Change & Reform

Chapter 6 Section 2, 3 & 4

Objectives 2.2 - Describe how sectionalism was reflected in art, literature and language

2.5 Identify major reform movement and evaluate their effectiveness

2.6 Evaluate the role of religion in the slavery debate

Immigration 1815-18605 Million new immigrants arrive in USIrish- (2 million)- Push factor (potato famine) & came with little or no wealth= settled in eastern cities. Germans (1.5 million)- came with more money; settled in Mid-WestCharacteristics: most spoke English, most used to democratic style of governing, many Catholics Nativism- hostility towards new immigrants; mostly anti-Catholic.

Reaction to New Immigrants

1849- The Order of the Star Spangled Banner

Pushed for laws banning immigration and to keep Catholics from holding office.

1854- The American Party (“Know Nothings”)

had a large following in the 1850’s.

Religious Revival Second Great Awakening

Revival in religion

Sought to make religion for everyone not just a few

Charles Grandison Finney – famous revivalist – Christian ideas would transform society

New Religions

Unitarians – unity not trinity – God will save everyone, no hell

Mormons – founded by Joseph Smith

Faced persecution in Ohio & Missouri

Smith began the movement west but was murdered so Brigham Young led to Utah

Shakers – Ohio – established Utopian communities

Utopia – perfect society

Brook Farm

Absence of Private Property & were cooperative

Literature - Romanticism Feeling over reason; Nature & spirit

James Fenimore Cooper – romanticized Native Americans & the frontier – “The Last of the Mohicans”

Nathaniel Hawthorne – romanticized puritan values – “The Scarlet Letter”

Herman Melville – romanticized the sea – “Moby Dick”

Edgar Allen Poe – poems famous for romanticizing death & terror

Walt Whitman – Nature & democracy poems

Emily Dickenson – poems of nature and emotion

Who wrote one of the first American Dictionaries?

1. David Webster

2. Noah Webster

3. Alexis de Tocqueville

4. Henry Clay

Literature - Transcendentalism

To Transcend or overcome

Ralph Waldo Emerson – wrote about connecting with nature

Henry David Thoreau – wrote against conformity

The Penny Press

Cheap newspapers

Mass-distribution

Reform Benevolent Societies – spread

Christianity to non-believers then began combating social problems

Temperance – limits on alcohol

Succeeded in passing ‘blue laws’

Prison Reform

Alexis de Toqueville – can judge a society by its prisons

Dorothea Dix – led prison reform movement

Rehabilitation focus

Improvements in mental health facilities

School Reform• Need educated society in

order for democracy to survive

• Horace Mann – public school movement in Massachusetts

• Mandatory school attendance

• Teacher training schools

• Calvin Wiley – public school movement in NC

Women’s Movement

Elizabeth Blackwell – 1st woman to earn a medical degree in 1849

Catharine Beecher – worked to increase women’s access to higher education

Lucretia Motts & Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Seneca Falls Convention

Gathering of women reformers marking beginning of organized women’s movement

Began fight for voting rights

-1848

The teachings of the 2nd Great Awakening differed from earlier Protestant teachings in which way?

1. Its ministers preached all people could reach salvation

2. Its ministers preached God was a trinity

3. Its ministers preached women could belong to the church

4. Its ministers preached the idea of nativism

Abolitionism Necessary Evil

Plans

Gradualism

end slavery slowly.

End the trade

slowly abolish slavery beginning in the North then upper south then the lower south.

Slaveholders would be compensated for losses.

American Colonization Society – send free Africans back to Africa

These plans ended in the 1830s with abolitionist movement – movement to end slavery immediately

Abolitionism

Emancipation – freeing all enslaved people

Manumission – freeing one or two slaves

David Walker – freeman in NC – advocated violence and rebellion to end slavery

William Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator – newspaper calling for emancipation

Frederick Douglass – escaped slave became leader of abolitionist movement

Sojourner Truth – used wit and stories in speeches & became popular

Reaction in the South to Abolition Movement

Its our “peculiar institution”

The “GAG RULE (1836)Southern members of Congress pushed through a “gag rule” which denied the right of citizens to petition Congress to end slavery.

The South banned abolitionist magazines & papers & forbid & arrest mail carriers who delivered

The 2nd Great Awakening had an effect on which of the following?

1. Temperance

2. Abolitionism

3. Prison Reform

4. All of the Above