Improving Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture · Improving Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture ......
Transcript of Improving Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture · Improving Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture ......
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Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
Improving Water Use Improving Water Use Efficiency in AgricultureEfficiency in Agriculture
E. J. Sadler E. J. Sadler –– USDAUSDA--ARS Columbia MOARS Columbia MOW. C. Bausch W. C. Bausch –– USDAUSDA--ARS Ft Collins COARS Ft Collins CON. R. Fausey N. R. Fausey –– USDAUSDA--ARS Columbus OHARS Columbus OHR. B. Ferguson R. B. Ferguson –– University of Nebraska, Lincoln NE University of Nebraska, Lincoln NE
Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
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Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
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Four Case StudiesFour Case Studies
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Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
Case 1 Case 1 -- Platte River ValleyPlatte River Valley
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Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
Central Platte Natural Resources District Central Platte Natural Resources District Groundwater Management Area (GWMA)Groundwater Management Area (GWMA)
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Kearney
Shelton
GibbonElm Creek
Miller
Riverdale
Amherst
Odessa
BUFFALO
.-, 80
(/ 30
(/18 3
(/18 3
(/40
(/40
(/30
.-, 80
(/10
(/ 30
(/10
.-, 80
(/30
(/
CH ER R Y
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SH ER ID AN
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THOM A SHO O KE R
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LO GA N
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AN TE LO P E
AD AM S
PIE R CE
VALL EY
DIX O N
BU TL ER
DO DGE
TH AY ER
CU M ING
HARL AN
LA NC AST ER
PH ELPS
KE YA P AH A
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MC PH E RS ON
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THUR S TO N
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DA KO T A
WA S HING TO N
LOW ER L OUP
UPPER LOU PNORTH PLA TTE
TWI N P LATTE
NEMA HA
UPPER NI OBR ARA WH ITEMID DLE NIO BRAR A
LOW ER E LKHO RN
CENTRA L PLA TTE
LITTLE BLUEMID DLE REPU BLIC AN
UPPER ELKH ORN
SOUTH PLAT TE
UPPER BI G BLUE
TRI BASIN
LOW ER N IO BRAR A
UPP ER REPUB LICA N
LOW ER R EPUB LICA N
LO WER BIG BLU E
LEWI S AND CLARK
PAPIO -MIS SOUR I RIV ER
LOWER P LATTE SOUTH
LOWER P LATTE N ORTH
Reference MapReference Map
Central Platte Natural Resources DistrictGroundwater Quality Management Program
Central Platte Natural Resources DistrictGroundwater Quality Management Program
0 - 7.5 ppm#
7.5 - 15 ppm#
Over 15 ppm#
Nitrate Levels (ppm)
Phase I
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Management Areas
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Grand Island
Cent
Shelton
Gibbon
Alda
Cairo
Wood River
St. Libory
Chapman
Archer
HALL
MERRICK
HOWARD
HAMILT
.-,80
(/30
(/3 0
.-,8 0
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(/ 2
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(/3 4
(/28 1
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HO LT
SIO U X
CU ST E R
LIN C OL N
SH ER ID AN
GA RD E N
KN OX
KE ITH
DA WES
RO CK
MO R RIL L
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CH AS E
DU ND Y
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GR AN T
DA WSO N HA LL
CL AY
OT OE
CH EY E NN E
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CA SS
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LOW ER L OUP
UPPER LOU PNORTH PLA TTE
TWI N P LATTE
NEMA HA
UPPER NI OBR ARA WH ITEMID DLE NIO BRAR A
LOW ER E LKHO RN
CENTRA L PLA TTE
LITTLE BLUEMID DLE REPU BLIC AN
UPPER ELKH ORN
SOUTH PLAT TE
UPPER BI G BLUE
TRI BASI N
LOW ER N IO BRAR A
UPP ER REPUB LICA N
LOW ER R EPUB LICA N
LO WER BIG BLU E
LEWI S AND CLARK
PAPIO -MIS SOUR I RIV ER
LOWER P LATTE SOUTH
LOW ER P LATTE N ORTH
Reference MapReference Map
Central Platte Natural Resources DistrictGroundwater Quality Management Program
Central Platte Natural Resources DistrictGroundwater Quality Management Program
0 - 7.5 ppm#
7.5 - 15 ppm#
