immunity - National University defence.pdf · Innate or Non-specific or Natural immunity ›is...
Transcript of immunity - National University defence.pdf · Innate or Non-specific or Natural immunity ›is...
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The term immunity is derived from the Latin
word immunitas.
Historically, immunity meant protection
from disease and, more specifically,
infectious disease.
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is the study of immunity and the
cellular and molecular events that
occur after an organism encounters
microbes and other foreign
macromolecules.
• Study of the components and function of the
immune system
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Immune System › Molecules, cells, tissues and organs which
provide non-specific and specific protection against
Microorganisms
Microbial toxins
Tumor cells
› Crucial to human survival
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The immune system must be able to: differentiate between material that is a normal component of the body (“self”) and material that is not native to the body “nonself”
A highly specialized receptors present for discriminating between ”self” and “nonself” body components
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The physiologic function of
the immune system is
defense against infectious
microbes.
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The cells and molecules responsible for
immunity constitute the immune system,
and their collective and coordinated
response to the introduction of foreign
substances is called the immune response.
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A network of cells and tissues that:
1. Defends the body against invading pathogens
2. Removes ‘worn-out’ cells !!!
3. Destroys abnormal/mutant cells within the body
(e.g. control of cancer)
Immune System can also have harmful effects:
1. Allergies
2. autoimmune diseases
3. Tissue rejection.
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As mention before, immune response
is the collective and coordinated
response of the immune system to the
introduction of foreign substances.
There are two types of immune
response:
1. Non-specific Immune responses
2. Specific Immune responses
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Our Immune system involves the interplay between our Non-specific and our Specific Immune responses
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Non-specific immunities collectively referred to as Innate immunity
Specific immunities are referred to as our Adaptive immunity for which there are 2 branches:
1. Humoral immunity 2. Cell-mediated immunity
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* It is the first line of defense
* It is active at the time of infection
• It consists of:
a- protective cellular (WBCs and derivatives)
b- chemical components
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Innate or Non-specific or Natural immunity
› is present from birth and is nonspecific.
› consists of various barriers to external organs; e,g,
skin, mucous membranes, macrophages,
monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and the
contents of these cells.
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Innate Immune system
First line Second
line
1) Mechanical barriers A- cells 2) Chemical & biochemical inhibitors 1- Natural killer
3) Normal flora 2- Phagocytes
B- Soluble factors C- Inflammatory
barriers
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Adaptive or Specific or Acquired immunity › is expressed after exposure to a given
substance and is specific.
› involves specific receptors on lymphocytes and the participation of macrophages for its expression.
› consists of:
a. Humoral immunity, mediated by antibodies
b. Cell-mediated immunity, mediated by lymphocytes
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1880’s- Metchnikoff discovered
phagocytic cells that ingest microbes
and particles
Elie Metchnikoff
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Components of the immune
system
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Components of Human Immune System
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Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Ebola virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Aspergillus fumigatus
Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Ascaris lumbricoides
Plasmodium falciparum
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After we understood the
principle of the immune
system, we are now able to
treat and prevent many
diseases.
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