Implementing Ecosystem-Based Management in East Asia...

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2009/FWG/WKSP/006

Implementing Ecosystem-Based Management in

East Asia: PEMSEA’s Experience Title

Submitted by: PEMSEA

Workshop on Implementing Ecosystem Approaches to Fisheries in the Context of the

Broader Marine EnvironmentVancouver, Canada

28-29 May 2009

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Implementing Ecosystem-Based Management in East Asia: PEMSEA’s experience

Implementing Ecosystem-Based Management in East Asia: PEMSEA’s experience

Dr. Chua Thia-EngCouncil Chair, East Asian Seas Partnership Council,

Partnerships in Environment Management of the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA)

The Seas of East Asia

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The Seas of East Asia: managing complexities

MPA

• ~72% of 2 billion population in EAS live close to seas with diverse political & religious beliefs and cultural practices;

• Rich ecosystems and centre of biodiversity under threats;

•Enormous disparity in living standards—income, education and capacity

•Security threats: food, safety, environment, health;

•Impacts of climate change and financial crisis.

Socioeconomic, cultural, political and environmental connectivity & diversity

Challenges to Regional Governance of the Seas of East AsiaRegional efforts were and still are inefficient, inadequate and ineffective to sustain ecosystem services, reduce multiple use conflicts or significantly reversed environmental degradation inmost coastal land and seas in the region due to

1. Inadequate environmental planning and management at local and national levels, coupled with policy, institutional and enforcement failures

2. Lack of needed integrated management capacity especially at the local level to plan and manage the sustainable use of their natural resources.

3. Inability to link economic and social benefits to environmental management often makes environmental issues low in the political and economic agenda of most countries.

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The Global Environment Facility (GEF) Initiatives

The Global Environment Facility (GEF) Initiatives

Marine Pollution Preventionand Management in the East Asian Seas (MPP-EAS)1994-199911 countries

Building Partnerships inEnvironmental Managementfor the Seas of East Asia(PEMSEA)1999-200712 countries

SDS-SEA Implementation (PEMSEA)2007-201013 Countries

PEMSEA’s Strategic Focus and building blocks towards Sustainable Development

1. Strengthen the concept & practices of integrated coastal and ocean management and their scaling up & streamline into economic agenda;

2. Promote national coastal and ocean policy development and implementation;

3. Strengthen regional cooperation and collaboration in coastal and ocean governance through SDS-SEA implementation;

4. Organize triennial ministerial forum and international conferences during EAS Congress to facilitate interactions between policymakers, business community, civil society, scientific and academic communities and other stakeholders;

5. Develop practical guidelines and strengthen human resource development at local and national levels to increase regional capacity towards responsible coastal and ocean governance.

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Basic principles of Sustainable Development

The operatioin of ICM is guided by the 3 fundamental principles of SD to manage human activities:

1. Ecosystem-based Management;2. Adaptive Management;3. Integration and interrelationship

Mobilizing partnerships at local, national and regional levels

Vertical Partnerships

Stakeholders Partnerships

Horizontal Partnerships

Government efforts alone is not enough to achieve sustainable development

Partnershipsgovernments

Business sector Media

Scientific &Academic community

NGOsLocal Communities

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The “I” and “T” approach in coastal management

Fish

erie

s

Min

ing

Port

and

Ship

ping

Coa

stal

Con

stru

ctio

n

Tour

ism

Governance framework and participatory platform

coordination

integration

Chua TE (in press)

Building Block (1)

Building consensus on and appreciation for the integrated management approach and its application to

a) build coordinating and integrating mechanisms for addressing complex, cross-cutting and complicated management problems of the coasts and oceans;

b) protect and preserve the functional integrity of ecosystems and to ensure sustainable flow of ecosystem services;

c) effective use of adaptive management to address ecosystem andmanagement uncertainties and application of precautionary principles where appropriate;

d) build multi stakeholders’ participation and interagency cooperation;

e) enable interdisciplinary research to generate information for policy and management decisions

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Building Block (1)

f) build policy and management fundamentals to prepare local governments to cope with severe environmental degradation, climate change and the environmental impacts of financial crisis.

g) demonstrate cost-effectiveness through local implementation and scaling up of integrated coastal management (ICM)

Build on the experience of past coastal resource management/ ICMBuild on the experience of past coastal resource management/ ICMor ICZM initiativesor ICZM initiatives

Some successes

1) Human capital development at local especially community level;

2) Improved knowledge-base of the ecosystems;

3) Increased local government involvement and participation;

4) Linking science to policy making

5) Facilitating national coastal policy development

6) Strengthening environmental stewardship

ShihwaShihwa

BataanBataan

Quang NamQuang Nam

SukabumiSukabumi

CaviteCavite

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Bali

Nampo

Chonburi

Klang

Danang

Sihanoukville

Coastline: 1,242 kmSea Area: 9,862 km2

Land Area: 9,432 km2

Population: 6 million

Coastline: 1,242 kmSea Area: 9,862 km2

Land Area: 9,432 km2

Population: 6 million

Demonstrating the viability of ICM concept through pilot projects (1994- present)