Over 15 ppm#
Nitrate Levels (ppm)
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Management AreasN
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Island
Central City
Clarks
ibory
Silver Creek
Chapman
ArcherMERRICK
POLK
NANCE
HAMILTON
PLATTE
(/3 4
8 1
(/30
(/30
(/92 (/92
(/ 14
(/30
(/14
(/66
(/30
(/ 14
(/30
(/9 2
(/39
(/30
(/3 9
(/30
CH ER R Y
HOLT
SIO U X
CU ST E R
LIN C OL N
SH ER ID AN
GA RD E N
KN OX
KE ITH
DA WES
ROCK
MOR RIL L
BR OWN
GA GE
CH AS E
DU ND Y
KIM B AL L
GR AN T
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CL AY
OT OE
CH EY E NN E
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BU FF AL O
HA YE S
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YO RKPE RK IN S
BL AIN E
BO YD
FR ON T IER
BO X BU TT E
BOON E
BU RT
PL AT TE
BA NN E R
FU RN A S
AR TH U R
TH OM A SHO OKE R
PO LK
LO GA N
SA LIN E
AN TE LOP E
AD AM S
PIE R CE
VA LL EY
DIX ON
BU TL ER
DODG E
TH AY ER
CU M ING
HA RL AN
LA NC AS T ER
PH EL PS
KE YA P AH A
SA UN D ER S
DE UE L
MC PH E RS O N
SE W AR D
NA NC E
HO WAR D
MA DI SO N
GR EE L EY
HIT C HC OCK
WA Y NE
FR AN K LIN
FIL LM ORE
WH E EL ER
WE B ST ER
SH ER M AN
GA RF IE LD
RE D W ILL OW
KE AR N EYGOSP E R
ME RR IC K
NU CK O LL S
HA MI LT ON
CO LF AX
SC OT T S B LU F F
PA WNE EJE FF ER SON
NE MA H A
ST AN TON
RIC H AR D SO N
JOHN S ON
SA RP Y
TH UR S TON
DO UGL AS
DA KO T A
WA S HIN G TON
LOW ER L OUP
UPPER LOU PNORTH PLA TTE
TWI N P LATTE
NEMA HA
UPPER NI OBR ARA WH ITEMID DLE NIO BRAR A
LOW ER E LKHO RN
CENTRA L PLA TTE
LITTLE BLUE
MID DLE REPU BLIC AN
UPPER ELKH ORN
SOUTH PLAT TE
UPPER BI G BLUE
TRI BASI N
LOW ER N IO BRAR A
UPP ER REPUB LICA N
LOW ER R EPUB LICA N
LO WER BIG BLU E
LEWI S AND CLARK
PAPIO -MIS SOUR I RIV ER
LOW ER P LATTE SOUTH
LOW ER P LATTE N ORTH
Reference MapReference Map
Central Platte Natural Resources DistrictGroundwater Quality Management Program
Central Platte Natural Resources DistrictGroundwater Quality Management Program
0 - 7.5 ppm#
7.5 - 15 ppm#
Over 15 ppm#
Nitrate Levels (ppm)Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Management Areas
● 0 – 7.5 mg L-1 Phase 1● 7.5 – 12 mg L-1 Phase 2● > 12 mg L-1 Phase 3If no response: Phase 4
Regulation on N fertilizer managementto solve high groundwater N problems
4
Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
Platte Valley Nitrogen and Platte Valley Nitrogen and Irrigation Management Irrigation Management Demonstration ProjectDemonstration Project
Over the life of the project, average values:Expected corn yield 11.0 Mg/haActual corn yield 10.7 Mg/haRecommended N rate 145 kg/haSoil N credit 75 kg/haIrrigation water N credit 31 kg/ha
Over the life of the project, average values:Expected corn yield 11.0 Mg/haActual corn yield 10.7 Mg/haRecommended N rate 145 kg/haSoil N credit 75 kg/haIrrigation water N credit 31 kg/ha
Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
Trends in the Central Platte ValleyTrends in the Central Platte Valley
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Irrig
atio
n W
ater
Nitr
ate
N (m
g L-1
)
10
12
14
16
18
20
Soi
l Res
idua
l Nitr
ate
N (l
b ac
re-1
)
60
80
100
120
140
67
90
112
134
157
Soil
Res
idua
l Nitr
ate
N (k
g ha
-1)
5
Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
OhioIndiana
Michigan
Illinois
Wisconsin
Missouri
Iowa
Minnesota
Case 2 - US Corn Belt Region
Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
6
Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
Fertilizer N,kg km-2 year-1
N loss,kg km-2 year-1
Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
US Corn Belt TileUS Corn Belt Tile--Drained LandsDrained Lands
>200,000 km2 in US MidwestSubsurface and surface drainageDocumented loss of nitrate to streamsContributes to Gulf of Mexico hypoxiaPotential to reduce nitrate loss by 30-50%
7
Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
Effect of Controlled Drainage on Effect of Controlled Drainage on Nitrate LossNitrate Loss
Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
Methods to Control DrainageMethods to Control Drainage
8
Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
Louisiana
Arkansas
Missouri
Kentucky
Illinois
Tennessee
New Orleans
Case study 3 Case study 3 -- Lower Lower Mississippi River Valley Mississippi River Valley (LMRV) Delta(LMRV) DeltaAll was cypress swamps, cut for timber in late 1800’s.
