Imperial Japanese Army.pdf

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Imperial Japanese Army 1

Imperial Japanese Army

Imperial Japanese Army (IJA)

Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun

The ensign of the Imperial Japanese Army

Active 18671945

Country Empire of Japan

Allegiance The Emperor

Branch Army

Type Army

Role Military force

Size 6,095,000 men at its height

Engagements First Sino-Japanese War

Russo-Japanese War

World War I

Second Sino-Japanese War

World War II

Commanders

Notable

commanders

Yamagata Aritomo, yama Iwao, Kotohito Kan'in, Hajime Sugiyama, Hideki Tojo, Yasuji Okamura, Shunroku

Hata, Tadamichi Kuribayashi, Tomoyuki Yamashita, Masaharu Homma

The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) (Kyjitai: , Shinjitai: ,

Romaji: Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun) literally "Army of the Greater Japanese Empire", was the official

ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan, from 1871 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Army

General Staff Office and the Ministry of War, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as

supreme commander of the army and the navy. Later an Inspectorate General of Military (Army) Aviation, became

the third agency with oversight over the army. During wartime or national emergencies, the nominal commandfunctions of the emperor would be centralized in an Imperial General Headquarters (IGHQ), an ad-hoc body

consisting of the chief and vice chief of the Army General Staff, the minister of war, the chief and vice chief of the

Naval General Staff, the inspector general of military aviation, and the inspector general of military training.
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Taiwan Expedition

The Taiwan Expedition of 1874 was a punitive expedition by Japanese military forces in response to the murder of

54 crewmembers of a wrecked Ryukyuan merchant vessel by Paiwan aborigines on the southwestern tip of Taiwan

in December 1871. It marked the first overseas deployment of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy.[5]

Satsuma rebellionNot surprisingly, the new order led to a series of riots from disgruntled samurai. One of the major riots was led by

Saig Takamori, the Satsuma rebellion, which eventually turned into a civil war. This rebellion was put down swiftly

by conscripts in the newly formed Imperial Army, using Western tactics and weapons, even though the core of the

new army was actually the Tokyo Police force, consisting mostly of former samurai.[6]

Soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army during the

Satsuma Rebellion (Garrison of Kumamoto, 1877).

An Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors of 1882 called for

unquestioning loyalty to the Emperor by the new armed forces and

asserted that commands from superior officers were equivalent to

commands from the Emperor himself. Thenceforth, the military

existed in an intimate and privileged relationship with the imperial

institution.

Top-ranking military leaders were given direct access to the

Emperor and the authority to transmit his pronouncements directly

to the troops. The sympathetic relationship between conscripts and

officers, particularly junior officers who were drawn mostly from

the peasantry, tended to draw the military closer to the people. In

time, most people came to look more for guidance in national matters to military than to political leaders.

Japanese artillery unit, at the Koishikawa arsenal,

Tokyo, in 1882. Photographed by Hugues Krafft.

The Murata rifle was locally developed in 1880.

By the 1890s, the Imperial Japanese Army

had grown to become the most modern army

in Asia, well-trained, well-equipped withgood morale. However, it was basically an

infantry force deficient in cavalry and

artillery when compared with its European

contemporaries. Artillery pieces, which

were purchased from America and a variety

of European nations, presented two

problems: they were scarce, and the

relatively small number that were available

were in several different calibers, causing

problems with their ammunition supply.

First Sino-Japanese War

The First Sino-Japanese War was a war

fought between Qing Dynasty of China and

Japanese Meiji government over the control

of Korea. The Sino-Japanese War would

come to symbolize the weakness of the Qing military, with Japanese securing victory after victory over the Chinese

forces. This was the result by Japan's new western-style conscript army which was well equipped and well trained

when compared with their Chinese counterparts. The principal results were a shift in regional dominance in Asia

from China to Japan and a fatal blow to the Qing Dynasty. Japan fielded a force of 120,000 in two armies and five
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divisions.

