Impact Of Women Empowerment On Attitudes Towards Intimate … › sites › default › files ›...
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Impact Of Women Empowerment On Attitudes Towards Intimate
Partner Violence
Mehwish Ghulam Ali, RMIT*
Anil Saleem, IBA
Siddiqa AliBhai, IBA *[email protected]
Mehwish Ghulam Ali 1
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Research question
• What is the impact of women empowerment on attitudes of women towards spousal violence.
– How is empowerment measured?
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Motivation
• To help policy makers devise a comprehensive plan to tackle violence against women
– Status of Women In Pakistan
– Punjab Protection of Women Against Violence Act 2015
– Will women report the abuse?
– Does empowerment of women change their attitude toward violence?
• What does it mean to be empowered?
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Literature Review
• One out of every three women face has faced intimate violence at some instant in her life. – World Health Organization. 1997
• Negative Impact of IPV – (Do and Kurimoto. 2012). (Heaton and Forste. 2006).
(Ackerson et al. 2008) (Malik and Rizwi. 2009).
• Factors which increase risk of IPV – Khan, Hafiz Muhammad Ather et al. 2013
• Women empowerment index – Tuladhar Set al 2013.
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Is wife beating justified?
Beating justified if wife
goes out without telling husband
Beating justified if
wife refuses to have sex with the
husband
Beating justified if wife neglects the
children
Beating justified if
wife argues with the husband
Beating justified if
wife burns the food
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Data and methodology
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Control Variables
• Age
• Education
• Wealth
• Urban
• Employment
Women Empowerment
• Control over Household Earnings
• Decision Making Power
AttitudesTowards Spousal Violence
• Do they choose higher or lower number of cases where IPV is justified?
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Data and methodology Conceptual Framework
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Women Empowerment Index
Wife's Income Husband's Income
2Woman Participates in
All Three Decisions
Wife Primarily
Decides
Wife Primarily
Decides
1Woman Participates in
Atleast One Decision Wife Jointly Decides Wife Jointly Decides
0Woman Does not
participate
Wife does not
decide
Wife does not
decide
Scorecard for Women Empowerment Index
Household Income Index
Decision Index
Decision Index
+
Household
Income Index
Women
Empowerment
Index
Score
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Data and methodology
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Women Empowerment Score and Women Empowerment Index
Women
Empowerment Score
Women Empowerment
Index
Number of
Observations Percent
0 or 1 low 1,937 52.54
2 or 3 medium 1,455 39.46
4, 5 or 6 high 295 8
Total 3,687 100
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Data and methodology
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Low Medium High
Empowerment Level
Women Who Feel Wife Beating Is Never Justified By Level of Empowerment
Source PDHS 2012-2013
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Descriptive analysis
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0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
1 or 2 3 or 4 5
Attitudes Towards Spousal Violence and Level of Empowerment
Source PDHS 2012-2013
Low Medium High
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Descriptive analysis
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0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
low medium high
Level of Empowerment
Incidence of Physical Violence By Level of Empowerment
Source: PDHS 2012-2013
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Descriptive analysis
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
None Primary Secondary Higher
Level of Education By Empowerment Level Source PDHS 2012-2013
Low Medium HighMehwish Ghulam Ali 12
Descriptive analysis
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0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Poorest Poorer Middle Richer Richest
Wealth By Empowerment Level Source PDHS 2012-2013
Low Medium High
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Descriptive analysis
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Low Medium High
Emp
loye
d
Employment Status By Empowerment Level Source PDHS 2012-2013
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Descriptive analysis
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Results
• Ordinal Logit, MLE Ordinal Logit and Generalised Logit(Constrained, Unconstrained and Partial Proportional Odds)
• Ordinal Logit and MLE both give similar and expected results – WEI, Education and Urban status have a negative relation to attitudes towards
spousal violence – IPV has a positive relation to attitudes towards spousal violence – Age group and employment have no effect – Proportional Odds Assumption is violated
• Generalised Ordinal Logit – The constrained model does not give us any interesting results – The unconstrained model and proportional odds model give similar results as
Ordinal Logit – The models are good at explaining the extensive decision i.e. if women feel
spousal violence is justified or not good at explaining extent of justification • Sign of WEI on Attitude towards domestic violence remains consistent but affect dies
down at higher levels of dependent variable
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Table 2: Predicted Probability of respondents
choosing N number of reasons where they feel
spousal violence is justified
N Mean Dev. Min Max
0 0.620 0.159 0.315 0.922
1 or 2 0.104 0.030 0.035 0.190
3 or 4 0.152 0.072 0.020 0.287
5 0.124 0.084 0.014 0.346
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Results
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Results
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Conclusion
• Spousal violence is spread across socio economic levels, and cannot be sufficiently explained by traditional approaches which focus on education, wealth and labour force participation.
• We create a women empowerment index, which focuses on defining women empowerment based as the ability to independently make decisions.
• We then looked at the impact of women empowerment on attitudes towards spousal violence.
• Our analysis provides some interesting results, – Women empowerment has a negative and significant impact on
tolerance for spousal violence, but this effect is more at the extensive rather than intensive margin.
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