IN TRODUCTION TO PERMEA BLE BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT IN ... · bituminous permeable pavement is...

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 830 [email protected]

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2017, pp. 830-836, Article ID: IJCIET_08_04_097 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=4 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

INTRODUCTION TO PERMEABLE BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT IN PITHORAGARH

AREA OF UTTARAKHAND Vipul Kumar Saini

Research Student, Department of Civil Engineering, SIT Pithoragarh, UK, India

Anuj Upadhyay Research student, Department of Civil Engineering, SIT Pithoragarh, UK, India

Lokesh Kumar Research Student, Department of Civil Engineering, SIT Pithoragarh, UK, India

ABSTRACT The built environment has grown rapidly over the last 10 years in India, resulting

in large areas of land being paved over with impermeable materials. Over the same period of time the number of occasions that the India experiences three, or more, consecutive days of heavy rainfall has increased by 40%. With climate change predicted to lead to increasingly warmer and wetter weather conditions, rainfall is likely to continue to rise in many states of India, and mainly in Uttarakhand. As a result, many experts believe the kind of wide-scale flooding seen in 2013 and in every year during the monsoon (June –September) generally water logging at road problem is seen in plane areas of Uttarakhand such as in Roorkee, Udham Singh Nagar, Haridwar, etc. permeable pavement is a simple way to control runoff water and to manage it. Bitumen or porous asphalt is the bounding material which is used by us in top most layer of permeable pavement. Through this paper we suggest the best way to reduce these problems and the method for laying of permeable paving road. Key words: Uttarakhand flood, Rainfall, permeable pavement, bitumen.

Cite this Article: Vipul Kumar Saini, Anuj Upadhyay and Lokesh Kumar, Introduction to Permeable Bituminous Pavement in Pithoragarh Area of Uttarakhand. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp. 830-836. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=4

1. INTRODUCTION Urbanisation of rural and lightly developed areas creates an increase in impermeable surfaces due to the construction of buildings and their supporting infrastructure. Increases in impermeable surfaces with traditional drainage systems, kerbs and gutters linked directly to surface drainage networks, can result in high instantaneous water flows that can overwhelm existing infrastructure leading to increased risks of flash flooding. BITUMINOUS

Introduction to Permeable Bituminous Pavement in Pithoragarh Area of Uttarakhand


PERMEABLE PAVING ROAD can play a fundamental role in the majority of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SuDS) designs, providing a practical, long-term answer to surface water flooding that can be implemented quickly and cost effectively. A new, fast draining bituminous pavement solution, it rapidly directs excess water away from road surface. Unlike conventional bitumen, it has a high void content of between 20-25%. This allows surface water to drain through into the sub-strata and dissipate naturally, reducing the risk of surface water flooding and watercourse contamination.The research subsequently investigated the probable changes in physical and strength properties of the mixes casted using Marshall Method of Mix Design, and conclusions were later drawn depending on the comparative result analysis for the best percentage of bitumen as proposed for a roadway of width 3.75m and length of 7m for soil CBR of 4%. In this paper, the proper study of climate condition in Pithoragarh area uttarakhand is shown and on the behalf of this study the model of bituminous permeable pavement is constructed and tested.

2. STUDY AREA The study area falls on the route connecting the Nepal border. The study area is bounded by 80˚11'63"E to 80˚12'3"E longitude and 29˚34'11"N to 29˚34'48"N latitude. It is a well connected with road. It falls on the pithoragarh district, uttarakhand. The area lies in the survey of India topo sheet No.62 C/2 covering the area of 26.25 sqm. The main soil type that are found in the area are Schist, Phyllites, Dolomites, Quartz, etc. The dip amount varies from 35˚ to 70˚ with varying dip directions. The pithoragarh city is located147 km from tanakpur on the way of Nepal border

3. SCOPE OF STUDY A better infrastructural development reflects the nation’s development as a whole. From past few decades pavement construction and latest developments in road sector have been dominating towards the infrastructural development of the nation. Due to the increase in the infrastructure, in towns and cities where there is a lot of hard landscaping and limited green space, only around a tenth of rainwater is absorbed into the ground. This is compared with 80-90% in rural areas. Bituminous permeable pavement from is a solution that offers improved permeability properties over traditional and historical drainage system of India.

4. DESIGN DETAIL

Table 1 Design detail

s.no. Features and elements Calculated value 1 Drainage capacity 750 to 1,000 litres minute per square metre 2 Void content 15-25 % 3 Typical compressive strength 10-20 Nmm square 4 Flexural strength 1.5-3 N/mm square 5 7mm mix Final aesthetic finish 6 120mm mix Ground stabilisation underneath blocks

5. PROBLEMS WITH TRADITIONAL SURFACE WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

POOR QUALITY WATER-Storm water can easily become contaminated by petrol, diesel, heavy metals, detergents and other pollutants while running down mix roads and pathways, before entering the drainage system. These are either drained straight into watercourses or

Vipul Kumar Saini, Anuj Upadhyay and Lokesh Kumar


have to be removed at treatment plants. This problem is exasperated in areas where combined sewers are in place, and places a significant burden on treatment works.

