I. Militant African-AmericanCivil Rights Activism

Watts Riots - August 1965 Reaction to on-going “de facto” segregation –

End of “de jure” segregation did not change the day to day life of most urban blacks causing growing frustration

Malcolm Xemerges

Tough childhood—•Murder of family membersTeacher comment—•Being a lawyer is “no realistic goal for a n______”Life of Crime•Went to prison

Introduced to Nation of Islam (Black Muslims) in prison--Elijah Muhammad--Philosophy of self respect, clean living--X

Began to speak far and wide•Whites to blame for social problems —all whites are devils•Pride in identity and culture •Blacks should separate from white society, stop trying to be like whites•Argued for armed self defense

Louis Farrakhan, current leader

“It is criminal to teach a man not to defend himself when he is the constant victim of brutal attacks… The time has come for the American Negro to fight back in self-defense whenever he is being unjustly and unlawfully attacked.”

Malcolm X

• Split with Elijah Muhammad• Trip to Mecca changes him• Murdered by Nation of Islam

5:00-20:00; [20-25]25:00-30:00

Tommie Smith & John Carlos

Black Power

Stokely Carmichael

• Elected to replace John Lewis as leader of SNCC• Symbolized the change of some in the CRM away

from Dr. King’s philosophy

The term “Black Power”“This is the 27th time I have been arrested-and I ain’t going to jail no more!…We been saying freedom for 6 years-and we ain’t got nothin’. What we’re gonna start saying now is BLACK POWER.” --Stokely Carmichael, 1966

•His meaning: black people should begin to define their own goals and lead their own organizations. He didn’t want any more help from white people in achieving equality.

•Perceived message: Many people, especially whites, thought he was encouraging an armed and violent revolution.

Black Panthers(1966-82)

Founded inOakland - 1966

Huey NewtonBobby Seale

Black Panthers

• Members of the Black Panthers wore black berets, sunglasses, black leather jackets, black trousers, black shirts, and shiny black shoes.

• The Panthers drew much support from African-Americans and recruited many members from other non-violent movements.

• The police and FBI had many shoot outs with the Panthers throughout the years.

Armed Protest in Sacramento 1967

Black Panther Philosophy

Community Support--established day care centers, free breakfast programs and other services in the ghettos.

Ten-Point Program:

19:00 – 33:00

Explain the appeal of militant groups like the Black Panthers to some African

Americans. Describe some of the attitudes & actions of militants. Use

details from the Power Point & video

Writing Assignment

Forced BussingIn Northern cities

Leads to RiotsBy Middle Class Whites

Ex: Boston

Affirmative Actionex: Bakke v. UCcauses tension