 0 5 10240

260

280

300

3204940

-10 -5 0 5 10240

260

280

300

3204945

-10 -5 0 5 10240

260

280

300

3204950

-10 -5 0 5 10240

260

280

300

3204915

-10 -5 0 5 10240

260

280

300

3204920

-10 -5 0 5 10240

260

280

300

3204925

-10 -5 0 5 10240

260

280

300

3204930

-10 -5 0 5 10240

260

280

300

3204855

-10 -5 0 5 10240

260

280

300

3204900

-10 -5 0 5 10240

260

280

300

3204905

-10 -5 0 5 10240

260

280

300

3204910

320

300

280

260

240

320

300

280

260

240

320

300

280

260

240

320

300

280

260

240-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10

Frequency Shift (kHz)

Alt

itud

e (k

m)

4855 4900 4905 4910

4915 4920 4925 4930

4935

4940

4945 4950

4955 5000

5005

5010 00.20.40.60.81

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.52.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

Relative Backscatter

(a) (b) (c)

6.1376.0105.8845.7575.6315.5045.3785.2525.1254.9994.862

17421639153514321329122611231020917813710

1216114510741003932861790719648575505

310

300

290

280

270

49 50 51 52 53 49 50 51 52 5349 50 51 52 53

Alt

itu

de

(km

)

Fitted Electron Density

Fitted Ion Temperature

FittedElectron Temperature

Log10(ne)Ti (K) Te (K)

Time (Minutes) After 0500 UT

Electron Density

Reduction

Ion Heating

Modified Velocity

Distribution

Arecibo SIMPLEX II Experiment27 July 1999, Altitude 287.3 kmOMS Burn Termination at T0 = 05:49:11 UT

Tm= 1000 K, Vm = 0.93 km/s, Vm|| = -0.31 km/s

- 7.5 - 5 - 2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 10Normalized Offset Frequency

0.5

1

1.5

2

dezilamro

Nrettacskca

Bre

woP

Nor

mal

ized

Ba

cksc

atte

r P

ow

er

Unmodified

Modified

Offset Frequency (kHz)

Tm= 1000 K, Vm = 0.93 km/s, Vm|| = -0.31 km/s

- 7.5 - 5 - 2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 10Normalized Offset Frequency

0.5

1

1.5

2

dezilamro

Nrettacskca

Bre

woP

Nor

mal

ized

Ba

cksc

atte

r P

ow

er

Unmodified

Modified

Offset Frequency (kHz)

- 7.5 - 5 - 2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 10Normalized Offset Frequency

0.5

1

1.5

2

dezilamro

Nrettacskca

Bre

woP

Nor

mal

ized

Ba

cksc

atte

r P

ow

er

Unmodified

Modified

Offset Frequency (kHz)-10 -5 0 5 100

0.5

1

1.5

2

Frequency Shift (kHz)

Re

lativ

e B

acks

catt

er

48:50(T0 - 21 s)

49:40(T0 + 29 Sec)

-10 -5 0 5 100

0.5

1

1.5

2

Frequency Shift (kHz)

Re

lativ

e B

acks

catt

er

48:50(T0 - 21 s)

49:40(T0 + 29 Sec)

Measured Spectra Computed Spectra

Recovered Ion Distribution Parameters

vm = 0.68 km/s, vm = 0.93 km/s, vm|| = -0.31 km/s

Ambient and ModifiedIon Line Spectra

SIMPLEX III: STS-108 Burn Location16 December 2001 GMT

Ignition: 18:51:37, Termination: 18:51:47

-74 -72 -70 -68Longitude

41

42

43

44

edutitaL

Block Island

Millstone HillRadar Beam

85o Elevation

Farmington

Ignition

STS-108 Orbit

Longitude

Latit

ude

Termination

SIMPLEX III Radar BackscatterMillstone Hill ISR, 18 April 2002

Burn Time 17:26:19 – 17:26:29 UT2 Second and 24 km Resolution

5 10 15 20 25 30

5

10

15

20

5 10 15 20 25 30

5

10

15

20

5 10 15 20 25 30

20

40

60

80

5 10 15 20 25 30

5

10

15

20

47:00 48:00 49:00 50:00 51:00 52:00 53:00 54:00 55:00 56:00

Time (Minutes: Seconds) after 18:00:00 UT

550

500

450

400

350

300

Ran

ge (

km)

Po

wer

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Burn

Spectral Frequency Shift (kHz)

-25 0 25 -25 0 25-25 0 25-25 0 25

Spectral Frequency Shift (kHz)

-25 0 25 -25 0 25-25 0 25-25 0 25

SIMPLEX IV: STS-110 Burn Location18 April 2002 GMT

Ignition: 17:26:18.95, Termination: 17:26:28.95

Longitude-76 -74 -72 -70 -68 -66

Longitude

40

41

42

43

44

edut

it

aL

Block Island

Millstone Hill

Farmington

Ignition

Termination STS-110 Orbit

Radar Beam 74.6o Elevation

Latit

ude

ISS O

rbit

SIMPLEX IV Radar BackscatterMillstone Hill Radar, 18 April 2002Burn Time 17:26:19 – 17:26:29 UT

2 Second and 24 km Resolution

5 10 15 20 25 3002468101214

5 10 15 20 25 30020406080100

5 10 15 20 25 30051015202530

5 10 15 20 25 3002468101214

26:00 26:10 26:20 26:30 26:40 26:50 27:00 27:10 27:20 27:30 27:40 27:50 28:00 28:10 28:20 28:30