Boxer Rebellion

Soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army in 1900

In 18991900, Boxer attacks against foreigners in China

intensified and later accumulated in the siege of the diplomatic

legations in Beijing. An international force consisting of British,French, Russian, German, Italian, Austro-Hungarian, American

and Japanese troops was assembled to relieve the legations. The

Japanese provided the largest contingent of troops; 20,840, as well

as 18 warships. Of the total number, 20,300 were Imperial

Japanese Army troops of the 5th Infantry Division under Lt.

General Yamaguchi Motoomi, the remainder were 540 naval

rikusentai from the Imperial Japanese Navy. The rebels used

traditional Chinese martial arts, as opposed to modern military

weapons and tactics. This led to them being called "Boxers" by

Westerners, as that is how they perceived martial arts at the time.While officially condemning the movement, the Boxers had the unofficial support of the Empress Dowager Cixi. In

the end the Boxer leaders were captured and executed. The Empress Dowager, was forced to flee the palace as the

foreign armies entered the Forbidden City.

Russo-Japanese War

The RussoJapanese War was the result of tensions between Russia and Japan, largely out of the rival imperialist

ambitions over Manchuria and Korea. The Japanese inflicted severe losses on the Russians; however, they were not

able to inflict a decisive blow to the Russian armies. Over-reliance on infantry led to large casualties among Japanese

forces especially during the siege of Port Arthur.[citation needed]

World War I
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Imperial Japanese Army uniform as worn on the

expedition to Kiaochow.

The Empire of Japan entered the war on the Entente side. Although

tentative plans were made to send an expeditionary force of between

100,000500,000 men to France,[7] ultimately the only action in which

the Imperial Japanese Army was involved in was the careful and well

executed attack on the German concession of Tsingtao in 1914.[8]

Inter-war years

During 191718, Japan continued to extend its influence and privileges

in China via the Nishihara Loans. Following the collapse of the

Russian Empire in the Bolshevik Revolution, during the Siberian

Intervention, the Imperial Japanese Army initially planned to send

more than 70,000 troops to occupy Siberia as far west as Lake Baykal.

The army general staff came to view the Tsarist collapse as an

opportunity to free Japan from any future threat from Russia by

detaching Siberia and forming an independent buffer state.[9] The plan

was scaled back considerably due to opposition from the United States.

In July 1918, President Wilson asked the Japanese government to

supply 7,000 troops as part of an international coalition of 24,000

troops planned to support the American Expeditionary Force

Siberia.[10] After heated debate in the Diet, the government of Prime Minister Terauchi Masatake agreed to send

12,000 troops, but under the command of Japan, rather than as part of an international coalition. Japan and the

United States sent forces to Siberia to bolster the armies of the White Movement leader Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak

against the Bolshevik Red Army.

Once the political decision had been reached, the Imperial Japanese Army took over full control under Chief of Staff

General Yui Mitsue, and by November 1918, more than 70,000 Japanese troops had occupied all ports and major

towns in the Russian Maritime Provinces and eastern Siberia.

In June 1920, America and its allied coalition partners withdrew from Vladivostok after the capture and execution of

White Army leader Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak by the Red Army. However, the Japanese decided to stay, primarily

due to fears of the spread of communism so close to Japan, and Japanese controlled Korea and Manchuria. The

Japanese army provided military support to the Japanese-backed Provisional Priamur Government based in

Vladivostok against the Moscow-backed Far Eastern Republic.

The continued Japanese presence concerned the United States, which suspected that Japan had territorial designs on

Siberia and the Russian Far East. Subjected to intense diplomatic pressure by the United States and Great Britain,

and facing increasing domestic opposition due to the economic and human cost, the administration of Prime MinisterKato Tomosaburo withdrew the Japanese forces in October 1922.[11]
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Prince Kotohito Kan'in, chief of staff of the Army from

1931 until 1940

Rise of militarism in Shwa era

In the 1920s the Imperial Japanese Army expanded rapidly and by

1937 had a force of 300,000 men. Unlike western countries it

enjoyed a great deal of independence from government. Under the

provisions of the Meiji Constitution, the War Minister was heldaccountable only to the Emperor Hirohito himself, and not to the

elected civilian government. In fact, Japanese civilian

administrations needed the support of the Army in order to

survive. The Army controlled the appointment of the War Minister

and in 1936 a law was passed that stipulated that only an active

duty general or lieutenant-general could hold the post.[12] As a

result, the military spending as a proportion of the national budget

rose disproportionately in the 1920s and 1930s, and various

factions within the military exerted disproportionate influence on

Japanese foreign policy.

