Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen

IpSpw_ Ncn-{Xw

]cnjv°cn® c≠mw ]Xn∏v

Unkw-_¿ 2010

Kaliyankal Ezhumali Kudumba Charithram

(Malayalam)

(Private circulation only)

Ist Edition 1987

IInd Revised Edition 2010

Copies : 400

Chief Editor

K.M. Thomas

Published by

Ezhumali Kudumba Yogam

Available from : Trustee of Kudumba Yogam

Printed at

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_ Ncn-{Xw]cnjv°cn® c≠mw ]Xn∏v

Unkw-_¿ 2010

KALIYANKAL EZHUMALIKUDUMBA CHARITHRAM

Revised Second EditionDecember 2010

imJ-Iƒ

]pfn-°-°pgn

Imf-ßm-SØv

]pen-t{]Øv

]mSn-∏p-dØv

D≈-S°wt]Pv

1. ktµ-i-߃

_nj∏v tUm. kmw amXyp

Ipcym-t°mkv am¿ ¢oankv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ

{io. ]n.-kn. tPm¿PPv Fw.-F¬.-F.

2. FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬

3. BapJw

H∂mw `mKw

4. H∂mw Xe-apd A≤ymbw ̨ 1

5. c≠mw Xe-apd A≤ymbw ˛ 2

6. aq∂mw Xe-apd A≤ymbw ˛ 3

7. \memw Xe-apd A≤ymbw ˛ 4

8. Fgp-amen IpSpw-_hpw Bflob ssNX-\yhpw A≤ymbw ˛ 5

9. ap≥]-Xn-∏n¬ \n∂pw A≤ymbw ˛ 6

10. ]n∂n´ hgn-Iƒ A≤ymbw ˛ 7

11. {]bmWw ˛ hnNn-¥\w A≤ymbw ˛ 8

c≠mw `mKw ˛ ]Xn-s\m∂v IpSpw_߃

12. ac-ßm v́ A≤ymbw ˛ 9

13. Ip‰n-bn¬ A≤ymbw ˛ 10

14. ]Sn-™msd s]mbvI A≤ymbw ̨ 11

15. ]Sn-™m-sd-apdn A≤ymbw ˛ 12

16. \odpw-πm-°¬ A≤ymbw ˛ 13

17. Ing-t°-s]mbvI A≤ymbw ˛ 14

18. ]pfn-°-°pgn A≤ymbw ˛ 15

19. s]cp-am-t∏m-SØv (a´bv°¬) A≤ymbw ˛ 16

20. Imf-ßmSØv A≤ymbw ˛ 17

21. ]pen-t{]Øv A≤ymbw ˛ 18

22. ]mSn∏p-dØv A≤ymbw ˛ 19

A\p-_‘w

1. `c-W-L-S\

IpSpw-_-tbmKw

Nmcn-‰-_nƒ skmssk‰n

\n¿t±-in-°-s∏-́ t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ

Rt. Rev. Dr. Sam Mathew, Bishop Kottayam,Valiyathottathil, Manganam 9-11-2010.

a≤ytI-c-f-Ønse {]i-kvX-hpw ]pcm-X-\-hp-amb IpSpw-_-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv Fgp-am-en¬IpSpw_w. Cu IpSpw-_-Ønse Hcp imJ-bmb ]pfn°-°p-gn-bn¬ hcn-°-πmw-aq-́ nse Hcw-K-amWv

Fs‚ amXmhv F∂p≈Xn¬ F\n°v A`n-am-\-ap-≠v. acWw hscbpw Hcp \n[n-t]mse amXmhv

ImØp-kq-£n® Nne ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ G‰w {][m-\-s∏´ H∂mWv Fgp-am-en¬ IpSpw-_-N-cn-{Xw. B

]pkvX-I-Øns‚ ]cn-jvI-cn® ]Xn∏v ]pd-Øn-d-ßp-∂p F∂-dn-bp-∂-Xn¬ hfsc kt¥m-j-ap-≠v.CXns‚ ]p\x-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn\v ap≥ssI FSpØ IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ `mc-hm-ln-Isf A\p-tam-Zn-°p∂p.

IpSpw-_-ßfpsS Ncn-{X-amWv \mSns‚ Ncn-{Xw. Fgp-amen IpSpw-_-Øns‚ hnhn[ imJ-Iƒ\mSns‚ hnhn[ ̀ mK-ß-fn¬ Ign-bp-∂p. temI-Ønse hnhn[ ̀ mK-ß-fn¬ Cu IpSpw-_-Ønse AwK-ßsf I≠p-ap-́ m≥ km[n-°pw. D∂X \ne-I-fn¬ Pohn-°p∂ At\Iw {]ikvX hy‡n-Iƒ CuIpSpw-_-Øn-ep-≠v. IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ss]XrIw ImØp-kq-£n-°p∂ IpSpw-_mw-K-ßsf Hm¿ØvssZhsØ kvXpXn-°p-∂p. ssZhw hfsc A[nIw A\p-{K-ln® Hcp Ip-Spw-_-am-Wn-Xv. ssZhw\sΩ A\p-{K-ln-°p-∂Xv a‰p-≈-h¿°v Hc-\p-{K-l-am-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bm-Wv. temI-Øn¬ FhnsSBbn-cp-∂mepw Bb-cn-°p∂ ÿeØv Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ°v Hc-\p-{K-l-am-bn-cn-°pI F∂p-≈-XmWv\ΩpsS I¿Ø-hyw.

ssZhw A{_-lm-ans\ ImWn-∏m-\n-cn-°p∂ tZi-tØbv°v Ab-bv°p-tºmƒ ""Rm≥ \ns∂A\p-{K-ln®v hen-tbmcp PmXn-bm°pw \ns∂ A\p-{K-ln®v \ns‚ t]cp hep-Xm-°pw. \o Hc-\p-{K-l-am-bn-cn-°pw.'' F∂p-ff hm°p-Iƒ A\z¿∞-am-°phm\p≈ _m[yX Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°p-≠v. Hcp IpSpw-_-Øns‚ {]ikvXn AXns‚ ]ucm-Wn-I-Xz-Øntem kº-∂-X-bntem am{X-a√ B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.B IpSpw_w Fßs\ Pohn-°p∂p F∂p-≈-XmWv {][m-\w. aqey-߃ ImØp-kq-£n-°p∂ ssZhm-{ib-ap≈ a‰p-≈-hsc Icp-Xp∂ Hcp IpSpw-_-am-bn- XpS¿∂pw k`bv°pw kaq-l-Øn\pw cmPy-Øn\pwA\p-{K-l-am-bn-cn-°p∂ Hcp IpSpw-_-ambn Pohn-°p-hm≥ XpS¿∂pw ssZhw klm-bn-°s´ F∂v{]m¿∞n-°p-∂p.

hcpw Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°v Cu IpSpw-_-N-cn{Xw Hcp apX¬°q-́ m-bn-cn-°pw. ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS \√Imev∏m-Sp-Isf ]n≥]-‰p-hm≥ Hcp {]tNm-Z\w Bbn-cn-°pw. ]nXm-°-∑m¿ \njvI-f-¶cpw ssZh-kvt\-ln-Ifpw a‰p-≈-hsc Icp-Xp-∂-h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cn¬ I≠ \√ amXr-I-Isf ]n≥]-‰p-hm≥ ]pXnbXe-ap-d-Iƒ°n-S-bm-I-s´ F∂m-iw-kn-°p-∂p.

I

\ΩpsS Imfnbm¶emb Fgpamen¬ IpSpw_mwKßfmb Gh¿°pw I¿Ømhn¬ kvt\lhµ\w.

IpSpw_Ncn{Xw Hcp ImeL´Øns‚bpw AXnPoh\Øns‚bpw AXpeyamb ssZhoI

Ir]bpsSbpw Pohn°p∂ km£yamWv. hmsamgnbmbn ]I¿∂p hcp∂ PohnXkm£yhpw

A\pIcWobamb Z¿i\ßfpw hcsamgnbmbn kwthZn∏n°p∂ ZriyamWv Ncn{X cN\Ifnep≈Xv.

Ncn{X ]T\hpw cN\Ifpw [ym\mflIamWv. Pohn°p∂ kv]µ\ßfmbmWv Ah DSseSp°p∂Xv.

]q¿∆Ime hnNn¥\ßfnse kØbpw Bfl\n¿hrXnbpamWv Ncn{XcN\IfneqsS ]pdØv

hcp∂Xv. \ΩpsS ]q¿∆ amXm]nXm°ƒ°v A£cßfneqsS kwthZn°phm≥ km[n®n√. AhcpsS

Bflka¿∏Whpw BflkwL¿jhpw A£cßfneqsS \mw Gs‰SpØncn°bmWv.

imkv{X kmt¶XnI taJeIfn¬ hncmPn°p∂ B[p\nI Xeapd aÆns‚ aWap≈

]mcºcym[njvTnXamb hnip≤nbpsS km£yhpw Z¿i\hpw BgØn¬ Dƒs°m≈phm≥ IpSpw_

Ncn{X ]T\߃ klmbn°s´.

C≥UybpsS At∏mkvtXme≥ hn. tXmakv «olmbm¬ ÿm]nXamb Imfnbm¶¬ IpSpw_

Øns‚ imJbmb Fgpamen¬ IpSpw_w ]n∂n´ \mƒ hgnIsf tIm¿ØnW°n ssZh\ma

alXzØn\mbn IpSpw_Ncn{Xw ]p\x{]kn≤oIcn°p∂Xn¬ IpSpw_Ønse HcwKw F∂ \nebn¬

F\n°v AXnbmb kt¥mjap≠v. Cu IpSpw_Ncn{X ]pkvXIw F√m AwK߃°pw

]nXm°∑mtcmSp≈ BZchn\pw Bflob A\p`hØn\pw CSbmIs´ F∂v {]m¿∞n°p∂p.

]ckv]c kvt\lØns‚ DujvafX Ipd™p hcp∂ B[p\nI ImeL´Øn¬ At\ym\yw

a\ nem°phm\pw D∂Xaqeyw ]pe¿Øphm\pw \ΩpsS t{ijvT]nXm°∑mcpsS \√ am¿§w

]n≥]‰phm\pap≈ Hcp ]T\{KŸambn Cu IpSpw_ Ncn{Xw klmbn°s´ F∂v Bflm¿∞ambn

Biwkn°p∂p.

Cu kZv DZyaØn¬ ]¶mfnIfmb Ghtcbpw ssZhw Xºpcm≥ kar≤ambn A\p{Kl°p

amdmIs´.

A\p{KlmiwkItfmsS,

Ipdnbmt°mkv am¿ ¢oaokv sa{Xmt∏menØ

Kuriakose Mar Clemis MetrapolitanPathanamthitta,

9-11-2010.

II

]n.-kn. tPm¿÷v Fw.-F¬.F.