Time (Minutes: Seconds) after 17:00:00 UT

600

500

400

300

Alti

tude

(km

)P

ow

er

Thermal Space International Enhanced TurbulenceIon Line Shuttle Space Station Caused by Exhaust Pickup Ions

Burn

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Spectral Frequency Shift (kHz)

-25 0 25 -25 0 25-25 0 25-25 0 25

Spectral Frequency Shift (kHz)

-25 0 25 -25 0 25-25 0 25-25 0 25

Radar Ion-Line Interpretation 436 km Range/420 km Altitude

-20 -10 0 10 200

2

4

6

8

10

12

Frequency Shift (kHz)

Bac

ksca

tter

Pow

er

Thermal Ion-Line Te = 2690 K, Ti = 1480 K Modified

Ion-Line Spectra

ES Waves Driven by

Instabilities

Ring Ion Distribution

TIG + 63 s

TIG - 117 s

0 20 40 60 80

0

10

20

30

0 20 40 60 80

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3Electrostatic Waves Modes

with Radar Scatter Wave

Number k = 18.43

Radians/Second

kCω 22S

22

k

Ωkω

2

2i

2z2

1

ie2

2x2

e2

2z2

3 ΩΩk

k -Ω

k

kω

30

20

10

0

3

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0

0 20 40 60 80

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 30 60 90

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

f 1 (

Hz)

f 2 (

kHz)

f 3 (

MH

z)

Angle Between k and B, (Degrees)

Ion Cyclotron Waves

Ion Acoustic Waves

Electron Cyclotron

WavesLower Hybrid

Waves

Rad

ar O

bser

vatio

n A

ngle

=

23

Deg

rees

2e

22S

2i Ω kC Ω

ie2

2x2

e2

2z2

3 ΩΩk

k -Ω

k

kω

Comparisons of SIMPLEX II, III, IV and ?

Burn Conditions Radar Pointing

Observations Conclusions

SIMPLEX II

Arecibo

Nighttime

Te = Ti

Offset from Exhaust Trail

Modified Incoherent

Scatter

Ion Acoustic Waves Damped

SIMPLEX III

Millstone Hill

Day Time

Te > Ti

Transverse to Exhaust Trail

Almost No Effect

Looking in the Wrong Place

SIMPLEX IV

Millstone Hill

Day Time

Te > Ti

Quasi- Parallel to

Exhaust Trail

Strong Incoherent

and Coherent Scatter

Undamped Ion-Acoustic Waves

Correct Viewing Geometry

Future

SIMPLEX ?

Jicamarca

Kwajalein

Nighttime

Te = Ti

Damped IA Waves

Quasi- Perpendicula

r to B

Strong Scatter From Lower

Hybrid Waves Expected

Fully Pointable Radar

(ALTAIR/AMISR) Near Equator

Needed

Radar and In Situ Measurements During the Charged Aerosol Release Experiment (CARE)

Charged Dust

Chemical Release SourcePrimary

Release Trajectory

t1

t2

t3

t4

Radial Expansion

t0

t5

Instrumented Daughter Payload

Large Time Settling of Charged ParticulatesAuxiliary

Diagnostic Launches

300 km

150 km

Radar Beam

Negatively Charged Dust Cloud from a Spherical Expansion in a Non-Uniform

Atmosphere with Magnetic FieldBackground Atmosphere

120 km Altitude

T = 323.3 K

0 = 2.34 10-8 kg/m3

H1 = 10.2 km

Al2O3 Particles

Mass 100 kg

Density 3.97 g/cm3

Sizes: 10-9 to 10-6 m

Release ParametersVS = 2 km/s

vm = 0.1 km/s

VX0 = 0.7 km/s

VZ0 = 1.4 km/s

Altitude = 250 km

Two-Dimensional Evolution of Dust Acoustic Waves Excited by CARE

CARE Should Stimulate Dust Streaming Instabilities

• Dust Lowers the Critical Drift for the Farly-Buneman Instability [Rosenberg and Chow, 1998]

• Electron Flow Excites Dust Acoustic Waves by the Low Frequency Hall Current Instability (LFHI) [Rosenberg and Shukla, 2000; 2001]

• Primary dust acoustic waves propagate to the right (+x direction). • Secondary waves propagate in the y direction. Scales and Chae, 2003

Scales, 2004

-100 -50 0 50 100

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

-100 -50 0 50 100

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

VHF/UHF Radar Scatter from Expanding Dust Cloud

300

250

200

150

100

50

0-100 -50 0 50 100

Horizontal Distance (km)

Alti

tude

(km

)

300

250

200

150

100

50

0-100 -50 0 50 100

Horizontal Distance (km)

Alti

tude

(km

)

Turbulent Underdense

Shell

Turbulent Underdense

Shell

Backscatter Oblique Scatter

Summary of AMISR Support for Active Experiments

• ISR is the Primary Diagnostic for Ionospheric Modification Experiments– High Power Radio Waves

• HAARP with MUIR/AMISR• HIPAS with Power AMISR

– Space Shuttle OMS Engine Burns for SIMPLEX• JRO Radar• AMISR 7-Panel Array

– Nano-Particle Release of Dust in Upper Atmosphere for CARE

• Poker Flat AMISR