AP World History

Chapter 25b

Imperialism in Southeast Asia &

Pacific

What is the Pacific Rim?

Imperialism Southeast Asia European Powers Invade the “Pacific Rim”

Lands of Southeast Asia that border the Pacific Ocean

Britain – Malaysia, Burma, and Singapore

Netherlands – Indonesia

France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)

Why?

Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts

Excellent for plantation agriculture

Sugar Cane, Coffee, Cocoa, Rubber, Coconuts, Bananas, Pineapple

Oil

Tin

European Intervention

Strategic interests

Malayan Peninsula

Singapore

Economic

Markets

Raw materials

Plantation Crops (rubber, tropical plants)

Cultural-religious

Missionaries

The Dutch

Dutch East India Company

controlled all of the

Indonesian archipelago

Called Dutch East Indies

Rich in plantation crops, oil

& rubber

Rigid social structure

Dutch East Indies

Countries - Dutch Oil, Tin Rubber

Considered Indonesia to be a part of

the Netherlands

Moved there and lived

Set up a rigid social class system

Dutch

Wealthy and Educated

Indonesians

Plantation workers

Dutch forced farmers to plant 1/5th

of their land in a specific export crop

Plantation Agriculture - Rubber

Countries

British

Compete with the Dutch

Trading bases from India-China sea

routes

Tin and Rubber-Singapore

France

Been there since 17th Century

Direct Colonial Management

Didn’t encourage local industry, rice

production-local consumption

decreased

The British & the Malayan Peninsula

Singapore became vital because:

Needed way-station for Indo-Chinese trade

Opening of Suez Canal & increased demand for tin and rubber

Established colonies in Malaysia & Myanmar

Encouraged Chinese immigration

Malays became a minority

Conflict continues today

Singapore

The French & Indochina

Murder of missionaries

Emperor Napoleon III 1840s

Indochina included

Vietnam

Laos

Cambodia

Direct control

Industrialization disallowed

4x more land devoted to rice

production

However consumption

decreased as rice was exported.

Siam (Thailand) Independence

Neutral zone between British

controlled Burma & French

Indochina

Modernization of education,

legal & government under King

Mongkut & son

Built its own infrastructure

Reforms came from its own gov.

which reduced:

Racist treatment

Social turmoil &

Economic exploitation

Colonial Impact:

Results

Modernization helps the European businesses

Economies grew based on cash crops

Goods sold on world market

Education, health, and sanitation improves

Roads, harbors, rail system

Communication and transportation

Millions migrate to find work

Racial and religious clashes increase

Melting Pot of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Buddhists

U.S. Imperialism in the

Pacific Islands Most disliked idea of colonizing

other nations

Ambitious empire builders fulfill destiny as world power

Business interests-new markets and trade

Spanish-American War-1898

Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba

Filipino’s traded one colonizer for another

U.S. Imperialism in the Philippines

Cuban War of Independence

Presidents Cleveland and

McKinley

Yellow Journalism

Sinking of the USS Maine

Attacked Philippines first

Took over Spain’s territories

Guam

Puerto Rico

Philippines

Emilio Aguinaldo

- Philippines

Betrayed by US as US

promised immediate

independence

Help prepare them for self-rule: roads, schools, hospitals

Led rebellion which lasted

from 1899-1902

US promised it would

prepare them for self-rule.

US encouraged growing of

cash crops

Queen

Liliuokalani

Last monarch and only

queen regent of the

Kingdom of Hawaii

r. 1891-1895

A U.S. military-backed coup

deposed her in 1893 and

formed a provisional

government; Hawaii was

declared a republic in 1894

U.S. and Hawaii Hawaii-1790s port on way to China and

East India

1820s-Sugar trade

1890 McKinley Tariff Act

Annexation

Queen Liliuokalani Called for new constitution increase her

power

1894-Sanford B. Dole President Republic of Hawaii

1895 – Queen abdicates throne

1898-Annexed by U.S.

Westernization

Australia British settlers displaced the indigenous populations of

Australia and New Zealand

1769-1778 - Captain James Cook explored New Zealand and

eastern coast of Australia

Expanded shipping network and more people

Australia – Melanesian 650,000

New Zealand – Maori 250,000

Due to isolation, vulnerable to diseases

By 1890s 93,000 aboriginal Australians & 42,000 Maori

1788 - 1st permanent British to Australia were 736 convicts

1851 – Gold discovered – increased settlers

New Zealand

First settlers slaughtered seals and exported pelts

1806 – 60,000 sealskins exported

By 1820 nearly extinct

Also hunted sperm whales for oil, ambergris (used in

perfume) and whalebone (used in women’s corsets)

After 1860 a brief gold rush

By early 1880s had 500,000 British settlers

Followed the 1867 Dominion of Canada self governing rule

Voters had to be able to read & write English to vote

India under British Rule

Sepoys – Indian troops who guarded British trading posts

1691 – Great Britain's East India Company (EIC) started a

company trading post at port of Calcutta

Due to deaths of EIC men in a jail, they overthrew the nawab

(Muslim princes who were deputies of the Mughal emperor)

EIE was given the right to rule Bengal in 1765

City of Bombay became 3rd major center of British power

Sepoy Rebellion 1857-1858

The Sepoy Mutiny was a violent and very bloody uprising against

British rule in India in 1857

In Britain and in the West, it was almost always portrayed as a

series of unreasonable and bloodthirsty uprisings spurred by

falsehoods about religious insensitivity.

In India, it has been viewed quite differently, and events of 1857

have been considered the first outbreak of an independence

movement against British rule.

Rifles required a new type of cartridges wrapped in paper, which

had been coated in a grease which made the cartridges easier to

load in rifle barrels – Rumors from cows & pigs

Attacked British civilians, including women and children

India

1858 Britain eliminated the last traces of Mughal & company

rule

Created new Secretary of State for India

1858 Queen Victoria guaranteed all Indians equal protection

of the law and the freedom to practice their religions and

social customs

Members of the Indian Civil Service (ICS) held senior

administrative and judicial posts

Promoted the introduction of new technologies –railroads

Flood of poor Indians into cities - spread of cholera

India & Britain in 1858