πmtØm´w, Acp-hn-Ød

Imfn-bm-¶¬ alm-Ip-Spw-_-Øns‚ Hcp `mK-amWv Fgp-amen IpSpw-_-sa∂pw 2010 sehm¿jn-I-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v ]cn-jvI-cn® c≠mw ]Xn∏v IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-]p-kvXIw {]Im-i\w sNøp-

∂p-sh∂pw B IrXyw \n¿∆-ln-°p-hm≥ Rm≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-́ n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw D≈ Imcyw Fs∂

AXy-[nIw kt¥m-jn-∏n-°p-∂p. Rm≥ Imfn-bm-¶-ens‚ as‰mcp imJ-bmb πmtØm´w IpSpw-_-Øn¬

Dƒs∏´Xm-Wv. 2006˛¬ Imfn-bm-¶¬ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Hcp t•m_¬ kwKaw Acp-hn-Ød sh®v

\S-Ø-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. A∂v AXns‚ {]kn-U‚mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ F\n°v `mKyw e`n-®p.

Aøm-bn-c-tØmfw Bfp-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn-s‚bpw temI-Øn-s‚bpw hnhn-[`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂v AXn¬

]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. A∂sØ alm-kw-K-ahpw AtXm-S-\p-_-‘n®v \S∂ tLmj-bm-{Xbpw IpSpw-_-

Øns‚ \mgn-I-°-√p-I-fmbn ÿm\-ap-d-∏n-°pw. IpSpw-_-Øns‚ thcp-Iƒ tXSp-Ibpw ktΩ-f-\-

Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvX F√m-h¿°pw AXv i‡n ]I¿∂p.

ImWp-Ibpw kvt\lw ]¶p-sh-bv°p-Ibpw sNøm≥ Ign-bp∂ I≠p-ap-́ -emWv IpSpw-_-tbm-

K-Øns‚ {][m\ [¿Ωw. IpSpw-_-N-cn{X ]pkvX-I-߃ Bflo-b-ambpw `uXo-I-ambpw B hgn°v

Znim-kq-N-I-ß-fm-Wv. Ncn-{X-sa-∂Xv \ΩpsS ]q¿∆n-I-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ Adnhp am{X-a-√. Hcp IW-

s°-Sp∏pw \ΩpsS kaq-l-Ønse ÿm\ \n¿Æ-bhpw ]pXnb Ncn{Xw cNn-°p-hm-\p≈ t{]c-Wbpw

IqSn-bmWv. kmaq-lnI ̨ cmjv{Sob afi-e-amWv Fs‚ {]h¿Ø-\-̀ q-an-I-sb-¶nepw kz¥w IpSpw_w

Bizm-khpw AØmWnbp-am-Wv. c≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ IpSpw-_sØ hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv k -̀

bp-sSbpw kap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚bpw skan-\m-cnbpsSbpw G‰hpw sNdnb ]Xn-∏m-bm-Wv. C∂sØ ̀ uXoI

kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Xnc°p ]nSn® Pohn-Xhpw De-bp∂ _‘-ßfpw Imc-Ww IpSpw-_-Øn\v A-Øcw

[¿Ω-߃ \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xn\v F¥p-am{Xw km[n-°p-sa∂v kwi-bn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬

IpSpw-_-N-cn{X ]pkvX-I-߃ IpSpw-_-sa∂ ÿm]-\-Øns‚ hnip-≤nsb Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-Ibpw

hcpw Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°v Hcp Znim-kq-N-I-ambn h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-sa∂v {]Xym-in-°mw.

Fgp-am-en-°p-Spw-_-°m¿s°√mw {]tXy-In®v Cu hcp∂ hm¿jnI ktΩ-f-\-Øn\v Fs‚ F√m

`mhp-I-ß-fpw t\cp-∂p.

H∏v

]n.-kn. tPm¿÷vIII

Imfn-bm-¶¬ ˛ Fgp-amen IpSpw_-N-cn{Xw H∂mw ]Xn∏v 1987˛¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.\ho-I-cn® c≠mw ]Xn∏v {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°pI F∂Xv Hcp Ncn{X \ntbm-K-ambn Ct∏m-gsØ `c-W

-t\-XrXzw Gs‰-Sp-Øp. temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ ̀ mK-ß-fn¬ NnX-dn-∏m¿°p∂ IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS hnem-k-

߃ tXSn-∏n-Sn-°p-I Ffp-∏-a-√. Hmtcm imJ-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Bfp-Isf AXn-\mbn \ntbm-Kn-®p.

hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-hm-\mbn t^mdw A®Sn®v hnX-cWw sNbvXp. ]qcn-∏n®p XncnsI Gev]n-®-h-

cmWv A[n-Ihpw. AXn-¬ `mKo-I-ambn ]qcn-∏n-®Xpw D≠v. Ip´n-I-fn¬ GXv aI≥ GXv aIƒ F∂v

hy‡-am-°m-Ø-hbp≠v. ]e hnh-c-߃°pw ASpØ _‘p-°sf B{i-bn-t°≠n h∂n-́ p-≠v. 10

Znh-k-°mew ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ Hcp Un.-‰n.-]n. {]Xn IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS Xncp-Ø-ep-Iƒ°v kabw

Is≠-Øn-s°m≠v Ipº-\m v́ s\√n-aq-́ n¬ {io. F≥.Pn. aØmbnbpsS ̀ h-\-Øn¬ sh®n-cp-∂p. CØcw

ap≥I-cp-X-ep-I-sf-sbms° AXn-Po-hn®v sX‰p-Iƒ Xe-\n-h¿Øn \nev]p-s≠-¶n¬ kZbw £an-°pI.

]pkvX-I-Øns‚ tNcph-Isf 2 ̀ mK-ß-fmbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. H∂mw ̀ mKØv 4˛mw Xe-ap-d-h-

sc-bp-≈-hcpsS Ncn-{Xhpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpsS {]bm-WsØ A[n-I-cn®v Hcp ]T-\hpw BWv apJy

C\-߃. ]q¿∆ Ncn-{X-Ø-Øns‚ apJy ASn-ÿm\w ap≥ ]Xn∏p Xs∂-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ tIc-f-

Øns‚ sk°p-e¿ Ncn-{X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]e {KŸ-ß-fpw CXc IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS IpSpw-_

-N-cn{X ]pkvXIßfpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v. \ΩpsS A©p Xe-apd hsc-bp-≈-h-¿ tImbn{]w

IS{] tZiØv A[n-hmkw Dd-∏n-s®-¶nepw ]n∂o-Sp-≈-h-cn¬ ]ecpw tIc-f-Øns‚ hnhn[ ̀ mK-ß-fn-

te°v IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øp. Ah-sc-°qSn Ncn-{X-Øns‚ `mK-am-°p-I F∂ Dt±-i-tØm-sS-bmWv

"{]bm-Ww' F∂ hnjbw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am°n e`n-®-{Xbpw hnh-c-߃ CXn¬ tN¿Øn-́ p-≈Xv. ap≥

]-Xn-∏ns‚ XpS¿®-bm-bn v́ AXnse {][m-\-Im-cy-ß-fpsS Hcp kw{Klw kØ tNm¿∂p-]m-ImsX

{]tXy-In®v ]gb ]Xn∏v Iøn-en-Øm-h¿°mbn ]pXnb ]Xn-∏n¬ Dƒs°m≈n®p-́ p-≠v.

c≠mw ̀ mKØv Hmtcm hy‡n-IfpsSbpw Ah-cpsS sNdp-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fp-sSbpw hnh-cWßfmWv.

A©mw Xe-apd sXm´mWv AXn-ep-≈-Xv. BsI ]Xn-s\m-∂p-t]-cmWv A©mw Xe-ap-d-bn-ep-≈-Xv. 11

t]scbpw 11 IpSpw-_-ß-fmbn Xncn®v Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw-th≠n Hmtcm A≤ymbw \o°n sh®n-cn-°p∂p.

Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cpsSbpw ]n≥X-e-ap-d-°m-cpsS F√mw t]cp-Iƒ Xe-apd Xncn®v ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v.

IqSpX¬ hy‡X In´p-∂-Xn\v Hmtcm 6˛mw Xe-ap-d-°m-cp-sSbpw ]q¿Æ Nn{Xw \¬Ip∂ Nm¿´p-

Ifpw sImSp-Øn-́ p-≠v. BsI 31 Bdmw Xe-ap-d-°m-cm-Wp-≈-Xv, AXp-sIm≠v 31 Nm¿´p-I-fpw.

Xe-ap-d-Isf I, II, III, IV F∂o tdma≥ A°-ß-fnepw Xe-ap-d-bv°p-≈n-ep-≈-hsc 1, 2, 3, 4.F∂o Cw•ojv A°-ß-fn-ep-amWv kqNn-∏n-®n-́ p-≈-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v Hmtcm hy‡nbpsSbpw Xe-apd

GsX∂pw Xe-ap-d-bv°p-≈nse ÿm\-{Iaw GXm-sW∂pw hy‡-am-Ipw. Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂-

Xp-t]mse aq∂mwXe-ap-d-bn¬ \ap°p \mep imJ-Ifpw A©mw Xe-ap-d-bn¬ 11 IpSpw-_-ßfpw D≠v.

FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬

IV

XII

XI

X

IX

VIII

VII

VI

V

IV

III

II

IFgp-amen am∏nf

4 ˛ imJ-I-ƒ

Xe-ap-d-Iƒ

]pf

n-°-°

pgn

Imf

-ßm-S

Øv

]pe

p-t{]

Øv

]mS

n-{]Ø

v31. Nm¿´p-Iƒ (6-̨ mw Xe-ap-d)

ac-ß

mv́

Ip‰

n-bn¬

]Sn-™

msd s]

mbvI

]Sn

-™ms

d ap

dn

\od

pw-π

m-°¬

Ing

-t°-s]

mbvI

]pf

n-°-°

pgn

s]

cp-a

m-t∏

m-SØ

v

Imf

-ßm-S

Øv

]pe

n-t{]

Øv

]mS

n-{]Ø

v

Nm≠n am∏nf

V

Hmtcm 6˛mw Xe-ap-d-°m-cp-sSbpw Ah-cpsS ]n≥X-e-ap-d-I-fp-sSbpw hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-

hm≥ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-sc-bmWv Gev]n-®-sX-¶nepw Nne¿s°ms° H∂n-e-[nIw Nm¿´p-I-fnse hnh-c-߃

tiJ-cn-t°-≠-Xmbn h∂n-́ p-≠v. IqSp-X-e-≤zm-\n® GXm\pw t]cpsS t]cp-Iƒ FSp-Øp-]-d-bmXn-cn-

°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ t_m¿Un-ep-≈-h-sc-°q-SmsX {ioam≥am¿ F≥.-Fw. Nmt°m

\odpw-πm-°¬, Fw.-F. Nmt°m a -́bv°¬, tPm¨ amXyp ssX∏-d-ºn¬, ]n.-hn. tXmakv ]Sn-™msd

apdn-bn¬, ]n.-hn. tPmk v̂ ]pen-t{]-Øv, Sn.-Pn. tPm¨ sXtßm¨, Sn.-Fw. tXmakv Nnd-bn¬, amΩ≥

Nmt°m ac-ßm v́, amXyp sI. tXmakv Ip‰n-bn¬ XpS-ßn-b-h¿, ktµ-i-߃ Ab®v [\y-am-°nb

_nj∏p-am-cmb kmw amXyp Xncp-ta-\n, am¿ ¢nΩokv Ipcym-t°m-kv Xncp-ta-\n, Imfn-bm-¶¬ t•m_¬

{]kn-U‚v {io. ]n.-kn. tPm¿÷v Fw.-F¬.-F. F∂n-h¿, Un.-‰n.]n., A®Sn \n¿-∆ln®h¿, F√m-h-

tcm-Sp-ap≈ \µn tcJs∏SpØp-∂p. t]sc-SpØp ]d-bmØ CXn-\p-th≠n hnb¿s∏m-gp-°nb F√m-h-

sc-bpw Cubh-k-c-Øn¬ A\p-kva-cn-®p-sIm≠v Cu ]cn-jvI-cn® ]Xn∏v hmb-\-°m¿°mbn ka¿∏n-

®p-sIm-≈p-∂p.

FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ IΩ-‰n-°p-th≠n,

sI.-Fw. tXmakv

No^v FUn-‰¿

FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ AwK-߃

1. ]n.-‰n. aØmbn

2. tPm¿÷v kn. hdp-Kokv

3. F≥.-Pn. aØmbn

4. AUz. AeIvkv hdp-Kokv

5. ]n.-‰n. amΩ≥

6. Fw.-hn. Ipcy≥

7. kn.-‰n. tP°_v

VI

BapJw

IpSpw_ Nn¥-Isf ]Xnhv ssien hn v́ Cu Ime-k-‘n-bn¬ kao-]n-t°-W-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂p.

A∏\pw AΩbpw a°fpw tNcp-∂-Ip-Spw_w F∂ bqWn‰v C\n ]g-¶-Y-bm-Ip-I-bm-tWm? aΩo

Hc-¶nƒ kvIqfn¬ h∂p-]-d™p Abmƒ Fs‚ ̂ mZ-dm-sW-∂v. aΩo tamt\m-Sp, sX‰v, Abmƒ \ns‚

tPjvTs‚ AO-\m-Wv. CXv Hcp Fkv.-Fw.Fkv. tPm°m-Wv. ]s£ hcpw-tem-I-Øns‚ Hcp kqNI-

am-W-Xv. A—s‚ emf\ A\yw \n∂p-t]mb Ip´n-I-fpsS X-eap-dbpw Ab-™Xpw {Iaw -sI-́ -Xp-amb

ssewKo-I-Xbpw s]mfn-®-Sp-°s∏Sp∂ ]c-º-cm-KX IpSpw-_-kw-hn-[m-\hpw F√mw AXn-ep-≠v. Ip´n-

I-sfbpw hb-t dn-b-h-scbpw t\m°m≥ ]cn-N-cW hnZ-KvZ-cpsS ta¬t\m-́ -Øn-ep≈ {]tXyIw {]tXyIw

ÿm]-\-Iƒ A\p-Zn\w Gdn-h-cp-∂p. Iq´p-Ip-Spw_ kwhn-[m\w Ft∂ ]g-¶-Y-bm-bn. Ip™n-°-Y-

Ifpw Ip™n-∏m-́ p-Ifpw sIm≠p Ipt™m-a-\-Isf Nncn-∏n®pw Nn¥n-∏n®pw hoSns‚ Ae-¶m-c-am-bn-

cp∂ apØ-»o-̨ -ap-Ø-»-∑m¿ Cs∂-hn-sS? ssk_¿ bpKw \sΩ Fhn-tS-°mWv ]nSn-ap-dp°n IS-Øn-

s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv?

c≠p \q‰m≠p apºp XpS-ßnb hyh-km-bnI°pXn∏pw Itºmf hyhÿbpw sXmgn¬ hn -̀P-

\hpw Hs° AWp-Ip-Spw-_-߃°v hf-cm≥ ]mI-amb aÆp DgpXp adn-®-t∏mƒ kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚

N{I-hmfw IqSp-X¬ hnI-kn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v tXm∂n-∏n-®p. ]s£ ssiihhpw _meyhpw hm¿≤-

Iyhpw F√mw _m≤yXtbm A[n-I-∏t‰m Bbn, AXn\v {]Xn-im¥n F∂ \ne°v ÿm]-\-ß-fp-ambn

Itºmfw kPo-hw. ]s£ BsI-°qSn Hc-c-£n-X-Xzw. Cu sNdp-Ip-Spw_ hyh-ÿ-bpsS H‰-s∏-Stem

Ac-£n-X-t_m-[tam Hs° \sΩ Ign™ Ime-Øns‚ \∑-Isf Krlm-Xp-c-Xz-tØmsS t\m°n-Im-Wm≥

t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. hntZi tPmenbpw em`w sImøm≥ hgnsh® _nkn-\ v kwcw-̀ -ßfpw Hcp ]pXnb

a[y-h¿§-sØtbm As√-¶n¬ D]-cn-h¿§-sØtbm krjvSn-®p. Ch¿ thcp-Iƒ At\z-jn®p t]mIm≥

t{]cn-X-cm-Ip-∂p. Cu At\z-j-W-as√ \sΩ IpSpw-_-tbm-K-sa∂ CS-Øp-sIm-s≠-Øn-®-Xv.

hnizm-kn-I-fpsS -]n-Xm-hmb A{_lmw Hcpƒhn-fn-bpsS cq]-Øn¬ ssZh-i_vZw tI´p. ssZhw

X\n°v ]mepw tX\pw Hgp-Ip∂ Hcp CSw IcpXn h®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ct∏m-gp≈ Cu PohnX kml-Ncyw

Akzm-ÿy-P-\yhpw apt∂m v́ \bn-°m-Ø-hbpw BWv. ]g-a-bpsS ]cn-Nn-X-amb hn{K-l-߃ c‡-Øns‚

Hmtcm AWp-hnepw IpSn-bn-cp∂p aSp∏pfhm-°p-∂p. Ah A`n-hr-≤nsb XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. ]s£

F√mw Dt]-£n®p t]mhpI F∂Xv thZ-\m-P-\-I-am-Wv. AtX kabw ̀ mhn-bpsS hmKvZm-\-amb I\m≥

tZiw I\-hn¬ Xnfßn \n¬°p-∂p. hnfn-°p-∂-Xm-Is´ ssZh-hpw. t]mIWw. t]mtb aXnbmIq.

\ΩpsS ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS Ncn-{X-Ønepw Cßs\ Hcp kµ¿`w D≠m-bn. Zpcn-Xhpw ]oU-\hpw

ASn-t®-ev]n-°p∂ PohnX kml-N-cy-߃. \mep]mSp \n∂pw i{XpXbpsS Iqc-ºp-Isf t\cn-S-Ww.

Poh-\p≈ ssZhsØ hnfn-°p-∂-Xn\pw kam-[m\w Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Nnc-]-cn-NnX kml-N-cy-߃

hn´p-t]m-IWw. X\n°pw Xs‚ IpSpw_-߃°pw Pohn-°-Ww, hf-c-Ww. Aß-s\, ]pd-s∏ v́ \m\m-

VII

Zn-°n-te-°pw, Hcp IpSpw_w At\-I-ambn NnX-dn-sX-dn-®p. sN∂-bn-S-ß-fn-sems° Xß-fpsS

X\n-abpw hyXn-cn‡-Xbpw kq£n-®p. tZim-S-\-]£nIsf-t∏mse AXn¬ IqIn sXfn-™-h-cp-≠v.

IqIn sXfn-bn-®-h-cp-≠v. ]d∂p t]mb-h¿ Nne-t∏mƒ Hcp-an®v tNt°-dp-∂p. Aßs\ tN°-dp-∂-Xn-

s\-bs√ \mw IpSpw_-tbm-K-sa∂v hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. Fs‚ ]nXmhv tZim-¥-cn-bmb Hcp Bcm-ay-\m-bn-cp-

∂p F∂ thZ-hmIyw A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p∂ {]hmkw Hcp \nan-j-tØ-s°-¶nepw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p∂

CS-at√ IpSpw_-tbm-Kw. IpSpw_w F∂, Poh-\p≈ thcp-I-fp≈, ]e imJ-I-fp≈ B henb

hr£w \sΩ-sb√mw AXns‚ XW-en-en-cp-Øp-∂p.

BcmWv \o F∂ tNmZy-Øn\v Fgp-am-en-Ip-Spw-_-Ønse C∂ imJ-bnse C∂ Bfns‚ aI≥

As√-¶n¬ aIƒ F∂p-Ø-cw. t]cpw Bf-Øhpw kz`m-hhpw IpSpw_ Ncn-{X-Øns‚ tNcp-h-I-fm-Wv.

F∂m¬ Fgp-amen ]nXm-hn\p apºv Imfn-bm-¶¬ ]nXm-hv, Imfn-bm-¶¬ ]nXm-hn\p apºv Bcv, Adnbn√,

Ncn{Xw AhnsS Ccp-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p. a\p-jy≥ kzbw Xs‚ BZysØ ]nXm-hns\ tXSn-t∏m-bm¬ A‘-

Im-cØn¬s∏´p t]mIpw. ]s£ Hcp ssZh-ss]-X-en\v BZn-]n-Xmhpw BZn-am-Xm-hp-ap-≠v.

a\p-jys\ Dd-°n-In-SØn hmcn-sb-√qcn Ah-s\mcp XpWsb krjvSn-®p. Ahsf I≠v Ah≥

A¥w hn´p. Fs‚ Aÿn-bpsS Aÿnbpw Fs‚ amwk-Øns‚ amwkhpta F∂v ]d-™p.

kv{Xo, ]pcp-js‚ Bfl-{]-Xn-̂ e\w Xs∂. D]-\n-j-Øn¬ XØz-a-kn, ""AXp \o Xs∂'' F∂m-Wv.

BWpw s]Æpw XΩn-ep≈ tN¿®-bpsS ^ew IpSpw_hpw AXp-sIm≠v ]pcp-j≥ A∏-s\bpw

AΩ-sbbpw hn´p ]ncn™p `mcy-tbmSp]‰n-t®-cpw. Cu ]‰n-t®-c-ens‚ a¿Ωw ssZh-kz-cq-]w. ]s£

BZmapw l∆mbpw hoWp-t]mbtXmsS ssZh-kz-cq]w \oßn-t∏m-bn. BZmapw l∆mbpw a\p-jy-Pm-Xn-

bpsS hogvN-bpsS {]Xo-I-߃. Nnd-I‰ ]£n-sb-t∏mse Ah¿ hoWp. a\p-jy\p ssZhw \¬Inb

kzmX-{¥y-Øns‚ Zpcp-]-tbm-K-am-bn-cp∂p B hogvN. kzbw c£n-°m-\m-hmsX ain-lm-bv°p-th≠n

a\p-jy≥ ssZh-tØmSp tIWp. a\p-jy≥ hogmXn-cn-°p-hm≥ kzmX{¥yw Xncn-s®-Sp-°-b√ adn®v

ssZh-]p-{X≥ apJm-¥ncw {Iqinse c‡-Øm¬ hogvN-bn¬ \n∂v hos≠Sp-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw kzmX{¥yw

kºq¿Æ-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bflo-b-ambn {InkvXp-tb-ip-hns‚ hos≠-Sp-∏ns‚ c‡w \ΩpsS

Fgp-amen c‡sØ ip≤o-I-cn-°-Ww. hos≠-Sp-°-s∏´ BZmw˛l∆m-am-cmbn \mw ]pXp-Po-h≥ {]m]n®v

Bflo-b-ambn Nnd-I-Sn-®p-b-cp-hm≥ ssZho-I-Ir-] -e-̀ n-°Ww, am\p-jnI CO {]I-S-am-°p-Ibpw thWw.

