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Immunization
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Development of vaccines
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What are vaccines?
A vaccine contains a small quantity of dead or weakened
disease-causing material. However, the pathogen or
antigenic material of the pathogen is harmless.
When this pathogenic material enters
the blood, the antigens on the
pathogen stimulate the production of
antibodies and memory cells.
Antibodies act against the target
pathogen, without making the person ill.
If a vaccinated person is later infected
by the same pathogen, their immune
system can destroy it very quickly.
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How do vaccines work?
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Fill in the gaps about vaccinations
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Scientists can never determine that a drug or vaccine is
100% safe or completely risk free. With vaccines, genetic
differences might lead to some people experiencing
unexpected side effects.
However, vaccines are not used unless
doctors are sure that the probability of
something going wrong is very low.
What is an acceptable level of risk?
How do you think the following factors affect the decision as
to whether a vaccine should be used?
how severe the potential side effects are
how serious the disease is, if caught.
Safety of vaccines
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Opinions on vaccinations
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Benefits and risks of vaccination
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Class vote
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Lymphocytes
Collectively, they recognize
millions of different antigens,
due to the large variation of
lymphocytes produced.
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell found in the
blood and lymph nodes. There are several different types
of lymphocyte, including memory lymphocytes.
Memory lymphocytes are
produced in response to a
vaccine or infection and
recognize antigens.
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Memory lymphocytes
Memory lymphocytes play a role in the antibody-mediated
response that generates antibodies to target the pathogen.
Once a memory lymphocyte has been generated, it will
circulate in the bloodstream even after the pathogen has
been destroyed and removed. If stimulated, they divide and
rapidly produce antibodies against the specific pathogen.
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Antibody levels after infection
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What are monoclonal antibodies?
Polyclonal antibodies are naturally produced in an immune
response, where different lymphocytes secrete a variety of
antibodies against a specific antigen.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are
artificially produced from clones of a
single lymphocyte and are identical.
They have important uses, including:
drug screening
treatment of cancer and blood clots.
home pregnancy kits
scientific research
A specific type of lymphocyte produces antibodies that
target pathogens in the body.
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Production of monoclonal antibodies
Large quantities of monoclonal antibodies are often
produced by injecting a specific antigen into mice or rabbits.
This stimulates the production of the animal’s lymphocytes.
The lymphocytes are
removed from the animal
and fused with cancer cells
that have been made
harmless. These form
immortal hybridoma cells.
Hybridoma cells are able to
divide and produce a single
type of antibody continuously.
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Monoclonal antibody therapy
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Glossary
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Multiple-choice quiz