Develop Policymaking and Management Framework

Stakeholder Consultation/Participation

Communication Monitoring and Evaluation

Needs Assessment

Direction Setting Institutional

Analysis

Adoption and Implemen-tation

Monitoring and

Evaluation

Policy Analysis

Policymaking framework

Coordinating Mechanism

Strategic Planning/ Action Plan

Sustainable Financing

Capacity and Confidence Building

Legal Framework

Environmental Monitoring

Management framework

DIRECTION

CORE ENABLING MECHANISMS

CORE SUSTAINABLITY MEASURES

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Integrated Coastal Planning and Management process

Based on DPSIR

Integrated Coastal Management System (ICMS) : a Comprehensive Governance (Policy and Management) Framework

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Building Block (2)

Promoting geographical and functional scaling up of ICM practices to

a) cover larger ecosystems and bays across 20% of regional coastline;

b) forge sub regional coordination and integration

c) develop working models for comprehensive trans boundary management of shared ecosystems or shared fish stocks as well as reduction of pollution loads in shared water bodies;

ICM Scaling Up

ICM Testing

• Batangas

• Xiamen

ICM Demonstration

• Bali

• Chonburi

• Danang

• Nampho

• Port Klang

• Sihanoukville

ICM Parallel Replication

• Bataan

• Shihwa

• Sukabumi

• Cavite

• Quangnam

• 10 sites in China

• 3 sites in Bali

ICM Scaling-Up

• 20% of Regional Coastline by 2015

Better Coastal

Governance

through Stronger

Local Alliance

ICM WorkingModel

ICMCodification

Xiamen

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Manila Bay

Seto Inland Sea

Chesapeake Bay

Gulf ofThailand

Jakarta Bay

ICM Scaling up : forging subregional Integration and Coordination

Masan-ChinhaeBay

Building Block (3)

Building policy supports at all levels to

a) provide directions for management actions

b) increase interagency coordination and partnerships

c) enable provision of financial supports and human resource development;

d) mobilize political endorsements for coastal and ocean governance.

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Coastal / Ocean policies: Strong Fundamentals

Countries in the East Asian Seas region with ocean/coastal policy and legislations:

Ocean Agenda 21 of China (1996)Ocean Agenda 21 of RO Korea (2000)Coastal Management Act of RO Korea (1999,2009-revised)Sea Area Use Management Law of PR China (2002)ICM Act of Indonesia (2007)Ocean Basic Law of Japan (2007)Executive Order 533 of the Philippines (2006)Prime Minister’s Decision No. 158 of Vietnam (2007)

Building block 4

Building regional cooperation and collaboration to strengthen management of the East Asian Seas through long-term implementation of the Sustainable Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia (SDS-SEA)—toa) include all the 6 LME and address related watersheds;b) increase effective implementation of relevant international conventions; c) reduce trans boundary conflicts within the regiond) achieve sustainable development of the coasts and seas of East Asia.

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Sustainable Development Strategy for Sustainable Development Strategy for the Seas of East Asia (SDSthe Seas of East Asia (SDS--SEA)SEA)

Regional declaration of commitments to implement a shared vision and common objectives

Regional declaration of commitments to implement a shared vision and common objectives

A holistic approach for addressing both sectoraland cross-sectoral issues through 6 major strategies and 227 action programs

A holistic approach for addressing both sectoraland cross-sectoral issues through 6 major strategies and 227 action programs

Adopted the SDS-SEA as a common framework for regional cooperation and partnerships

Putrajaya Declaration adopted by Ministerial ForumRegional implementation of the WSSD Plan of Implementation

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Building Block (5)

Building a regional implementing mechanism to

a) coordinate, facilitate and support the implementation of the SDS-SEA;b) enhance institutional and leadership capacity building; c) build regional consensus and partnership on sustainable coastal and marine development in the region;

EAS Executive Committee

EAS Partnership Council• Participating Governments of EAS nations• Non-state partners• UN Agencies and Organizations• International Financial Institutions

Ministers Forum

EAS Congress

Monitoring & Evaluation

Performance

Policy

Secretariat Services

Technical Services

PEMSEA Resource Facility

Regional Partnership

Fund

Regional Task Force

Priorities & Objectives`

SDS-SEA Implementation

State of Coasts Report

PEMSEA Regional Implementing MechanismPEMSEA Regional Implementing Mechanismas established by the as established by the

Haikou Partnership Agreement, December 2006Haikou Partnership Agreement, December 2006

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PEMSEA PartnersPEMSEA PartnersSTATE PARTNERS

CambodiaChina

DPR KoreaIndonesia

JapanLao PDR

PhilippinesRO KoreaSingapore

Timor LesteVietnam

• Thailand (observer)

NON-STATE PARTNERSCI

CMCGEF/SGP

IOIInternational EMECS Center

IOC/WESTPACKEIKMI

KORDINOWPAP

OPRFOSRL/EARL

PMLSENSAYSLME

UNEP/GPA

Building Block (6)Strengthening institutional and leadership capacity to plan and manage coastal areas and the adjacent seas to

a) enable replication and scaling up of integrated coastal management application;

b) increase level of capacity and resilience to deal with climate change and environmental degradation as well as the challenges of financial crisis;

c) increase knowledge and sharing of experiences by networking, specialized training and internships;

d) support centres of excellence and develop university networks.