The Imperial Japanese Army was originally known simply as the

Army (rikugun) but after 1928, as part of the Army's turn toward

romantic nationalism and also in the service of its political

ambitions, it retitled itself the Imperial Army (kgun).

Conflict with China

In 1931, the Imperial Japanese Army had an overall strength of 198,880 officers and men, organized into 17

divisions.[13] The Manchurian Incident, as it became known in Japan, was the alleged attack on the Japanese-owned

railway by Chinese bandits. Action by the military, largely independent of the civilian leadership, led to the invasion

of Manchuria in 1931 and later the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937. As war approached, the Imperial Army's

influence with the Emperor waned and the influence of the Imperial Japanese Navy increased. [14] Nevertheless, by

1938 the Army had been expanded to 34 divisions.[15]

Conflict with Soviet Union

From 19321945 the Empire of Japan and Soviet Union had a series of conflicts. It was the result of Japan

establishing a puppet state in Manchuria which brought them into conflicts as Japan set its military interests on

Soviet territory. The war lasted on and off with the last two battles of the 1930s ending in a decisive victory for the

Soviets. The conflicts stopped in 1941 with a non-aggression pact between the two powers.[16]

However, at the YaltaConference, Stalin agreed to declare war on Japan. On August 5, 1945 the Soviet Union voided their neutrality

agreement with Japan.[17]

World War II

In 1941, the Imperial Japanese Army had 51 divisions and various special-purpose artillery, cavalry, anti-aircraft and

armored units with a total of 1,700,000 men. At the beginning of the Second World War, most of the Japanese Army

(27 divisions) was stationed in China. A further 13 divisions defended the Mongolian border, due to concerns about

a possible attack by the Soviet Union. However, from 1942, soldiers were sent to Hong Kong (23rd Army), the

Philippines (14th Army), Thailand (15th Army), Burma (15th Army), Dutch East Indies (16th Army) and Malaya

(25th Army).[18] By 1945, there were 5.5 million men in the Imperial Japanese Army.
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From 1943, Japanese troops suffered from a shortage of supplies, especially food, medicine, munitions and

armaments largely due to submarine interdiction of supplies and losses to Japanese shipping, which was worsened by

a longstanding and severe rivalry with the Imperial Japanese Navy. The lack of supplies caused large numbers of

fighter aircraft to become unserviceable for lack of spare parts[19] and "as many as two-thirds of Japan's total military

deaths resulted from illness or starvation."[20]

Lt Gen Arthur Percival, led by a Japanese officer

(center), marches under a flag of truce to negotiate the

capitulation of Allied forces during the Battle of

Singapore, on February 15, 1942.

Fanaticism and war crimes

Throughout the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II, the

Imperial Japanese Army had gained a reputation both for its

fanaticism and for its brutality against prisoners of war and

civilians alike - with the Nanking Massacre being one such

example.[21] After Japan surrendered in the summer of 1945, many

Imperial Japanese Army officers and enlisted men were tried and

punished for committing numerous atrocities and war crimes. In

1949, the trials were ceased, with a total of 5,700 cases having

been heard.[22]

Major General Tomitar Horii did issue a "Guide to Soldiers in the

South Seas" in late 1941, which ordered troops not to loot or kill civilians. This was intended to prevent a repeat of

atrocities that the Army committed in China, however this only applied to men under his command.[23]

Several reasons are theorized for the especially brutal and merciless behavior exhibited by many members of the IJA

towards their adversaries or non-Japanese civilians. One is probably the brutal behavior that they themselves

experienced. The IJA was known for the extremely harsh treatment of its enlisted soldiers from the start of

training,[24] including beatings, unnecessarily strenuous duty tasks, lack of adequate food, and other violent or harsh

disciplinary tactics. This was contrary to the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors of 1882, which instructed

officers to treat subordinates respectfully.