C—n-®mepw Cs√-¶nepw F√m-h-cnepw HcmZmw As√-¶n¬ Hcp l∆m P∑\m Aen™p tN¿∂n-́ p-≠v.

F∂m¬ hos≠-Sp-∏p-Im-c-\mb {InkvXp \Ωn-te°v k∂n-th-in-°-W-sa-¶n¬ \ΩpsS D≈w Ah-

\mbn ]cp-h-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-S-Ww. {InkvXp-hn-eqsS a\p-jys‚ kzmX{¥yw ]q¿Æ-am-Ip-∂p. Fgpamen¬

IpSpw_mwKßfmb \msa√mhcpw Cu Z¿i\w {]m]n°phm≥ ssZhk∂n[nbn¬ \sΩØs∂

ka¿∏n°mw.

tPm¿÷v kn. hdp-Ko-kv

IpSpw-_-tbmKw {]kn-U‚

VIII

H∂mw `mKw

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen

]q¿∆ Ncn-{Xhpw {]bmW hnNn-¥-\hpw

14

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

A≤ymbw 1

H∂mw-X-e-apd

s]cp-amƒ am∏nf

\ΩpsS tKm{X-]n-Xmhv s]cp-amƒ am∏n-fbpw `mcybpw GI aI\pw IqSmsX a‰paq∂p IpSpw-_-ß-tfmSpw IqSn ""ImWn-∏m-\n-cn-°p∂ tZi-tØbv°v'' AXv Fhn-sS-sb-∂-

dn-bmsX sXt°m´p Xncn®v sNß-∂qcv ]º-bpsS XocØv FØp-∂-Xmbn IpSpw-_Ncn{X-

]p-kvXIw H∂mw ]Xn-∏n¬ (1987) tN¿Øn-́ p-≠v. sNß-∂q¿ tZiw A°m-eØv kmº-

Øo-I-ambpw kmwkv°m-cn-I-ambpw Db¿∂ \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. lcn-∏mSv apX¬

Fcp-taen hsc \o≠p InS-∂n-cp∂ `q{]-tZiw h™n-∏pg aTw A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS A[o-\-

X-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. h™n-∏pg aTw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂Xv sNß-∂q¿ ap≠≥Im-hn-em-bn-cp-∂p.

]nXmhpw IpSpw-_-\m-b-I-∑mcpw IqSn aTw Xºp-cms\ kao-]n®v X߃°v Xma-k

-ku-cIyw e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v At]-£n-®p. Xt∂mSp Xma-k-ku-Icyw A`y¿∞n®-h¿ Imbn-

Im-̀ ym-kn-Ifpw Irjn-hym-]m-cmZn Imcy-ß-fn¬ \n]p-W-cp-am-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn™v Xma-kn-

°p-hm≥ sNß-∂q-cn¬Øs∂ ÿew A\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.

A°m-eØv sNß-∂q¿ tZiw kh¿Æ-ln-µp-°-fp-sSbpw, \ncWw, sIm√w BZn-

bmb ÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw IpSn-tbdn ]m¿Ø {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sSbpw A[n-hmktI{µw

Bbn-cp-∂p. IqSmsX ]ºm-\-Zn-bpsS XocØv G‰hpw {]i-kvX-amb hym]m-c-tI-{µhpw

IqSn Bbn-cp-∂p. h™n-∏pg aT-Ønse Xºp-cms‚ A\p-hm-Z-tØm-Sp-IqSn Irjnbpw hym]m-

chpw Bcw-̀ n-®p. AtXm-sSm∏w Xºp-cms‚ A\p-{K-lm-in-kp-I-tfmSp Hcp If-cnbpw Bcw-

`n-®p. sNß-∂q¿ ]gb kpdn-bm-\n-∏-≈n-bn¬ tN¿∂p Bcm-[\bpw \S-Øn-t∏m-∂p.

sNß-∂q-cn¬ h∂p Xma-k-am-°nb \ΩpsS ]q¿∆-]n-Xmhv s]cp-amƒ Npcp-ßnb

Ime-b-f-hn-\p-≈n¬ kao-]-tZ-i-hm-kn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ {]i-kvX-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. kz`m-h-

t{i-jvT-Xbpw hym]mc ss\]p-Wyhpw Btbm-[\ ]mS-h-hpw aqew a‰p-f-f-hsc X∂n-

te°v BI¿jn-®p. Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ tImbn-{]Øv \n∂v s]cp-ta-Øp Xd-hm-́ nse Imc-

W-h¿ h™n-∏pg aTw Xºp-cms\ apJw ImWn-°m≥ sNß-∂q-cn¬s®∂p Ipi-e-{]iv\

at≤y hS-°p-\n∂pw h∂ \{km-Wn-I-sf-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿in-®p. kwkv°mc kº-∂cpw

Btbm-[\ hnZ-Kv[cpw hyh-km-bn-I-fpamb \{km-WnIsf-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃

tNmZn-®-dn™ s]cp-taØv Bim≥, Xs‚ XdhmSn\p kao]Øpw Ipd®v \{km-Wn-Isf

Xma-kn-∏n-°-Ø-°-hÆw Xºp-cms‚ kΩXw hmßn. s]cp-taØv Bims‚ B{K-l-{]-

Imcw s]cp-amƒ ]nXm-hns\ Xncp-ta\n aT-Øn¬ hcp-Øp-Ibpw Bims‚ B{Klw

Adn-bn-°p-I-bpw sNbvXp.

XpS¿∂p≈ Btem-N-\-bpsS ̂ e-ambn \mev IpSpw-_-\m-b-I-∑mcpw Bimt\mSpIqSn

tImbn-{]Øv hcn-Ibpw ÿe-Øns‚ amlmflyw I≠v a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. s]cp-

taØv Xd-hm-Sn\p kao]w Xs∂ Cu \mev IpSpw-_-°m¿°pw Xma-k-Øn-\p≈ hkvXp-

h-I-Ifpw Irjn°v Bh-iy-ap-≈n-S-tØmfw `qan-bpw sImSp-°m-sa∂v Bim≥ hmKvZm\w

15

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

sNbvXp. AX-\p-k-cn®v A∂sØ \m´p-\-S-∏-\p-k-cn®v \mep IpSpw-_-°mcpw IpØn-e-

∏Ww ImgvN-sh®v `qan Ah-Im-i-am-°n.

\mev IpSpw-_-\m-Y-∑mcpw XncnsI sNß-∂q-cn¬ sN√p-Ibpw h™n-∏p-g-aTw Xºp-

cm-s\-°≠v tImbn-{]Øv Bim-\p-ambn D≠m-°nb hyh-ÿ-Iƒ [cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

A\-¥cw \mev ]nXm-°-∑mcpw IpSpw-_-k-taXw Xºp-cms‚ HØm-i-tbm-Sp-IqSn tImbn-

{]Øp h∂p Xma-k-am-°n. sNß-∂q-cn¬ \n∂pw tImbn-{]Øp h∂p Xma-k-am-°nbXp

sIm√-h¿jw 840˛m≠v. {InkvXp-h¿jw 1664.

sNß-∂q-cn¬ \n∂pw tImbn-{]Øp Xma-kn-°p-hm≥ h∂Xv \mev \{kmWn IpSpw-

_-߃ H∂n-®m-sW∂v apºv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≠-t√m. Ah¿ Fgp-amen am∏n-f, ap√-t»cn

am∏nf, a -́bv°¬ am∏n-f, Ih-e-bn¬ am∏nf F∂n-h-cm-Wv. Fgp-amen am∏n-fbv°v Bim≥

s]cp-taØv Ingt° Xe-a-Æn¬ ]pcbnSw th¿Xn-cn®p sImSp-Øp. ^e-`q-bn-jvT-amb

Ings° Xe-a-Æn¬ ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ s]cp-amƒ ]nXmhv A∂sØ \ne-bv°p≈ Hcp `h\w

Na-bv°bpw Irjnbpw I®-h-Shpw \S-Øn-t∏m-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. IqsS-°qsS D≠m-Ip∂

sh≈-s∏m°w \nanØw Xe-a-Æn¬ ]pc-bnSw hmk-tbm-Ky-a-s√∂v t_m[ys∏´p. AXn-

\m¬ s]cp-taØp Imc-W-h-cpsS Btem-N-\-{]-Imcw Xe-a-Æn¬ ]pc-bn-S-Øn-\p-k-ao]w

s\√n-bv°¬]m-dbbv°v Aev]w sX°p-amdn B‰p-sh-≈-Øns‚ ieyw Ipd-®p≈ Hcp

]pc-bn-S-Øn-te°v amdn Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xn\p Xocp-am-\n-®p. Fgp-amen am∏nf h∂p Xma-

kn® {]kvXpX ]pc-bnSw ]n¬°m-eØv Fgp-amen ]pcbnSw F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p.

Fgp-amen ]pcbnS-Øn-¬ Xma-k-am-°n-bXv sIm√-h¿jw 844 aIcw (A.D. 1668)BWv. s]cp-amƒ F∂ ]nXmhpw `mcybpw 9 hb- p≈ aI≥ Nm≠nbpw Fgp-amen ]pc-

bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-k-am-°n. Ipd-hn-eßm´p\n∂pw h∂ \mev IpSpw-_-ßfpw an°-hmdpw

F√m Znh-k-ß-fnepw H∂n-®p-Iq-Sp-Ibpw {]m¿∞\ \S-Øn-t∏m-cp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

ImSp-]n-Sn®p InS-∂n-cp∂ Fgp-amen ]pc-bnSw Irjn°pw Xma-k-Øn\pw D]-tbm-K-tbm-Ky-

am-°n-Øo¿Øp. s]cp-taØv Bims‚ Btem-N\ {]Imcw Bbp-[-hnZy A`y-kn-∏n-°p-

∂-Xn\v Ifcn ÿm]n-®p. Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ kh¿Æ IpSpw-_-ß-fnse bphm-°sf Cu If-

cn-bn¬ A`y-kn-∏n®pw Irjn, I®-hSw, Imbn-I-]-cn-io-e\w F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ tZisØ

{]ap-J-cp-ambn _‘-s∏-́ p. XpS¿∂v ÿesØ {]am-Wn-am-cpsS Btem-N\ kwL-Øn¬

s]cp-amƒ ]nXmhpw Dƒs∏´p.

s]cp-taØv Bim≥am-sc-t∏m-se-bp≈ Ic-\m-Y≥am-cpsS {]uUn-bpsS `mK-am-bn-

cp∂p Cu \{kmWn km∂n-≤yw. A°m-eØv GsX-¶nepw kh¿Æ lnµp-°-fpsS hoSp-

I-fn-te°v sIm≠p-h-cp∂ km[-\-߃ Ah¿Æ-cn¬ \n∂pw Xo≠¬aqew Aip-≤-am-

bm¬ \{km-Wn-I-sf-s°m≠v sXmSo®v Aip≤n \o°p∂ G¿∏mSv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. Hcp

Ic-bn¬ D]-t`mK Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS e`yX Dd∏p hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v I®-hS kwhn-[m-\-߃

Dd-∏m-°p-I-Iq-Sn-bmWv \{kmWn km∂n≤yw sIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. ssZ\w-Zn\ Bh-

iy-߃°p-th≠ DXv]-∂-ßfpw hym]m-c-tØm-sSm∏w \m´n≥]p-d-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Ipcp-

apf-Iv, Np°v, Ge-bv°, {Kmºq BZn-bmb kpK‘ {Zhy-߃ tiJ-cn®v hntZ-in-Iƒ°v

hn¬°bpw hntZ-i-Øp-\n∂v Cd-°p-aXn sNbvX km[-\-߃ hmßn \m´n≥]p-d-ß-fn¬

hn¬∏\ \S-Øn-t∏m-cn-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv \{km-Wn-I-fm-Wv.

