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Transcript of Civil Rights Activism, new legislation, and the Supreme Court advance equal rights for African...
Civil Rights
Activism, new legislation, and the Supreme Court advance equal rights for African Americans. But disagreements among civil rights groups lead to a violent period for the civil rights movement.
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Civil Rights
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
Taking on Segregation
The Triumphs of a Crusade
Challenges and Changes in the Movement
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Section 3
Challenges and Changes in the MovementDisagreements among civil rights groups and the rise of black nationalism create a violent period in the fight for civil rights.
Learning Objectives:Section 3 - Challenges and Changes in the Movement
1. Compare segregation in the North with segregation in the South.
2. Identify the leaders who shaped the Black Power movement.
3. Describe the reaction to the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
4. Summarize the accomplishments of the civil rights movement.
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African Americans Seek Greater Equality
Northern Segregation• De facto segregation exists by practice, custom;
problem in North• De jure segregation is segregation required by law• WW II black migration to Northern cities results in
“white flight”• 1960s, most urban blacks live in slums; landlords
ignore ordinances• Black unemployment twice as high as white• Many blacks angry at treatment received from white
police officers
Challenges and Changes in the Movement
3SECTION
Continued . . .
Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3
1. What is the main difference between de facto and de jure segregation?
De facto segregation exists by practice and custom; de jure segregation exists by law.
MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
• A – How were civil rights problems in Northern cities similar to those in the South?– Both Northern and Southern blacks experienced
poverty and inferior schools, and their civil rights demands were met with white anger and violence and police brutality.
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continued African Americans Seek Greater Equality
Urban Violence Erupts• Mid-1960s, numerous clashes between white
authority, black civilians- many result in riots
• Many whites baffled by African-American rage• Blacks want, need equal opportunity in jobs,
housing, education• Money for War on Poverty, Great Society
redirected to Vietnam War
3SECTION
Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 32. How did the ideas of SNCC differ from those of the Nation of Islam?
SNCC believed in nonviolent civil disobedience and racial harmony.
The Nation of Islam believed that whites were evil and that blacks should separate from white society; it advocated the use of armed self defense
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3SECTION
African-American Solidarity• Nation of Islam, Black Muslims, advocate
blacks separate from whites- believe whites source of black problems
• Malcolm X—controversial Muslim leader, speaker; gets much publicity
• Frightens whites, moderate blacks; resented by other Black Muslims
New Leaders Voice Discontent
Continued . . .
Ballots or Bullets?• Pilgrimage to Mecca changes Malcolm X’s
attitude toward whites • Splits with Black Muslims; is killed in 1965 while
giving speech
Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 33. How did the early views of Malcolm X differ from his later ideas?
Early on, Malcolm X believed in the teachings of the Nation of Islam;
later, his attitude toward whites softened, and he advocated the use of ballots over bullets
MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
• B – What were some of the causes of urban rioting in the 1960’s?– De facto segregation, police brutality, rundown
communities and schools, and high unemployment.
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continued New Leaders Voice Discontent
Black Power• CORE, SNCC become more militant; SCLC
pursues traditional tactics• Stokely Carmichael, head of SNCC, calls for
Black Power: - African Americans control own lives, communities, without whites
3SECTION
Black Panthers• Black Panthers fight police brutality, want black
self-sufficiency• Preach ideas of Mao Zedong; have violent
confrontations with police• Provide social services in ghettos, win popular
support
Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3
4. What changes took place in Stokely Carmichael’s membership in civil rights organizations?
Carmichael was an organizer for SNCC and later became a Black Panther
MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
• C – Why did some Americans find Malcolm X’s views alarming?– He blamed black poverty and social inferiority on
whites and advocates armed resistance to white oppression.
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1968—A Turning Point in Civil Rights
King’s Death• King objects to Black Power movement,
preaching of violence• Seems to sense own death in Memphis speech
to striking workers• Is shot, dies the following day, April 4, 1968
3SECTION
Reactions to King’s Death• King’s death leads to worst urban rioting in U.S.
history- over 100 cities affected
• Robert Kennedy assassinated two months later
MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
• D – Why did some leaders of SCLC disagree with SNCC?– SCLC leaders worried that calls for Black Power
would provoke black violence and alienate whites.
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Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement
Causes of Violence• Kerner Commission names racism as main
cause of urban violence
3SECTION
Civil Rights Gains• Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibits discrimination
in housing• More black students finish high school, college;
get better jobs• Greater pride in racial identity leads to Black
Studies programs• More African-American participation in movies,
television• Increased voter registration results in more black
elected officialsContinued . . .
Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 3
5. How did the ideas of SNCC differ from those of the Black Panthers?SNCC believed in nonviolent civil disobedience and racial harmony;
the Black Panthers advocated Black Nationalism, black power, and armed revolt
MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS
• E – Why was the public reaction to the Black Panthers mixed?– Americans feared the Black Panther’s rhetoric and
their involvement in violence;– Some poor African Americans benefited from their
community programs.
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continued Legacy of the Civil Rights Movement
Unfinished Work• Forced busing, higher taxes, militancy, riots
reduce white support• White flight reverses much progress toward
school integration• Unemployment, poverty higher than for whites• Affirmative action—extra effort to hire, enroll
discriminated groups• 1960s, colleges, companies doing government
business adopt policy• Late 1970s, some criticize policy as reverse
discrimination
3SECTION
Guided Reading: CH 21 Sec 36. What gains were made by the civil rights and Black Power movements? Identify four.
ended de jure segregation;
the integration of educational facilities;
the growth of affirmative action programs
significant increase in African American voters;
greater visibility of African Americans in movies and on TV;
new college programs in African American history and literature;
a significant increase in the number of elected African-American officials;
the passage of civil rights laws; an increased awareness of de facto segregation;
increased pride and awareness of racial identity among many African Americans;
significant increases in the number of African Americans who finished high school and went to college;
MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS• F – What were some accomplishments of the civil
rights movement?– End of legalized segregation;– Increased pride in racial identity;– Protection of civil rights and voting rights;– More African Americans voters, elected officials, – More high school, and college graduates.– They secured through the civil rights movement,
• which helped change national opinion, • and through resulting federal intervention and passage of federal
laws – Voting Rights Act of 1965.