[25]

Not until 1943 did the senior command realize this brutality had effectson morale and ordered an end to it, an order which was routinely circumvented or ignored.[26] The spirit of gyokusai

("glorious death") saw them order suicidal attacks with bayonets, when supplies of hand grenades and ammunition

were still available.[27]

The reputation of Imperial Army troops during the Pacific War of refusing to surrender was established by the low

number of Japanese survivors in numerous battles throughout the Pacific Campaign; 921 captured out of a garrison

strength of 31,000 in the Battle of Saipan, 17 out of 3000 in the Battle of Tarawa, 7,40010,755 out of 117,000 in

the Battle of Okinawa, with a high number of battlefield suicides sanctioned by the Imperial Army. In the South

West Pacific Area (SWPA) just over 1,000 surrendered in each of 1942 and 1943, around 5,100 in 1944, and over

12,000 in 1945,[28] and might have been greater except for disease.[29] Propaganda through leaflet drops by the

Americans accounted for about 20% of surrenders;[30] equating to about one POW for every 6,000 leaflets

dropped;[31] while the Japanese objected to the "unscrupulous" leaflets,[32] which contained some truth with regard

to the willingness of American to accept surrenders from the Japanese.[33] This was in contrast to Imperial Japanese

Army practice of depicting American troops as cruel and merciless, referring to them as (Kichiku

Beihei, lit. Demonic Beast American and English) and informing their own troops that Americans would rape all

captured women and torture the men, leading directly to brutal treatment of POWs in incidents such as the Bataan

Death March and mass suicide of Japanese soldiers and civilians during the Battle of Saipan and Battle of Okinawa.
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Imperial General Headquarters and the power of the Emperor in the Shwa era

During the first part of the Showa era, according to the Meiji Constitution, the Emperor had the "supreme command

of the Army and the Navy" (Article 11). Hirohito was thus legally supreme commander of the Imperial General

Headquarters, founded in 1937 and by which the military decisions were made.

The Shwa Emperor dressed as commander of

the Imperial General Headquarters.

The primary sources such as the "Sugiyama memo", and the diaries of

Fumimaro Konoe and Koichi Kido, describe in detail the manyinformal meetings the Emperor had with his chiefs of staff and

ministers. These documents show he was kept informed of all military

operations and frequently questioned his senior staff and asked for

changes.

According to historians Yoshiaki Yoshimi and Seiya Matsuno,

Hirohito authorized by specific orders, transmitted by the Chief of staff

of the Army such as Prince Kan'in or Hajime Sugiyama, the use of

chemical weapons against Chinese civilians and soldiers. For example,

he authorized the use of toxic gas on 375 separate occasions during the

invasion of Wuhan in 1938.[34] Such weapons were also authorized

during the invasion of Changde.

According to historians Akira Fujiwara and Akira Yamada, Hirohito

even made major interventions in some military operations. For

example, he pressed Field Marshal Hajime Sugiyama four times during

January and February 1942 to increase troop strength and launch attack

on Bataan.[35] In August 1943, he scolded Sugiyama for being unable

to stop the American advance on the Solomon Islands and asked the general to consider other places to attack.[36]

Only in rare moments of special importance, decisions were made in Imperial council. The Imperial government

used this special institution to sanction the invasion of China, the Greater East Asia War and to end the war. In 1945,

executing the decision approved in Imperial conference, Emperor Shwa for the only time directly ordered via

recorded radio broadcast to all of Japan, as his last role as commander-in-chief, the surrender to United States forces.

Post World War II

Ground Self Defense Force

Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution renounced the right to use force as a means of resolving disputes. [37] This was

enacted by the Japanese in order to prevent militarism, which had led to conflict. However, in 1947 the Public

Security Force formed; later in 1954, with the early stages of the Cold War, the Public Security Force formed thebasis of the newly created Ground Self Defense Force. [38] Although significantly smaller than the former Imperial

Japanese Army and nominally for defensive purposes only, this force constitutes the modern army of Japan.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Militarismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surrender_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greater_East_Asia_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomon_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bataanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hajime_Sugiyamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_Marshalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changde_chemical_weapon_attackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Wuhanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hajime_Sugiyamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Kan%27in_Kotohitohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hirohitohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoshiaki_Yoshimihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koichi_Kidohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fumimaro_Konoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hajime_Sugiyamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AHirohito_in_dress_uniform.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_General_Headquartershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_General_Headquartershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_General_Headquartershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meiji_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Showa_era