16

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

IqSmsX Ic-\m-Y≥am¿°pw tZi-hm-kn-Iƒ°pw Bh-iy-amb ]Ssb ]cn-io-en-∏n-

°p∂ Ifcn \S-Øn-s°m≠p t]mIp-∂-Xn-\p≈ sshZ-Kv[yhpw AXn-\m-h-iy-amb kwhn-

[m-\-ßfpw Ahscmcp-°pambncp-∂p. Ifcn F∂Xv ka{K hnZy-I-fp-sSbpw hn⁄m\

t{imX- p-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. {_mlv-a-W¿°p-th-≠n-bp≈ thZ-]m-T-im-e-Iƒ Ign-™m¬

hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn\v ]ns∂-bp-≈Xv Cu If-cn-Iƒ am{X-amWv. Hcp Ic-bpsS AYhm tZi-

Øns‚ {]uUn-bpsS `mK-am-bn-cp-∂p D∂-X-\n-e-I-fn¬ \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ If-cn-Ifpw Irjn

hym]m-c- Imcym-Zn-Ifpw. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ AXn\p Imc-W-°m-cmb \{kmWn hn`m-K-

ß-ƒ PmXn t{iWn-bn¬ D∂-X-\n-ebpw ssIh-cn-®n-cp-∂p.

tImbn-{]Øv Xma-k-am-°nb \{kmWn IpSpw-_-߃ Bcm-[-\-bv°mbn sNß-

∂q¿ ]gb kpdn-bm\n ]≈n-bn¬ IqSn \S-∂n-cp-∂p. sNß-∂q-cp≈ {InkvXob IpSpw-_-

ß-fp-ambn D‰-_‘w ]pe¿Øn-t∏m-∂p. ]≈n-bpsS \S-Øn-∏nepw F√m kl-I-c-Whpw

\¬In-bn-cp-∂p. ]n¬°m-eØv ]pØ≥Imhv ]≈n-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Bcm-[-\-

bnepw a‰v ]≈n \S-Øn-∏nepw kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. C∂sØ

A¿∞-Øn-ep-≈ {]m¿∞\m Iq´ßtfm kphn-ti-j {]N-c-W-ßtfm A∂v \S-°m≥

bmsXmcp km≤y-X-bp-an-√. I¬°p-cn-ip-Ifpw Xncn-I-Øn-°epw \a-kvImc Ip¿∫m\

kuI-cy-ßfpw Hcp-]s£ ]≈n-Iƒ°Ise Xma-kn-°p∂ `‡¿°p-th≠n D≠m-Imw.

s]cp-amƒ ]nXmhv Fgp-amen ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-k-am-°n GXm≠v 3 h¿jw Ign-

™-t∏mƒ ]mºp-I-Sn-tb‰v AIm-e-N-c-aw {]m]n-®p. sNß-∂q¿ ]g-b-]-≈n-bn¬Øs∂

AS°w sNbvXp. ]nXm-hns‚ ac-W-tØm-Sp-IqSn amXm-hns‚ Npa-X-e-bn¬ IpSpw-_-Im-

cy-߃ `wKn-bmbn \S-Øn-t∏m-∂p.

aI≥ Nm≠n°v hnhm-l-{]m-b-am-b-t∏mƒ {]ikvX IpSpw-_-amb tNIm´v \n∂v

tN®sb hnhmlw Ign--®p. ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂pw Bbp[ hnZy-bpw imkv{X-⁄m-\hpw k-

ºm-Zn-®n-cp∂ Nm≠n IrjntbmsSm∏w ]nXmhv \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ If-cn-bpsS Npa-X-ebpw

Gs‰-Sp-Øp.

Sn Nm≠n°v s]cp-amƒ, amØp-≈, Nm≠n, amΩ≥ F∂v \mev ]p{X-∑mcpw Hcp

]p{Xnbpw P\n-®p. aIƒ adnbsb Bdm-́ p-]p-g-bn-ep≈ {]ikvX IpSpw-_-amb Ip∂-Ø-

d-bn¬ hnhmlw Ign-∏n-®p. aqØ-a-I≥ s]cp-amƒ CS\m´n¬ Ip∂n¬ \n∂pw A∂-Ωsb

hnhmlw Ign®v IS{] ]pfn-°-°p-gn-bnepw, c≠m-asØ aI≥ amØp≈ Bdm-´p-]pg

heymt\Øp \n∂pw dmtl-ens\ hnhmlw Ign®v tImbn-{]Øv Fgp-am-enepw, aq∂masØ

aI≥ Nm≠n ame-°-c ]mWw-]-Sn-°-en¬ \n∂pw Ip™m-ßsb hnhmlw Ign®v tImbn-

{]Øv ]pent{]Øpw \mem-asØ aI≥ amΩ≥ ambm-en¬ \n∂pw A°-Ωsb hnhmlw

Ign®v ]mSn-{]Øpw Xma-k-am-°n. Aßs\ ]pfn-°-°pgn, Imf-ßm-S-Øv, ]pen-t{]-Øv,

]mSn-∏p-dØv F∂v 4 imJ-I-fmbn ]n¬°m-eØv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

aI≥ Nm≠n amXm-hns\ ip{iq-jn-°p-∂-Xn¬ hfsc ipjvIm¥n {]Z¿in-∏n-®n-cp-

∂p. Cuiz-c-̀ -‡bpw Btcm-Ky-h-Xn-bp-am-bn-cp∂ amXmhv hm¿≤-Iy-Ønepw Xs∂ kµ¿in-

°p-∂-hsc {]m¿∞-\-bpsS i‡n-sb-°p-dn®v ]d™v a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂p. s]s´∂v

£oW-_m-[n-X-bmbn InS-∏n-em-Ibpw A[n-I-Zn-h-k-߃°Iw \ncym-X-bm-Ibpw sNbvXp.

amXm-hn-t\bpw sNß-∂q¿ ]≈n-bn¬ AS°w sNbvXp.

17

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

A≤ymbw 2

c≠mw Xe-apd

Nm≠n am∏nf

Ipd-hn-e-ßm´p \n∂pw IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø s]cp-am-fns‚ AIme \ncym-W-tØmsSaI≥ Nm≠n IpSpw-_-Im-cy-ßfpw I®-h-S-Øn-s‚bpw If-cn-bp-sSbpw Npa-X-ebpw Gs‰SpØp

F∂v apºv kqNn-∏n-®n-́ p-≠-t√m. kz¥-\n-ebn-epw ⁄m\nbpw hnth-In-bp-am-bn-cp∂ Nm≠n-

am-∏nf PmXn-a-X-t -̀Z-sat\y F√m-h-cp-sSbpw _lp-am-\-Øn\v ]m{Xo-̀ q-X-\m-bn. bu∆-\-

Øn¬Øs∂ sNß-∂q¿ ]g-b-]-≈n-bnse Btem-N-\m-tbm-K-Øn¬ AwK-ambn. AXp-

t]mse Xs∂ h™o-∏pg sIm´m-c-Ønse Btem-N-\m-tbm-K-ß-fnepw ]e-t∏mgpw Fgp-

amen Nm≠n am∏n-fsb £Wn-°bpw {][m-\-s∏´ ]e Imcy-ß-fpsSbpw \S-Øn-∏n\v

Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

A°m-eØv Imfn-bm-¶¬ IpSpw-_-Øn-ep-≈-hsct∏mse Xs∂ a‰v aq∂v C√-

Øn¬s∏´ Bfp-Ifpw sNß-∂q-cnepw {]m¥-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øn-cp-∂p.

Ah-cpsS at≤y Fgp-amen am∏nf F∂p hnfn-®n-cp∂ Nm≠n {]i-kvX\pw {]K-¤-\p-am-

bn-cp-∂p. Fgp-amen Ifcn BWv kh¿Æ-cpsS at≤y am\y-X-bpsS Hcp Nn”-ambn amdn-

bn-cp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ Fgp-amen If-cnbn¬ A`y-k\w \S-Øp-∂-h¿°v Hcp {]tXyI

{]m[m\yw Ds≠-∂p≈ k¶-ev]hpw IS-∂p-Iq-Sn. Fgp-amen If-cn-bn¬ Bbp-[m-`ym-

ktØmsSm∏w Xs∂ hnhn[ imkv{X-ß-fn-ep≈ A`y-k-\hpw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.

Ipd-hn-e-ßm´p hn. a¿Ø-a-dnbw ]≈n-bn¬ B≠p-tXmdpw hn. amXm-hns‚ \ma-

Øn¬ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ F´p-t\mºv s]cp-\m-fn\v a°fpw Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-ßfpw HØv ]Xn-

hmbn t]mbn kw_-‘n-®n-cp-∂p. Im-fn-bm-¶¬ IpSpw-_-°m¿ {]tXy-I-ambn B≠p-tXmdpw

\SØns°m≠ncn°p∂ ]nXr-_-en-b¿∏-W-Øn¬ tImbn-{]-Øp-\n∂pw t]mIp∂ \ΩpsS

IpSpw-_mwK-ßfpw ̀ mK-̀ m-°pIfmIpI ]Xn-hm-bp-cp-∂p. Ipd-hn-e-ßm´p sN∂p Ign-™m¬

]nXr-Ip-Spw-_-ß-f-n¬s∏´ `h-\-߃ kµ¿in-°bpw _‘-߃ ]pXp-°pIbpw sNbvXp-

sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Ahn-sS-bp≈ ]nXr-Ip-Spw-_-tØmSpw tZhm-e-b-tØm-Sp-ap≈ _‘w A`w-

Kp-c-ambn XpS-c-W-sa∂v a°-tfmSv \njvI¿jn-®n-cp-∂p.