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Building Block (7) Practical Guidelines

Distilling lessons learned from past practices to formulate practical guidelines that contribute to sustaining the flow of essential ecosystem services and sustainable coastal and ocean development by

a) strengthening the application of essential elements of coastal governance and their dynamics;

b) addressing key sustainable development concerns including the management of disasters, habitats, water use and resource, pollution prevention and management, food safety and security, and livelihoods

c) supporting the implementation of relevant international conventions and

d) regulating human actives including consumption and use patterns.

Practical guidelines: Governance

1. plan, develop and implement policy, strategies and action plans to address identified site-specific sustainable development issues including ecosystem risks and mainstream into economic development agenda

• Common visions

•Strategic and horizontal scoping

•Risk analysis

•Tradeoffs

•Integrated planning

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Practical Guidelines: Management

2. develop and implement coastal zoning

Xiamen, China

Practical Guidelines: Governance

3. Develop effective legislative and enforcing measures for regulating unsustainable development practices especially at thelocal level of government

•National legislation

•Local ordinances

•Integrated enforcement

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4. Keep the public informed and involved so as to mobilize the concerned stakeholder's ( including private sector) support

Make invisible information visible to policymakers and public


5. Strengthen national and local capacity to plan and manage their coastal and marine areas through effective capacity development programs

Internship programInformation Networking

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Xiamen Municipal Government Planning CommitteeTrade and Commerce CommitteeCity Construction CommitteeScience & Technology CommitteeTransport CommitteeStructural Reform CommitteeHaicang Management CommitteeSocial Security DepartmentFinance Department

Marine and FisheriesEnvironmentTourismPlanningMaritimePort AuthorityLegalMaritime DefenseLand, Natural Resources andHousing

Marine Management OfficeScientific Advisory

Panel

Chair: MayorVice Chairs: Deputy Vice Mayors

Marine Management Coordination

6. Build coordinating mechanism to facilitate policy and functional integration and implementation at local, national and regional level


1. reduce or reverse the continue degradation of environmental quality especially in the urbanized coastal areas

1/3 population in EAS without access to safe, sustainable water

supply; ½ without access to improved sanitation;

Make sanitation and water supply services accessible to Urban and rural poor

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2. Halt further habitat destruction and intensify measures for restoration of ecosystem functions

•Implement management measures to stop habitat destruction

•Restore degraded habitats

•Establish, protect and sustain MPA’s functions


I3. Integrate MPAs into ICM framework

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4. Establish adaptation response to climate change~ use ICM approach to

evaluate & manage risks

~reduce vulnerability by enhancing adaptive capacity and increasing resilience

~build management fundamentals


5. Mitigate natural hazards arising from their increasing frequencies and intensification due to climate change

Natural Disasters

•2004 Indonesia Tsunami 200,000 killed; 500,000 homeless Cost >$15B

•2008 Myanmar cyclone >100,000 lives? Economic loss?

•2008 Chengdu earthquake >60,000 lives ? Economic loss?

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6. Increase the response efficiency for addressing man-made disasters in particular oil and chemical spills, introduction of exotic species and contamination of sea products


7. Reduce unsustainable production, conserve biodiversity and reduce over capitalization in fishing efforts so as to reduce or halt overexploitation of inshore fisheries and migratory stocks.

•EAS produces 40% of world fishery products and 80% of world aquaculture.

Implement FAO code of Conduct on Responsible Fisheries

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8. ensure continue supply of drinking water, regulate water allocation and use especially exploitation of underwater, conservation of water resources and management in light of increase demand

• 1/3 population in EAS without access to safe, sustainable water supply; ½ without access to improved sanitation;

• 90% of renewable water resources in Asia are used for industrial, agriculture and other uses; only 5% for consumption!

[

Practical Guidelines : Management 9. Promote sustainable coastal and marine eco-tourism

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10. Reduce coastal poverty through livelihoods programs

Concluding Remarks

Analysis of the operation of EMB and ICM showed that the essential elements and the processes are very much similar.

The building block approach enables a) speedy response to unregulated human activities;b) building confidence, trust, partnership and capacity at all levelsc) gradual spatial and temporal scaling up of management interventions; d) gradual but strategic coverage of the whole ecosystem;e) building management fundamentals and capacity to respond to greater challenge of climate change and financial crisis

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The Seas of East Asia

Thank You

One World, one ocean, one people

Implementing Ecosystem-Based Management in East Asia...

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