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Continued resistance

Separately, some soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army continued to fight on isolated Pacific islands until at least

the 1970s, with the last known Japanese soldier surrendering in 1974.[39][40][41][42] Intelligence officer Hiroo Onoda,

who surrendered on Lubang Island in the Philippines in March 1974, and Teruo Nakamura, who surrendered on the

Indonesian island of Morotai in December 1974, appear to have been the last confirmed holdouts.

Ideology

Japanese nationalism meant that the military was built around a concept of the time period: a Rich Country has a

Strong Military. Nationalists asserted that Japan as a land was sacred, and its people were special due to a

combination of elements of Zen-( known in Chinese as Chan) and various other forms of Japanese Buddhism with

State Shinto. A belief system which emphasised the sacred role of the emperor and which had been created as the

Japanese official religion during the Meiji Restoration, replacing older syncretic and folk Shinto practices. This was

also combined with a strongly Confucian sense of loyalty and devotion to the state. Thus service in the Japanese

military was seen as service to the Emperor. Each soldier in theory believed it was a great honor to die for the

Emperor as the samurai concept "to serve" was deeply ingrained in all the soldiers' culture.

The concept of Yamato-damashii equipped each soldier with a strict code: never be captured, never break down, and

never surrender. To be a coward or to be captured was a disgrace to one's family, community, and country. Each

soldier was trained to fight to the death and was expected to die before suffering dishonor. Often, imperial soldiers

would shout "Banzai" before charging into battle, believing that the exuberant cheer would indicate their willingness

to die with honor.

Every soldier accepted that they were expected to serve stoically as part of their bushido, represented in the idea of

"death before dishonor". Sadao Araki, an Army theorist, devised the contemporary adaptation to bushido code as a

Seishin Kyoiku (spiritual training) doctrine for the army. As such, each soldier would leave everything behind when

going into the service, needing nothing but honor. Indeed, honor as represented by name and face meant everything

to the soldiers. Yamato-damashii is an old Japanese spirit of self-pride and persistence in the face of grave danger, asort of courage.

Tied in with this concept of Bushido was immense, religious respect for the Emperor. Although during Meiji and

Taish eras, the Emperor was practically a figurehead, with the real power being held by the bureaucrats underneath

him, he was still considered a divine figure. In theory the commander in chief, the Emperor usually went along with

whatever the government "asked" him to do. The Emperor wore the commander-in-chief's uniform, and was saluted

by the Imperial Forces, at all ceremonial functions involving the IJA forces.

At the time, the Imperial government could only mobilize the military if the cabinet ministers came to a unanimous

consensus on the order. The role of the Emperor lay in giving his blessing to execute and bind such orders. Since the

Emperor was required to be present at all Imperial government meetings for their decision to be binding, The

Emperor silently observed all the official arguments made by the ministers. Presuming his blessing was given, after

an agreement of the ministers, these requests became the orders of the Emperor, enforceable upon the people of

Japan.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taish%C5%8D_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meiji_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Couragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamato-damashiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadao_Arakihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bushidohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ten_thousand_yearshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamato-damashiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emperor_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meiji_Restorationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shintohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morotaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teruo_Nakamurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lubang_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiroo_Onodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_holdout


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Growth of the IJA

Disposition of Japanese Army Ground Forces in

the Homeland at the Time of Capitulation, 18

August 1945.

1870: consisted of 12,000 men.

1885: consisted of seven divisions including the Imperial Guard

Division.

In the early 1900s, the IJA consisted of 12 divisions, the Imperial

Guard Division, and numerous other units. These contained the

following:

380,000 active duty and 1st Reserve personnel: former Class A

and B(1) conscripts after two-year active tour with 17 and 1/2

year commitment

50,000 Second line Reserve: Same as above but former Class

B(2) conscripts

220,000 National Army

1st National Army: 37 to 40 year old men from end of 1st

Reserve to 40 years old. 2nd National Army: untrained 20 year olds and over 40 year

old trained reserves.

