Immigrants Reasons: 1. Lured by promise of better life 2. Escape difficult conditions at home a....
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Immigrants Reasons:1. Lured by promise of better life2. Escape difficult conditions at home
a. Famineb. Land Shortages
3. Escape religious/political persecution4. Jobs supposedly plentiful in America5. Come to earn money then go back
(Bird of Passage)
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- Europe:Northwest: English, Irish, German, Scandinavian Southeast: Italian, Russian, and Polish
- Asia:Chinese and Japanese
- Mexico and Caribbean:Mexican, Jamaican, Cuban, and Puerto Rican
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Traveled by steamship to America- trip across Atlantic took 1 week- trip across Pacific took 3 weeks
Traveled in “steerage” (cheapest accommodations in a ship’s cargo hold)
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As for conditions below decks, an agent for the United States Immigration Commission described them as follows:
“During the twelve days in the steerage I lived in…surroundings that offended every sense. Only a fresh breeze from the sea overcame the sickening odors. Everything was dirty, sticky, and disagreeable to the touch. In such conditions, disease and even death were not uncommon.”
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Ellis Island: Atlantic side immigration station in New York Harbor - decided whether to admit or reject immigrants- 17 million immigrants passed through- Had to pass a physical health exam- Had to pass a govt. inspector’s test
a. able to work?b. have some money?c. never been convicted of a felony?
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Angel Island: Pacific side immigration station in the San Francisco Bay- decided whether to admit or reject immigrants- 50,000 Chinese enter U.S. (1910-1940)- Had to pass a physical health exam- Had to pass a govt. inspector’s test (much more harsh and longer decision time)
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physical health exam
govt. inspector’s test
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Immigrants Faced Challenges:1. find a place to live2. find a job3. understand the language4. understand the culture
How to Cope?1. create ethnic communities
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Where to live? Tenement buildings
- Multi-family dwelling in urban areas- Families shared living space- Lighting & fresh air were scarce
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What conditions like?- Uncomfortable, Crowed, and Dirty- In New York, 1,231 people lived in only 120
rooms in one part of the city- In Chicago in one year, over 60% of newborns
never reached their first birthdays- Many had no home and slept in “5 cents a
spot rooms” where people paid for a small space to spend the night
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An immigrant himself, Jacob Riis was well known for his photographs documenting the lives of immigrants & the urban poor in his book How the Other Half Lives
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Americans saw country as a “Melting Pot”
Problem: Many immigrants
do not give up “old” culture
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Outcome: immigrants numbers increased = anti-immigrant feelings emerge
Nativism: favoritism toward native-born Americans1. anti-immigration groups begin to form
- Immigration Restriction League- American Protective Association
2. demand for immigration restrictions
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1882 Chinese Exclusion Act: law passed by Congress which banned Chinese immigrants for a period of 10 years (few exceptions)
1897 Congress pass law requiring literacy test for immigrants (President Cleveland veto's)
1906 San Fransico Board of Ed. Segregate Japanese school children
Outcome: Gentleman’s Agreement: Japan will limit immigration if segregation repealed