Surface drainage was done in early 1900’s.
It has ~70,000 km2 of cropland, with very little other industry.
Approximately half is irrigated.
The LMRV is where new irrigation is being added in the USA.
Alluvial Aquifer is a good irrigation water supply.
Despite that, some areas now have water shortages.
Mississippi
Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
WellRice Field
Irrigation Tubing
Levee
Levee spill
9
Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
Case 4 Case 4 -- Precision Irrigation Precision Irrigation Florence SCFlorence SC
Modified commercial center pivotControl 9-m sections independentlyUsed it to find production functions for water and N for corn
Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
150 200 250 300 350 400
300
350
400
450
500
550
150 200 250 300 350 400
300
350
400
450
500
550
150 200 250 300 350 400
300
350
400
450
500
550
150 200 250 300 350 400
300
350
400
450
500
550
150 200 250 300 350 400
300
350
400
450
500
550
150 200 250 300 350 400
300
350
400
450
500
550
150 200 250 300 350 400
300
350
400
450
500
550
150 200 250 300 350 400
300
350
400
450
500
550
150 200 250 300 350 400
300
350
400
450
500
550
Max Yield Max Profit Max Yield - Max Profit
1999
2000
2001
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Z = 10.9
Z = 11.1
Z = 12.3
Z = 10.5
Z = 10.6
Z = 12.0
Z = 0.44
Z = 0.50
Z = 0.31
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1014 Mg/ha2 10 Mg/ha0
Yield
Mg/ha0 14 0 10
10
Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
150 200 250 300 350 400
300
350
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500
550
150 200 250 300 350 400
300
350
400
450
500
550
150 200 250 300 350 400
300
350
400
450
500
550
150 200 250 300 350 400
300
350
400
450
500
550
150 200 250 300 350 400
300
350
400
450
500
550
150 200 250 300 350 400
300
350
400
450
500
550
150 200 250 300 350 400
300
350
400
450
500
550
150 200 250 300 350 400
300
350
400
450
500
550
150 200 250 300 350 400
300
350
400
450
500
550
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100120140160180200220240260280300
Z = 278
Z = 252
Z = 189
Z = 228
Z = 212
Z = 130
Z = 51
Z = 40
Z = 61
0 20 40 60 80 100120140160180200220240260280300300 mm-20 300 mm0
1999
2000
2001
Irrigation Max Yield Max Profit Max Yield - Max Profit
51 mm18%
40 mm16%
61 mm32%
Savings
Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
IWUEkg/ha-mm
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
0 50 100
Scale, mMean = 20.6
135 kg/ha
Mean = 25.3
225 kg/ha
Spatial Irrigation Water Use EfficiencySpatial Irrigation Water Use Efficiencyfor two fertilizer rates on maizefor two fertilizer rates on maize
Florence, SC, data for 2000.
11
Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
Calculated N Use EfficiencyCalculated N Use Efficiency(marginal response to N)(marginal response to N)
YH - YLNUE =
NH - NL
WhereY = yield, kg/haNH = 225 kg/haNL = 135 kg/ha
Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
EconomicBreakevenPoint (1998)
kg corn/kg N
Marginal corn yield benefit from N fertilizer 150% irrigation, 2000
150 200 250 300 350 400
300
350
400
450
500
550
-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-50510152025303540455055
EconomicBreakevenPoint (2006)
12
Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
kg corn/kg N
Marginal corn yield benefit from N fertilizer 150% irrigation, 2001
150 200 250 300 350 400
300
350
400
450
500
550
-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-50510152025303540455055
EconomicBreakevenPoint (1998)
EconomicBreakevenPoint (2006)
Optimizing Resource Use Efficiency for Sustainable Intensification of AgricultureKunming, China, 27 February – 2 March 2006
ConclusionsConclusions
WUE can be improved• Identify and reduce losses of water• Increase yield
Must address both WUE and fertilizer use efficiency, particularly N• Identify and reduce losses of N (P, K…) • Optimize irrigation with N (P, K…)