4,250,000 men available for service and mobilization.

1934: army increased to 17 divisions

1940: 376,000 active with 2 million reserves in 31 divisions

2 divisions in Japan (Imperial Guard plus one other)

2 divisions in Korea

27 divisions in China and Manchuria

In late 1941: 460,000 active in 41 divisions

2 divisions in Japan and Korea

12 divisions in Manchuria

27 divisions in China

plus 59 brigade equivalents.

Independent brigades, Independent Mixed Brigades, Cavalry Brigades, Amphibious Brigades, Independent

Mixed regiments, Independent Regiments.

1945: 5 million active in 145 divisions (includes three Imperial Guard), plus numerous individual units, with a

large Volunteer Fighting Corps.

includes Imperial Japanese Army Air Service.

Japan Defense Army in 1945 had 55 divisions with 2 million men.Total military in August 1945 was 6,095,000 including 676,863 Army Air Service.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volunteer_Fighting_Corpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Guard_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMap_of_Japanese_Army_Ground_Forces_in_the_home_islands_August_18_1945.jpg


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Arsenals

The Imperial Japanese Army managed various Arsenals:

Japanese Army Sagami Arsenal: with Mitsubishi, developed and manufactured tanks

Japanese Army Osaka Arsenal: with Mitsubishi and Hitachi manufactured tanks and artillery

Japanese Army Sasebo Arsenal: with Mitsubishi, manufactured tanks

Japanese Army Heijo Arsenal: with Nambu, manufactured hand and long infantry weapons

Japanese Army Mukden Arsenal: with Nambu, manufactured infantry weapons

Japanese Army Kokura Arsenal: with Nambu, manufactured small arms and Machine Guns

Japanese Army Tokyo Arsenal: the Army administrative and testing center related with light and heavy weapons

production

Japanese Army Tachikawa Arsenal: dedicated to develop and manufacture aircraft for the Imperial Japanese

Army Air Service

Japanese Army Koishikawa Arsenal (Tokyo)

Organization of the Imperial Japanese ArmyImperial Japanese Military

Administration

Imperial General Headquarters

Components

Imperial Japanese Army

(Dai Nippon Teikoku Rikugun)

Imperial Japanese Army Air Service

Railways and Shipping Section

Uniforms

Imperial Japanese Navy

(Dai Nippon Teikoku Kaigun)

Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service

Imperial Japanese Navy Land Forces

Major battles

List of ships

List of aircraft

Main admirals

Rank insignia

Army rank insignia

Naval rank insignia

History of the Japanese Military

Military History of Japan during World War II
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_History_of_Japan_during_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_ranks_of_the_Japanese_Empire_during_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_ranks_of_the_Japanese_Empire_during_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Imperial_Japanese_Navy_admiralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_aircrafts_of_the_Japanese_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_ships_of_the_Japanese_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Land_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Army_Uniformshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Army_Railways_and_Shipping_Sectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_General_Headquartershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tachikawa_Airfieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kokurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shenyanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infantryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kijiro_Nambuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyongyanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasebo%2C_Nagasakihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osaka_Castle_Parkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitsubishihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagami_General_Depothttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsenal


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Casualties

Over the course of the Imperial Japanese Army's existence, millions of its soldiers were either killed, wounded or

went missing in action.

Taiwan Expedition of 1874: 543 (12 killed in battle and 531 by disease)

First Sino-Japanese War: The IJA suffered 13,823 dead and 3,973 wounded

Russo-Japanese War: The number of total Japanese dead in combat is put at around 47,000, with around 80,000 if

disease is included

World War I: 1,455 Japanese were killed, mostly at the Battle of Tsingtao

World War II:

Deaths

2,566,000 Imperial Armed Forces dead including non-combat deaths (includes 1,506,000 killed in action),

672,000 known civilian dead,

810,000 missing in action and presumed dead.

7,500 prisoners of war

Notes

[1] Harries & Harries, p. 22.


[3] Harries & Harries, pp. 2024.






[9] Humphreys, The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s, page 25



[12] Harries & Harris, p. 193.

[13][13] Kelman, p.41


[15][15] Jowlett, p. 7.