Nm≠n am∏n-fbpsS `mcy tN® hfsc kma¿∞y-ap≈ kv{Xoc-Xv\w Bbn-cp-∂p.

kv{XoIƒ°v hnZym-`ymkw \n£n-≤-am-bn-cp∂ A°m-eØpw tN® hnZym-k-º-∂bpw

Btcm-Ky-h-Xn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. A∂sØ°m-eØv kv{XoIfpsS at≤y Hcp D]-tZ-jvSmhv

F∂ \ne-bn¬ Bcm-≤y-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ ]nXmhpw amXmhpw tImbn-{]Øpw

kao-]-{]-tZ-i-Øp-ap≈ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw _lp-am-\m-Z-c-hp-Iƒ°v ]m{Xo-̀ q-X-cm-bn-Øo¿∂p.

kaq-l-Øns‚ Db¿®bv°pw hf¿®-bv°pw-th≠n AXy-≤zm\w Cu IpSpw_w sNbvXp-

sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.

18

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

Nm≠n am∏nf IpSpw-_-k-taXw B≠p-tXmdpw Ipd-hn-e-ßm´p ]≈nbpw ]q¿∆

IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-sfbpw kµ¿in-°p-I ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p F∂v apºv kqNn-∏n-®n-́ p-≠-t√m.

A°m-e-Øv tZhm-e-b-ß-fn¬ a°sf {]Xn-jvTn-°p∂ ]Xn-hp≠mbn-cp-∂p. AXn\v ASna

shbv° F∂p ]d-™n-cp-∂p. Aß-s\ -Ip-d-hn-e-ßm-́ p-]-≈n-bn¬ ASn-a-sh®p tZhm-e-

btØmSp -_-‘-s∏´p k\ymkPohnXw \bn-®n-cp∂ Bfp-Iƒ AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Ah-cp-ambn Nm≠n-am-∏nf a°sf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. A{]-Im-c-ap≈ _‘w

]n¬°m-eØp Fgp-amen IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚-bpw -k-ao] tZi-hm-kn-I-fp-tSbpw A`yp-∂-Xn°v

hfsc {]tbm-P-\-s∏-́ n-́ p-≠v. tImbn-{]-Øp≈ \{km-Wn-Iƒ F√mw Xs∂ A°m-eØp

sNß-∂q¿ ]gb kpdn-bm-\n-∏-≈n-bn¬ IqSn \S-∂n-cp-∂p. IS-\m-fp-I-fn¬ Xte-Z-nh-kta

IpSpw-_-k-taXw h≈-tج sN∂p Xma-kn-®n v́ ]nt‰-Zn-h-ksØ Bcm-[-\ -I-gn™p

am{X-amWv F√m-hcpw XncnsI t]m∂n-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ Nm≠n am∏n-f, sNß-∂q¿ hsc

t]mImsX kao-]-tZ-iØp Hcp tZhm-ebw ÿm]n-°-W-sa-∂p≈ B{Klw ]e {]Im-c-

Ønepw {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. ]nXmhv Nm≠n-am-∏n-f-bpsS h¿≤Iy Bcw-̀ -Øn¬ Xs∂ IpSpw-

_-̀ m-c-ß-sf√mw a°sf Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw, XpS¿∂p≈ Ime-b-fhv ̀ ‡n-bnepw [ym\-

Ønepw kabw sNe-h-gn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. C°m-eØp `mcy°p BI-kvan-I-amb

Bekyw D≠m-I-bpw, XpS¿∂p \ncym-X-bm-Ibpw sNbvXp. `mcy-tN-®sb sNß-∂q¿

]gb kpdn-bm-\n-]-≈n-bn¬ AS°w sNbvXp. `mcy-bpsS s]s -́∂p≈ th¿]mSv `¿Øm-

hns\ Xf¿Øp-Ibpw £oWn-∏n-°bpw sNbvXp. A[n-I-\mƒ Ign-bp-∂-Xn\p aptº Nm≠n-

am-∏n-fbpw Xs‚ 69 ̨ masØ hb-kn¬ Cl-tem-I-hmkw shSn-™p. Ipd-hn-e-ßm´p P\n®p,

t¢i-]q¿Æ-amb bm{X sNbvXv tImbn-{]Øp h∂p PmXn-a-X-t -̀Z-sat\y kI-e-cp-tSbpw

kvt\l, _lp-am-\, hm’-eym-Zn-Iƒ°p ]m{Xo-̀ q-X-\m-bn. 69˛mw hb- n¬ \ncym-X-\mb

Fgp-amen Nm≠n-am-∏n-f-bpsS ih-i-cocw A∂sØ \ne-°pw, coXn°pw BtLm-j-]q¿∆w

sNß-∂q¿ ]gb kpdn-bm-\n-∏-≈n-bn¬ `mcy-bpsS ih-Ip-So-c-Øn\p kao]w AS°w

sNbvXp. Ch-cpsS th¿]mSv kzIp-Sp-_-Øn-s\-∂-t]mse Xs∂ kao-]-tZ-i-hm-kn-Iƒ°pw

Xocm-\jvSw Xs∂-bmbncp∂p.

19

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

A≤ymbw 3

aq∂mw Xe-apd

]pfn-°-°p-gn-bn¬ s]cp-amƒ am∏nf

1. Ipd-hn-e-ßm´p tZiw hn´p IqSmcw am‰n ASn®v sXt°m´p bm{X sNbvXp -tIm-bn-{]Øp h∂p Xmakn® s]cp-amƒ ]nXm-hns‚ ]u{X-∑m-cn¬ aqØ aI≥ s]cp-amƒ,

hnZym-k-º-∂-\pw, Bbp-[m-̀ ym-kn-bpw, \√ Irjn-°m-c-\pw, F√m‰n\pw D]cn IpSpw_

Pohn-X-Øn¬ Hcp-L-́ -Øn¬ hrXm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn¬ apgp-Inb Hcp alm-flmhpw Bbn-cp-

∂p. aq∂mw Xe-ap-d-°m-c-\mb At±lw Atcm-K-Zr-V-Km-{X-\pw, IpSpw-_-Ønse G‰hpw

ss[cy-im-enbpw Bbn-cp-∂p. A°m-eØv tImbn{]w tZiw an°-hmdpw P∑n-am¿ ssIh-

i-s∏-SpØn Irjn-̀ q-an-bm-°n. A∂p IS-{]-tZ-iØv Imem-bn¬ F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp Cugh

IpSpw-_-hpw, Ipsd thS-∑m-cp-amWv Xma-k-°m-cm-bn-́ p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. h≥Im-Smbn lnw{k-

P-¥p-°-fpsS hnlmc \mSm-b -I-S-{]-tZiw sh´n-sX-fn-s®-Sp-Øm¬ \√ Irjn-̀ q-an-bm-°m-

sa∂p bphm-hmb s]cp-amƒ a\- n-em-°n. IS{] h∂p Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ B{Klw

IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Adn-bn-®p. IpSpw-_-Ønse Btem-N-\-bpsS ^e-ambn IS{] Xs∂ h∂p

Xma-kn-°p-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p.

AXn≥{]-Imcw sIm√-h¿jw 879 taS-amkw (F.-Un.1703) s]cp-amƒ ]nXm-hv, `mcy

A∂bpw c≠p a°-tfm-Sp-IqSn Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {Iao-I-c-W-߃ sNbvXp. A∂sØ

\ne°v IpSpw-_-°m¿ F√m-hcpw IqSn kl-I-cn®v Hcp hoSv Xo¿Øp. ap≥Xo-cp-am-\-{]-

Imcw tImbn-{]-Øp≈ amXr-Ip-Spw_ \mY-∑m-sc√mw IqSn s]cp-amƒ IpSpw-_sØ IS{]

]pfn-°-°p-gn-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂p Xmakn∏n®p. ]pfn-°-°pgn ]pc-bn-S-Øns‚ sX°p-]-Sn-

™m-sd A‰Øv Hcn-°epw h‰m-ØXpw Bgap-≈-Xp-amb Hcp \oscmgp°v D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

B \oscm-gp°v Ct∏mgpw Ahn-sS-bp-≠v.

]pfn-°-°p-gn-bn¬ Xma-kn® s]cp-amƒ Ipd®p Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_-ßsfIqSn IS-{]-tZ-

iØp sIm≠p-h-cp-hm≥ {ian-®p. thS-∑mcpsS klm-btØmSpIqSn ImSp-sX-fn®p Irjn

Bcw-̀ n-®p. \√ Irjn-°m-c-\pw, \mbm-́ p-Im-c-\pw, Bbp-[m-̀ ym-kn-bpw, Cuiz-c-hn-izm-kn-

bp-amb ]nXmhv kao-]-hm-kn-I-fp-ambn kº¿°w ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS kvt\lm-Z-

c-hp-Iƒ ]nSn-®p-]-‰p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bcm-[-\-bv°mbn sNß-∂q¿ ]≈n-bn¬ Xs∂

s]mbvs°m≠n-cp-∂p. IS-{]-\n∂pw tImbn-{]-tØ-°p≈ hgn hfsc Zq¿L-S-am-bn-cp-∂p.

lnw{k-P-¥p-°-fpsS hnlm-c-cw-K-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ bm{X-bn¬ Ft∏mgpw thS-

∑msc Iq´n-s°m-≠p-t]mI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.

IS{]h∂-Xn-\p-tijw s]cp-am-fn\v Hcp aI≥ IqSn P\n-®p. B aIs\ tImbn-{]-

Øp≈ IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fpsS kl-I-c-W-tØm-Sp-IqSn sNß-∂q¿ ]≈n-bn¬ kv\m\w

Ign-∏n-®p. Aßs\ Cu IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \memw Xe-ap-d-°m-cmbn Ip™p-Ω≥, s]cp-amƒ,

amØp≈ F∂v aq∂v B¨a-°ƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. a°sf ssZh-hn-izm-k-Ønepw `‡n-

bnepw hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cp-hm≥ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ AXoh {i≤m-ep-°-fm-bn-cp-∂p. a°-

fpsS hnZym-̀ ym-khpw Bbp-[m-̀ ym-khpw ]nXm-hns‚ ta¬t\m--́ -Øn¬Øs∂ \¬In.