REDUCED GROUNDWATER LEVELS-Directing rainwater directly into watercourses or drains and sewers, results in natural aquifers being bypassed, reducing the level of the water table. This can lead to water shortages and result in natural streams and ponds drying up. A lack of groundwater can also affect the foundations of homes, particularly in areas with clay soils that shrink when they dry out

INCREASED RISK OF CONTANIMATION-Combined sewers often have overflows, also called combined sewer outlets, through which excess water can drain into watercourses in order to protect properties from flooding. These can spill sewage into watercourses and therefore must be continuously monitored and licensed by the Environment Agency to ensure they only operate when the system is receiving excess rainfall.

6. METHODOLOGY A permeable solution is typically constructed with three layers; “permeable bitumen mix” as the surface layer, followed by a permeable aggregate sub-base over undisturbed soil. The dimensions and structure of each layer is dependent on application, prevailing site conditions and performance requirements.

Permeable bitumen mix allows surface water to freely drain through the wearing surface to the underlying ground (or drainage system) with the ability to act as a reservoir during periods of high downfall. During these periods this characteristic can aid in delaying the discharge of surface water into water courses or drainage systems reducing the risk of overwhelming systems and causing flash flooding.

Storage of water in the system can also have a beneficial effect in reducing the heat island effect. During periods of rising temperatures and intense rainfall, water stored within the system evaporates creating a cooling effect reducing surface temperatures.

7. SYSTEMS USE IN PERMEABLE PAVEMENT

SYSTEM - A

Full Infiltration

Allows all water falling on to the surface to Infiltrate through the constructed layers To the underlying ground enabling natural Drainage flows to be maintained.

A full infiltration system is only viable if the Existing ground offers suitable levels of permeability.

Permeable aggregate sub-base

Undisturbed low Permeability soil

permeable Bitumen




Undisturbpermeability soil

Permeable bitumen

Typical formation of a full attenuation system

Drainage system


Undisturbpermeability soil

Typical formation of a partial infiltration system

SYSTEM - B

Partial Infiltration

For use in locations where the underlying

Ground offers some level of permeability

And infiltration, but cannot manage flows

Expected from the drained area.

Within the sub-base layer outlet pipes

Are required to be installed that allow any

Excess water that cannot penetrate into

The existing ground to be drained.

SYSTEM - C

Full Attenuation

Where the existing ground does not permit

Any infiltration, surface water is required

To be attenuated within the system and

Discharged offsite.

The system requires the installation of an

Impermeable membrane above the sub-

Grade and the provision of outlet pipes

Within the sub-base to remove all water.

Drainage system

Permeable bitumen

Impermeable membrane



8. RAINFALL DATA OF STUDY AREA In pithoragarh we use system-C (Full attenuation), because in this area the permeability of soil is found to be very less, as well as this city is suffering from regular problem of water. But during monsoon period, a day in a month has rainfall greater than 70mm, which create problem of flooding or water logged road. So we design the road which allows to permit 1000 ML of water in 2 sec of time.

Figure 1 Rain fall Data

9. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP Most asphalt technologist believes that fundamental changes must be made in the composition of hot mix asphalt and its testing methods. Though there are many methods being followed the basic principle behind them is to arrive at the optimum binder content given the gradation selected and the mechanical properties desired. Here the specimen used is prepared as per standard marshall stability test.10 Which is cylindrical 100mm diameter compacted with marshall compacting hammeron either side with 50 number blows and loaded circumferentially.11-13 Number of bimanous mix samples were prepared and tested for different percentage of bitumen content with 20 percent of void ratio The gradations adopted for DBM mix are taken as specified by manual for construction and supervision of bituminous works MORTH, India.

9.1. Steps for sample preparation for control mix with different bitumen content a) Oven dried aggregate for approximately 12 hours at around 105˚C to 110˚C was separated into the individual specified sizes by dry sieving. b) Individual aggregates were recombined to the correct proportions for approximately 1200 gm specimens according to mix design. c) The aggregates were thoroughly mixed on mixing pan. d) Then after the hot bitumen as per trial percent (say 4.5% of total mix weight) is mixed with aggregate at temperature of 160˚C.

June0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

0 0 0.21.45.25.8

1.2 08.89.2

0 0 0

54.4

3.1

18

0

29

0 0 3.20.2 0 0 0 3.4 0 09.4

2.85.8

19.624.6

0.62.64.80.2 0

8.89.2 7 10.22.4

13.4

56.4

37.6

78.2

0.25.2

0 3.22.4

15.4

72.7

0 1.2

15.8

3.67.44.21.81.86.2

1.4

13.2

0.4

42.6

0.2

19.2

3.6

30.234.5

15.2

3 0 1.64.2

73.2

0.40.8

34.2

0.2 0 0 0 0 0 3.6 09.410.8

2.2 0 0 0 0 0 0

27.629.8

0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

74.4

40.6

1.6 1 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

RAIN

FALL

(MM

)

NO. OF DAYS

Rain fall Data of pithoragarh-2016

June July August September



e) After properly mixing aggregate with bitumen the mix was filled in a mould at a time and compaction plate was placed on which 50 number of blows were given on either sides of sample manual by Marshall Hammer.

10. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Maximum density of compacted specimen is observed at 6% bitumen content for with void ratio 20%, Bulk density varies in the range of 2.18gm/cc to 2.46gm/cc. Maximum percent V. M. A. is observed in specimen with 6 % bitumen content. Percent V. M. A. varies in the range of 13.79% to 18.21% for same percentage of bitumen.

11. CONCLUSION This project turn out to achieve a great help in solving the general problem of water logging road. If we look on some flood prone state of India like Bihar, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, etc. the problem of flood is remain same and this is because the water running off paving or overflowing from the overloaded drainage systems serving them. The reason for this is simple. The majority of our existing drainage systems are designed to remove rainwater as quickly as possible from where it falls and direct it into watercourses or drains. This means in cases of prolonged, heavy rainfall the public sewer system quickly reaches its capacity and consequently overflows.

The continued expansion of the urban environment using impermeable materials, coupled with a growing trend for homeowners to replace lawns and gardens with hard landscaping is placing even more pressure on our aging sewage systems. The pressing need to build more homes to meet the demands of our growing population is only likely to make things worse.

This paper show only the introduction about the permeable pavement and there method of applying in uttarakhand state of India, because the research on this topic is going on and it is the new technology for India. The motive of this paper is to spread the awareness about the permeable pavement in India so that India does not take much time to apply this technology.

REFERENCES [1] North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR).

NCDENR Storm water BMP Manual. NCDENR. North Carolina, 2007.

[2] Hun-Dorris, Tara. Advances in Porous Pavement. Storm water, 2005.

[3] Tennis, P.D., Leming, M.L., Akers, D.J., “Pervious Concrete Pavements” PCA Serial No. 2828, Portland cement Association, 2004.

[4] Ministry Of Road Transport & Highways Specifications for Road and Bridge Works, Fourth Revision, 2001.

[5] ASTM C 1319-95, Standard Specification for Concrete Grid Paving Units, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.04, American Society for Testing and Materials, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 1996.

[6] Ferguson, B. K. (2005). Porous Pavements. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.

[7] D’Arcy BJ, Usman F, Griffiths D, Chatfield P. Initiatives to tackle diffuse pollution in the UK. Water Science and Technology 1998; 38(10): pp.131–8, 2006.

[8] Dierkes C, Kuhlman L, Kandasamy J, Angelis G. Pollution retention capability and maintenance of permeable pavements. In: Strecker EW, editor. Proceedings of the ninth international conference on urban drainage, Portland, USA, pp. 8–13, September 2002.



[9] Tota-Maharaj, K., and Scholz, M., Permeable (pervious) pavements and geothermal heat pumps: addressing sustainable urban stormwater management and renewable energy. International Journal of Green Economics, Vol. 3 (3-4), pp.447-461, 2009.

[10] Tota-Maharaj, K., Grabowiecki, P., and Scholz, M., Energy and temperature performance analysis of geothermal (ground source) heat pumps integrated with permeable pavement systems for urban run-off reuse International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, Vol. 2 (3), pp.201–213, 2009.

[11] Charlesworth S. M., Everett M., McCarthy R., Ordóñez A. and De Miguel, E. A (2003b) A Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Concentration and distribution in Deposited Street Dusts in a Large and a Small Urban Area: Birmingham and Coventry, West Midlands,UK. Environment International. 29: pp.563 – 573.

[12] Grabowiecki, P., Scholz, M. and Coupe S.J. Combined permeable pavement and ground source heat pump systems to control runoff and recycle energy. 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK August 31st-September 5th 2008.

[13] Newman, A.P., Pratt, C.J., Coupe, S.J. and Cresswell, N. Oil biodegradation in permeable pavements by inoculated and indigenous microbial communities. Water Science and Technology 45: pp.51-56, 2002.

[14] Guzzetti, E., S. Peruccacci, M. Rossi, and C.P. Stark. The Rainfall Intensity–Duration Control of Shallow Landslides and Debris Flows: An Update, Springer-Verlag, 2007.

[15] Ozdemir, A. Preventing Natural Hazard Risks through Sustainable Site Design, Ankara, Turkey. Department of Landscape Architecture, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 457-462, 2008.

IN TRODUCTION TO PERMEA BLE BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT IN ... · bituminous permeable pavement is...

Documents

Transcript of IN TRODUCTION TO PERMEA BLE BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT IN ... · bituminous permeable pavement is...