[16] Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/s1.asp) April 13, 1941. (Avalon Project at Yale University)

[17] "Battlefield - Manchuria - The Forgotten Victory" (http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0001DI5IA), Battlefield (documentary series), 2001,

98 minutes.

[18] Jowlett, pp. 1516, 21.

[19] Bergerund, Eric.Fire in the Sky (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000).

[20][20] Gilmore, p.150.


[22] Harries & Harries, p. 463.[23] Chen, World War II Database (http://www.ww2db. com)

[24][24] Gilmore, p.87.

[25][25] Gilmore, p.45.

[26][26] Gilmore, p.89.

[27] Gilmore, pp.978.

[28] This is quite substantially more than the 2,000 who surrendered in the Russo-Japanese War. Gilmore, p.155.

[29] Dower, John W., Prof. War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon, 1986).

[30][30] Gilmore, p.155.

[31][31] Gilmore, p.154.

[32][32] Quoted in Gilmore, p.163.

[33] Gilmore, pp.63, 68. & 101.

[34] Yoshimi and Matsuno,Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryo II, Kaisetsu, 1997, p.2529.

[35] Fujiwara, Shwa tenno no ju-go nen senso, 1991, pp.135138; Yamada,Daigensui Showa tenno, 1994, pp.180, 181, and 185.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_Warhttp://www.ww2db.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battlefield_%28documentary_series%29http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0001DI5IAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yale_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avalon_Projecthttp://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/s1.asphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prisoner_of_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presumed_deadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missing_in_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tsingtaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_Expedition_of_1874http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missing_in_actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death


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[36] Bix, Herbert.Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (New York: HarperCollinsPublishers, 2000), p.466, citing the Sugiyama memo,

p.24.



[39] Kristof, Nicholas D. "Shoichi Yokoi, 82, Is Dead; Japan Soldier Hid 27 Years," (http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.

html?res=950DE7D81F3BF935A1575AC0A961958260& sec=&spon=& pagewanted=2)New York Times. September 26, 1997.

[40] "The Last PCS for Lieutenant Onoda,"Pacific Stars and Stripes, March 13, 1974, p6

[41] "Onoda Home; 'It Was 30 Years on Duty',"Pacific Stars and Stripes, March 14, 1974, p7[42] "The Last Last Soldier?," TIME, January 13, 1975 (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917064,00.

html?iid=chix-sphere)

References

Bix, Herbert (2000).Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollinsPublishers.

Drea, Edward J. (1998).In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. Nebraska:

University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1708-0.

Drea, Edward J. (2009).Japan's Imperial Army: Its Rise and Fall, 1853-1945. Lawrence, Kansas: University

Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-8032-1708-0.

Gilmore, Allison B. (1998). You Can't Fight Tanks with Bayonets: Psychological Warfare against the Japanese

Army in the South West Pacific. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.

Harries, Meirion; Susie Harries (1994). Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army.

New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-75303-6.

Hayashi, Saburo; Alvin D. Cox (1959).Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War. Quantico, VA: The

Marine Corps Association.

Humphreys, Leonard A. (1996). The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s. Stanford

University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2375-3.

Jowett, Philip (2002). The Japanese Army 193145 (1). Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

ISBN 1-84176-353-5.

Kelman, Richard; Leo J. Daugherty (2002).Fighting Techniques of a Japanese Infantryman in World War II:

Training, Techniques and Weapons. Zenith Imprint. ISBN 0-7603-1145-5.

External links

Axis History FactbookImperial Japanese Army (IJA) (http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=890)

Overview of Imperial Japanese Army weapons and armaments in World War II (http://www3.plala.or.jp/

takihome/)

Japanese war posters (http://mailer.fsu. edu/~akirk/tanks/japan/warposters/JapaneseWarposters.html)

The PBS program "Victory in the Pacific." (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pacific/index.html)

Imperial Japanese Army 3rd Platoon reenactor's resource (http:/

/

www.ija3platoon.

com/

) Chen, Peter. "Horii, Tomitaro" (http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=339&list=Ground). World War