20

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

aqØ-a-I≥ Ip™p-Ω≥ sN-dp-∏-Øn¬Xs∂ ]pØ≥Im-hn¬ Abn-cp-°p-gn-bn¬

tN-®-sb -hn-hmlw Ign-®p. c≠m-a-sØ -a-I≥ s]-cp-amƒ Ip-dn-b-∂q¿- G-dm-́ p-\n∂pw hnhmlw

sNbvXv Ip-dn-b-∂q-cn¬ Xm-a-k-am-°n. Cf-b-a-I≥ am-Øp-≈- B-d-∑p≈ sXßpw-tN-cn¬

\n-∂pw -G-ensb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Cu Im-e-b-f-hn¬ Ip-Spw-_-°m¿- F-√m-h-cpw-IqSn

Btem-Nn-®p- aq-Ø-a-I≥ Ip-™p-Ω-s\ -X-d-hm-Sn-\p- sXm-́ p -]-Sn™mdp-h-i-Øp- ho-Sp-≠m°n

AhnsS Xma-kn-∏n-®p.- A-ßs\ IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚- ]-Sn-™m-dp -̀ m-K-Øp- ho-Sp-sh-®-Xn-\m¬

]Sn-™m-sd-ap-dn- -F-∂-ho-́ p-t]-cpw -h-∂p- tN¿∂p. Cf-b-a-I≥ am-Øp-≈-bpw- `mcy Gen-bpw

-]p-fn-°-°pgn Xd-hm-́ n¬ am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-tfm-sSm-∏w- Xm-a-kn-®p. ]Sn-™m-sd-ap-dn-bn¬ Xmak-

am-°n-b-Ip-™p-Ω-\v- H-cp- a-I≥- D≠mbn.- B -ss]-X-en-s\ -sN-ß-∂q¿ ]-≈n-bn¬ kv\m\w

Ign-∏n-®p.

IpSpw-_-Im-cy-߃ {I-a-am-bpw,- `w-Kn-bm-bpw -\-S-∂p- h-csh amXm-hv -A-∂- s]-s -́∂p-

≠m-b A-kp-Jw-aqew 41˛mwasØ hb- n¬ Cl-tem-I-hmkw shSn-™p.- ar-X-tZ-lw

-h-≈-tج sN-ß-∂q-cn¬ sIm≠p sN∂v sNß-∂q¿]-≈n-bn¬ AS°w sNbvXp. `mcy-

bpsS AIme \ncym-W-tØmSpIqSn-Ip-Spw-_-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-Iƒ F√mw- ]n-Xmhv a°sf

Ccp-h-tc-bpw -G-ev]n®p {]m¿∞-\-bn-epw- [ym-\-Øn-epw -D-]-hm-k-Øn-epw- k-a-bw- sN-e-

hm°nbn-cp-∂p.- Ip-d-hn-e-ßm´v tZhm-e-b-Øn-se- s]-cp-\m-fn\v a°-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn- ]-Xn-hmbn

t]mbn kw_-‘n-®n-cp-∂p.- A-°m-e-Øv- A-hn-sS-bp-≈- ]q¿∆ IpSpw-_-ß-sf- k-µ¿in-°-

]-Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.

]n¬°m-e-Øv- F-√m-Zn-h-k-hpw -km-bm” thf-bn¬ [ym\ \na-KvZ-\mbn aWn-°p-dp-

Iƒ sN-e-h-gn-°p-∂- H-cp- s]-cp-amƒ ]nXm-hn-s\-°p-dn-®v \m-́ p-Im-cp-sS -C-S-bn¬ aXn∏v

D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. IqSmsX D]-tZ-i-߃ tXSp-∂-Xn\pw A\p-{K-l-߃ {]m]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-

ambpw hfsc AI-se-bp≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Bfp-Iƒ h∂p-Iq-SpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.

Aßs\ ]pfn-°-°p-gn -F-∂-hoSv kao-]-tZ-isØ Hcp Bim-tI-{µ-am-bn-am-dn.

htbm-[n-I-\m-b -s]-cp-amƒ ]n-Xm-hv a-°-fp-sS-bpw- sIm-®p-a-°-fp-sSbpw kz-̀ m-h-cq-]o-

I-c-W-Øn¬ AXoh {i≤m-ep-hm-bn-cp-∂p.- Po-hn-X -hn-ip-≤n-bn-epw, Cuiz-c-hn-izm-k-Øn-

epw- Po-hn-°p-∂-Xn\v Xs∂ h∂p-Im-Wp-∂-hsc KpW-tZm-jn-®n-cp-∂p. Ah-km\ \mfp-I-

fn¬ Hcp- k-\ym-kn-bpsS Pohn-X-Ncy kzmb-Ø-am-°nb ]nXm-hn\v Xs‚ 67 ˛masØ hb-

 n¬ s]s -́∂v X-f¿® A\p-̀ -h-s∏-SpIbpw Znh-k-߃I-gn-bp-t¥mdpw £oWw-h¿≤n-®p-

h-cn-I-bpw- X-s‚ -acW ka-bw- A-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂p X\n-°p- t_m-≤y-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. AXn-\m¬ Xs‚ -B-{K-l-{]-Imcw a°-sfbpw sIm®p-a-°-sfbpw Acn-In¬Iq´n

hcpØn F√m-h-tcbpw ssZh-\m-a-Øn¬ A\p-{K-ln-®p. -In-S-∏n-em-b-Xns‚ Hº-Xmw- Zn-h-

kw- Xm≥ Cl-tem-I-hm-kw- sh-Sn-™p.

ac-W-hn-hcw Adn-™p- k-ao] tZi-hm-kn-Ifpw tImbn-{]-Øp-≈ -Ip-Spw-_mw-K-ßfpw

Iq´p-Ip-Spw-_mw-K-ß-fpw -]p-fn-°-°p-gn-bn¬ h-∂p- Iq-Sn. Ahcp-sS -Xm¬]-cy -{]-Imcw arX-

tZlw tImbn-{]Øv Fgp-amen Xd-hm-´n¬ sIm≠p-sN-√p-Ibpw, AhnsS \n∂pw h≈-

tج sNß-∂q-tc-°p -sIm-≠p-t]m-Ibpw sNß-∂q¿ ]≈n-bn¬ kwkv°-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

21

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

2. Imf-ßm-SØv amØp≈ am-∏nf

Ipd-hn-e-ßm´p \n∂pw tImbn-{]-Øp-h∂p Xma-kn® s]cp-amƒ ]nXm-hns‚ sIm®p-

a-°-fn¬ c≠m-a≥ {io. amØp≈ am∏nf ktlm-Z-c-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w hnZym-̀ ym-khpw Bbp-

[m-`ym-khpw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n. _mey-Øn¬ Xs∂ kuay\pw _p≤n-am-\p-am-bn-cp∂

amØp≈ am∏nf tZi-hm-kn-I-fp-sS at≤y KW-\o-b-\m-bn-cp-∂p. amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS Btem-

N\ {]Imcw Bdm-́ p-]pg heym-t\Øv \n∂pw dmtl-ens\ hnhmlw Ign-®p. Ch¿°v

Hcp ]p{X≥ PmX-\mbn s]cp-amƒ F∂v \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp. Ch¿ IpSpw-_-k-taXw

Fgp-am-en¬ Xd-hm-́ n¬ \n∂pw s\√n-°¬ t£{X-Øn\p kao]w amdn Xma-kn-®p. Ch¿

amdn Xma-kn® ]pc-bn-S-Øn\v Ipd-hn-e-ßms´ ]q¿∆ IpSpw-_-t]-cmb ""Imfn-bm-¶¬''

F∂p t]cn-́ p. ]n¬°m-eØv Imfn-bm-¶¬ F∂Xv tem]n®v Imf-ßm-SØv F∂v Adn-b-

s∏-Sp∂p.

{io. amØp≈ Hcp Irjn-°m-c\pw hy-h-km-bnbpw s]mXp-P-\-ßfpsS {]iv\-߃ ]-

d™p Xo¿°p-∂-Xn¬ Xev]-c-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. hnZym-k-º-∂-\mb amØp≈ am∏nf Bcm-[-

\-bv°mbn sNß-∂q¿ ]≈n-bn¬ IqSn \S-∂n-cp-∂p. Bflo-b-Im-cy-ßfn¬ Xev]c\mbn-

cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]≈n-bnse {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw ap≥]-¥n-bn¬Ø-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

amØp≈ am∏n-fbpw `mcy dmtlepw \√ hm¿≤-Iy-Øn¬ \ncym-X-cm-bn. Ccp-h-tcbpw

sNß-∂q¿ ]g-b-]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkv°-cn-®p. Fgp-amen IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-Ønse

\mep imJ-I-fn¬ Imf-ßm-SØp imJ-bpsS Bcw`w ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® hn[-am-Wv.

3. Nm≠n am-∏nf, ]pen-t{]-Øv, tImbn{]w

s]cp-amƒ ]nXm-hns‚ sIm®p-a-°-fn¬ aq∂m-a≥ {io. Nm≠n am∏nf ktlm-Z-c-∑m-

tcm-sSm∏w hnZym-̀ ym-khpw Bbp-[m-̀ ym-khpw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n. sNß-∂q¿ sXt°-Xn¬

\n∂pw adn-bm-Ωsb hnhmlw Ign®p. Ch¿°v s]cp-amƒ F∂ GI-a-I≥. hm¿-≤-Iy

-k-l-P-amb tcmK-Øm¬ Nm≠n am∏n-fbpw adn-bm-Ωbpw \ncym-X-cm-bn. sNß-∂q¿ ]gb

bmt°m_mb kpdn-bm\n ]≈nbn¬ kwkv°-cn-®p.

4. Nm≠n amΩ≥ ]mSn-∏p-dØv tImbn-{]w.

s]cp-amƒ ]nXm-hns‚ sIm®p-a-°-fn¬ \mem-a≥ Nm≠n amΩ≥ tImbn-{]Øv ambm-

en¬ Nmt°m aIƒ timim-Ωsb hnhmlw Ign-®p. Ch¿°v Nm≠n F∂ GI aI≥.

{io. amΩ≥ 32˛mw hb- n¬ \ncym-X-\m-bn. sNß-∂q¿ ]g-b-]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬

kwkv°-cn-®p.

22

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

A≤ymbw 4

\memw Xe-apd

tImbn-{]-Øp-\n∂pw ]pfn-°-°p-gn-bn¬ h∂p Xma-k-am-°nb aq∂mw Xe-ap-d-bnse

s]cp-amƒ ]nXm-hns‚ aq∂v B¨a-°-fn¬ aqØ aI≥ Ip™p-Ω≥ Xd-hm-Sns‚

]Sn-™m-dp-̀ m-KØv hoSp-sh®p ]Sn-™m-td-ap-dn-bnepw Cf-b-a-I≥ amØp≈ ]pfn-°-°pgn

Xd-hm-́ nepw Xma-k-am°n. Aßs\ ]pfn-°-°pgn F∂pw ]pfn-°-°pgn ]Sn-™m-td-ap-dn-

sb∂pw c≠v \ma-Øn¬ ]n¬°m-eØv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. c≠m-asØ aI≥ s]cp-amƒ

Ipdn-b-∂q-cn¬ `mcym-Kr-l-Øn-\-SpØv IpSpw-_-ambn Xma-k-am-°n. At±lw amXr-Ip-Spw-

_-hp-ambn _‘w ]pe¿Øm-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ XΩn¬ XΩn¬ Adn-bm-\p-ff km-l-Ncyw

C√m-sX--t]m-bn.

