Immune System, Endocrine System, & Nervous System

1.What is the function of the immune system?

• Fight infection by making cells that inactivate foreign substances

2.Briefly define these broad immune terms-disease, pathogen, and

immunity.

• -Disease-a change that disrupts normal body functions (besides injury)

• -Pathogen-disease-causing agent

• -Immunity-ability to resist pathogens

3.What are the 5 NONSPECIFIC defenses against disease and

briefly describe each?• -skin-1st line of defense and most important -

Mucous membranes- 1st line of defense-traps pathogens to be sent out

• -Inflammatory response-2nd line of defense-response to injury or infection=swelling, pain, & redness-increased number of WBC/phagocytes engulf pathogens

• Fever -2nd line of defense that raises body temperature that kills off pathogens & speeds up WBC response

• -Interferons-2nd line of defense proteins that block/resist viruses

4.What is the substance that cause the response and the 2 SPECIFIC

defenses against the substance and briefly describe each?

• - Antigens-substance that triggers immune response

• - Lymphocytes-white blood cells (B and T cells)

• -Plasma cells make Antibodies-proteins that recognize & bind to antigens

5.Briefly describe Humoral Immunity?

• Uses B cells to prevent further infections

6.What are the 3 attack defenses for humoral immunity and

briefly describe each?• -B cells-recognize

antigens of pathogens• -Antibodies-bind and

attack pathogens• -Memory B cells- fight

pathogen faster in future

7.Briefly describe cell-mediated immunity?

• Uses T cells and destroys cells that are already infected

8.Briefly describe the 3 cell-mediated immunity cells

• -killer T cells-destroy body’s infected cells

• -helper T cells make memory T cells for future infections

• -suppressor T cells-turn off killer T cells

9.What is the correct order of healing?

• Blood clot-scab-newly divided cell repair-scab sloughed

10.What is the function of the nervous system?

• Coordinates and controls response to internal and external environment

11.What are the parts of the CNS?

• Brain

• Spinal Cord

12.What is the function of the CNS (Central Nervous System)?

• Relays, processes and analyzes information

13.What is the PNS made up of?

• Nerves/neurons

14.What is the function of the PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)?

• Relay information to and from the CNS

15.What are the 2 divisions of the PNS? Briefly describe each.

• Somatic-Voluntary

• Autonomic-Involuntary

16.What are the 2 divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System? Briefly describe their function.

• Sympathetic-Fight or Flight-response to stress

• Parasympathetic-homeostasis-normal conditions

17.What are the 5 parts of the brain outlined in class? Name at

least 1 function for each

• Cerebrum-voluntary act., senses, intelligence/learning, & judgment

• Cerebellum-muscle coordination & balance• Brain Stem-relays info between brain & spinal cord,

emotions, & homeostasis• Thalamus-gets messages from sensory neurons &

distributes to cerebrum for analysis• Hypothalamus-hunger, thirst, fatigue, & body

temperature

18.What is the reflex arc?

• Rapid, involuntary muscle movement

19.What is bypassed in the reflex arc?

• Brain

20.What part of the body does the left hemisphere control? Right?

• Left brain controls right body side

• Right brain controls left body side

21.What is the creative/artistic part of the brain?

• Right hemisphere

22.What is the logical/analytical part of the brain?

• Left hemisphere

23.What neuron carries sensory information from the body to the

CNS?

• Sensory neurons

24.What neuron carries information to the muscles/glands from the

CNS? • Motor neurons

25.Who do interneurons relay information to?

• Brain/spinal cord & to motor neurons

26.Who do interneurons get information from?

• Brain/spinal cord & sensory neurons

27.What part of the nerve cell/neuron receives impulses?

• Dendrites

28.What part of the nerve surrounds the nucleus?

• Cell body

29.What part carries impulses away from the cell body?

• Axon

30.What is the end of the neuron?

• Axon terminal

31.What insulates the axon?

• Myelin sheath

32.What is an electrochemical message?

• Impulse

33.What is the space between neurons?

• Synapse or synapse cleft

34.What chemicals transmit impulse in the synapse?

• neurotransmitters

35.What does a receptor do?

• Recognize & accept the neurotransmitters

36.What is the endocrine system function?

• Transmit chemical messages to control growth, development & metabolism

37.What is the relationship of the gland and hormones?

• Glands produce & release hormones

38.What are the 2 types of glands? Briefly describe.

• Exocrine-secrete nonhormonal chemicals through ducts out of body (sweat,oil)

• Endocrine-secretes hormones into the bloodstream

39.What are the 4 glands discussed in class? Briefly

describe.• Pituitary gland (in brain)-regulates other

glands • Thyroid (in neck)-regulates metabolism• Adrenal (above kidneys)-regulates

epinephrine/adrenaline-response to stress• Pancreas-regulates glucose level (insulin)

40.Describe negative feedback mechanism.

• Adjusts to changes inside & outside the body to maintain homeostasis