II Database.
http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=339&list=Groundhttp://www.ija3platoon.com/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pacific/index.htmlhttp://mailer.fsu.edu/~akirk/tanks/japan/warposters/JapaneseWarposters.htmlhttp://www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/http://www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=890http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-7603-1145-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/1-84176-353-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-8047-2375-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-679-75303-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Random_Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-8032-1708-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_Press_of_Kansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_Press_of_Kansashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:BookSources/0-8032-1708-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Nebraska_Presshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HarperCollinsPublishershttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_P._Bixhttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917064,00.html?iid=chix-spherehttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917064,00.html?iid=chix-spherehttp://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE7D81F3BF935A1575AC0A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE7D81F3BF935A1575AC0A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2


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Article Sources and Contributors 14

Article Sources and ContributorsImperial Japanese Army Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=578904681 Contributors: A8UDI, ALEXF971, Ahoerstemeier, Ahudson, Aldis90, Alexius08, Allens, Andrwsc,

Anotherclown, Antandrus, Apocalyptic Destroyer, Asiaticus, AustralianRupert, Avant Guard, Avoided, Awaysoft, Bart133, Basalisk, Bendono, Benlisquare, Berox, Billinghurst, Binksternet,

Bleh999, Blueshirts, Bobblehead, Bobo192, Bradeos Graphon, Brian0918, Bridgecross, Cab88, Calstanhope, Can't sleep, clown will e at me, Ccyber5, Charles Matthews, Chris troutman,

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FalconKnight 1, Fat&Happy, Fg2, Flix11, Flying tiger, FunkyCanute, Furrykef, GCarty, GG The Fly, Gabbe, Gamsbart, Geniac, Ghepeu, Glane23, Gmatsuda, GoldDragon, Grahamdubya,

GregAsche, Ground Zero, Grubber, Guardian Tiger, Gwen-chan, HIDECCHI001, Haditahir, Halmstad, HeartofaDog, Hemlock Martinis, Hmains, Hvn0413, Ianjm, Ichiro Kikuchi, Idanoryn,Illegitimate Barrister, Impaciente, Instantnood, Intranetusa, IronGargoyle, Itake, J.delanoy, JLaTondre, James500, Japan must admit and apologise for her war crimes!, Jean-Jacques Georges,

Jefe619, JeroenHoek, Jiang, JoDonHo, John Smith's, JohnSawyer, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jun Kayama, Jwillbur, K kc chan, KConWiki, Keahapana, Keilana, Kensai Max, Khazar2,

Kintetsubuffalo, Klemen Kocjancic, Krisgrotius, Kungfuadam, La goutte de pluie, Lee bo, Leithp, LeoO3, Leolaursen, Lightmouse, Ling.Nut, Lockesdonkey, LoneWolf1992, Loopygrumpkins,

LordAmeth, Loren36, Lotje, LtNOWIS, MChew, Malo, Marcus Qwertyus, Marcus Wendel, Martin451, Masssiveego, Master of the Orchalcos, Mayumashu, McSly, Melonkelon, Mentality,

MiLo28, Moverton, MrChupon, My quest will continue, Mzajac, Nanshu, NaziJapanese, NewEnglandYankee, Nihonjoe, Ningyou, No dictatorships just peace, Noclador, Norinaga, Noveltyghost,

NuclearWarfare, Numerousfalx, OP41, Panarjedde, Para, PaulinSaudi, Pearle, Pegship, Per Honor et Gloria, PhilKnight, Philip Trueman, Postdlf, Postmortemjapan, Propaganda328, Quinwound,

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TakuyaMurata, Template namespace initialisation script, The Famous Movie Director, The monkeyhate, TheObtuseAngleOfDoom, Theaznlaw, Thecheesykid, Thisglad, Tim!, Tktru,

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YamazakiHeicho, 463 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:War flag of the Imperial Japanese Army.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army.svg License: Public Domain

Contributors: Thommy

File:Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Merchant_flag_of_Japan_(1870).svg License: Public Domain Contributors: kahusi - (Talk)

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File:1875Uniform.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1875Uniform.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Degen Earthfast, Snlf1, Thib Phil, World Imaging,

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Imperial Japanese Army.pdf

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Transcript of Imperial Japanese Army.pdf