IV. 1 Ip™p-Ω≥ ]Sn-™m-sd-ap-dn, IS-{].]pØ≥Im-hn¬ Abn-cq¿°p-gn-bn¬ tN®sb hnhmlw Ign-®p. Ch¿°v Ck-lm-°v,

Ip™pΩ≥ s]cp-amƒ, Ip™p-Ω-≥ h¿Ko-kv, Ip™p-Ω≥ Ip™p-Ω≥ F∂v \mev B¨a-

°fpw B®n F∂ Hcp aIfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cuiz-c-̀ -‡\pw A≤zm-\-io-e-\p-am-bn-cp∂

Ip™p-Ω≥ a°-fpsS kz`mh cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ AXoh Xev]-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Bcm-[-\-

bv°mbn sNß-∂q¿ ]gb kpdn-bm\n∏≈n-bn¬ s]mbvs°m≠n-cp-∂p. hfsc AI-se-

t∏mbn Bcm-[-\-bn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-∂-Xns‚ sshjayw \ΩpsS IpSp-_-sØ-t∏mse a‰-

t\I IpSpw-_-°mcpw A\p-̀ -hn-®n-cp-∂p. Bb-Xn-\m¬ kao-]-{]-tZ-it-Øbv°v Hcp ]≈n

ÿm]n-°-W-sa∂ B{Klw F√m-hcpw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw AXn-\p≈ Btem-N\ tbmK-

Øn¬ Ip™p-Ω≥ ]nXm-hp-IqSn Dƒs∏´ncp-∂p. aIƒ B®nsb sNß-∂q-cn¬ hnhmlw

Ign-∏n-®p. aqØ-a-I≥ Ck-lm°v ]qh-Øq¿ I°m v́ ho´n¬ A∂-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv

IS{] ac-ßm´p Xma-k-am-°n. c≠m-asØ aI≥ s]cp-amƒ Ipdn-b-∂q-cn¬ \n∂pw kmdmsb

hnhmlw Ign®v IS{] Ip‰n-bn¬ Xma-k-am-°n. aq∂m-asØ aI≥ hdp-Kokv I√q-∏md Icn-

ºn¬ sIm®p-s]-Æns\ hnhmlw Ign®v IS{] ]Sn-™msd s]mbvI-bn-¬ Xma-k-am-°n.

Cfb aI≥ Ip™p-Ω≥ I√q∏md \n∂pw Gensb hnhmlw Ign®v IS{] ]Sn-™msd

apdn Xd-hm-́ n¬ Xma-kn-®p.

Imcy-{]m-]vX\pw IpSpw-_-kvt\-ln--bp-am-bn-cp∂ Ip™p-Ω≥ 68˛masØ hb- nepw ̀ mcy

tN® 63˛msØ hb- nepw \ncym-X-cm-bn. sNß-∂q¿ ]gb ]≈nbn¬Øs∂ AS°w

sNbvXp.

IV. 2 s]cp-amƒ, Ipdn-b-∂q¿Ipdn-b-∂q¿ Gdm-́ p-\n∂pw hnhmlw sNbvXp Ipdn-b-∂q-cn¬ Xma-k-am-°n. IpSpw-_-hp-

ambn _‘w ]pe¿Øm-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ e`n-®n-́ n-√.

23

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

IV. 3 amØp≈, ]pfn-°-°pgnBd-∑pf sXßpw tNcn-¬ ho´n¬ Gensb hnhmlw Ign-®p. Ch¿°v aq∂v B -̈

a-°ƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

AtcmK-Zr-V-Km-{X\pw, Zo¿L-Im-b-\p-am-bn-cp∂ amØp≈ am∏nf \√ Irjn-°m-

c\pw A≤zm-\-io-e\pw Cuiz-c-̀ -‡-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. B⁄m-\p-h¿Øn-I-fmb [mcmfw Bfp-

Iƒ IqsS Ft∏mgpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. IqSmsX hne-bv°p-hm-ßnb Zmko-Zm-k-∑mcpw D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. A°m-eØv {][m\ Irjn-bn-\-߃ ]™-∏p√v, Xn\, tNmfw, Nma, apXn-c,

]bdv BZn-bm-b-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Np‰p-]mSpw h\-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ZpjvS-ar-K-ß-fpsS D]-

{Zhw IqsS-°qsS D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. Im´p-ar-K-ßfpsS amwkw [mcmfw e`n-®n-cp-∂p.

amØp≈ am∏n-fbpsS ]nXmhv s]cp-amƒ hnJym-X-\mb Hcp alm-flmhv Bbn-cp-∂-Xn-

\m¬ B ]mc-º-cyhpw s]cp-abpw aI≥ ImØp-kq-£n-®p. Aßs\ ]pfn-°-°pgn F∂

t]cv Ab¬tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.

amØp≈ am∏n-f-bpsS `mcy AXn-k-a¿∞-bmb Hcp kv{Xo cXv\w Bbn-cp-∂p.

Zm\-io-ebpw ssZh-̀ -‡-bp-am-b B amXmhv tZi-hm-kn-I-fp-sS-sb√mw Hcp "AΩ' Xs∂-

bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ch¿ ]pØ≥Imhv ]≈n-bn¬ Bcm-[\ \SØn hcth, tImbn-{]Øv Hcp

]≈n ]Wn-bn-®p. F¶nepw hnhn[ Imc-W-ß-fm¬ Gsd \mƒ AhnsS IqSn \S°m≥

km[n-®n-√. A°m-eØv Ipº\mSv Hcp Bcm-[\m ÿew ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v {ian-°bpw

a‰p ]e-cp-sSbpw kl-I-c-W--tØm-Sp-IqSn Hcp Bcm-[-\m-ÿew cq]s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ {]m¿∞-\m-ebw F∂-dn-b-s∏-́ n-cp∂p F¶nepw ]n¬°m-eØv tZhm-e-

b-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.

ImSp-sh-́ n-sØ-fn®v IqSp-X¬ ÿew Irjn-̀ q-an-bmbn am‰n. Irjn kº-Øn-t\m-sSm∏w

arK-k-ºØpw h¿≤n-®p. Hcp tImem-́ n≥]-‰sØ hf¿Øn. Zo¿L-Zr-jvSn-bp-≈-h\pw Iq¿Ω-

_p-≤n-am-\p-am-b-ncp∂ amØp≈ am∏nf ]nXm-hn¬\n∂pw e`n® {]ikvXn hfsc h¿≤n-∏n-

®p. k¿∆-cmepw BZ-c-Wo-b-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. Xs‚ {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ a≤y-Øn¬ 51˛mw

hb- n¬ Cl-tem-I-hmkw shSn-™p. arX-tZlw ]pØ≥Imhv ]≈n- skan-tØcnbn¬

kwkv°-cn-®p. amXmhv ]ns∂bpw Pohn--®n-cp-∂p. amXm-hn-t\mSv Btem-Nn-°msX a°ƒ

bmsXm∂pw sNbvXn-cp-∂n-√. Ch¿°v h¿Kokv \odpw-πm-°¬, Ip™p-Ω≥ Ing-t°-s]m-

bvI, amΩ≥ ]pfn-°-°pgn F∂v aq∂p a°ƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. amXmhv Xs‚ 64˛mw hb- n¬

\ncym-X-bm-bn. ]pØ≥Imhv ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ AS°w sNbvXp.

IV. 4. amØpÆn a-I≥ s]cp-amƒ Imf-ßm-SØv ˛ tImbn{]w_mey-Im-e-Ønse hnZym-̀ ymkw ]q¿Øn-bm°n XpS¿∂v Irjn-bnepw hyh-km-b-Ønepw

]nXm-hns\ klm-bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. ]pØ≥Im-hn¬ ]oSn-I-bn¬ hdp-Kokv aIƒ A°-

Ωsb hnhmlw Ign-®p. Ch¿°v hdp-Ko-kv, amØpÆn F∂v c≠v a°ƒ PmX-cm-bn.

{io. s]cp-amƒ ]pØ≥Imhv ]≈nbpsS {]mcw-̀ -{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ kPoh ]¶m-fn-bm-

bn-cp-∂p. ̀ ‡\pw [¿Ωn-jvT-\p-am-bn-cp∂ Xm≥ a°-fpsS kz`m-h-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ AXoh

24

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

{i≤m-ep-hm-bn-cp-∂p. tImbn{]w tZ-isØ s]mXp-Imcy {]k-‡-\p-am-bn-cp∂ s]cp-amƒ

]nXmhv 75˛mw hb- nepw amXmhv A°mΩ 70˛mw hb- nepw \ncym-X-cm-bn.

Ccp-h-tcbpw ]pØ≥Imhv ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-®p.

IV. 5. Nm≠n s]cp-amƒ ]pent{]Øv ˛ tImbn{]wCS-\m-́ n¬\n∂pw B®n-b-Ωsb hnhmlw Ign-®p. Ch¿°v h¿°n-sb∂v GI ]p{X≥.

Bim-s\∂ A]-c-\m-a-t[-b-Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-́ n-cp∂ {io. s]cp-amfpw `mcybpw hm¿≤-

Iy-k-l-P-amb Akp-J-Øm¬ \ncym-X-cm-bn. Ccp-h-tcbpw ]pØ≥Imhv bmt°m_mb

]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkv°-cn-®p.

IV.6. amΩ≥ Nm≠n ]mSn-∏pdØv-

awK-e-Øn¬ Bepw-aq-́ n¬ aØmbn aIƒ Gen-bm-Ωsb hnhmlw Ign-®p. Ch¿°v

amØ≥ F∂v Hcp-a-I≥. Irjnbpw hym]m-chpw sXmgn-em-°n-bn-cp∂ {io. Nm≠nbpw

`mcy Gen-bm-Ωbpw hm¿≤-Iy-Øn¬ \ncym-X-cmbn, sNß-∂q¿ ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬

kwkv°-cn-®p.

25

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

A≤ymbw 5

Fgp-amen IpSpw-_hpw Bflob ssNX-\yhpw

I≈n, Imfn-bm-¶¬, i¶-c-]p-cn, ]I-tem-a‰w F∂o \mev ]utcm-lnXyC√-°msc

tXma-«ol a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ \n∂pw th¿Xn-cn®v Nne {]tXyI ]Z-hn-Ifpw ÿm\-ßfpw

sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p F∂v ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v.

am¿tØmΩ apØ-∏s‚ Zp{Im\m

Imfn-bm-¶¬ hey-®s‚ Ip¿∫m\

Imfn-bm-¶¬Im-cpsS sh®q v́

sNdn-b-]≈n Ing-t°-Xnse tX°ne

(Ip-d-hn-e-ßmSv a¿Ø-a-dnbw ]≈n t]Pv 11)

Ipd-hn-e-ßm´p a¿Ø-a-dnbw ]≈n-bpsS {]mcw-`-Øn¬ Imfn-bm-¶¬ hey-®≥

Ip¿∫m\ AW-®n-cp∂p F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-́ p-≠-t√m. B ]mc-ºcyw ]n≥X-e-ap-d-I-

fn-te°pw hym]-cn-®n-́ p-s≠∂p \n w-ibw {]kvXm-hn-°mw. \ap°p e`n-®n-́ p≈ tcJ-I-

fpw, ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn e`n-®n-́ p≈ Adn-hp-Ifpw h®p-t\m-°n-bm¬ Imfn-bm-¶¬ IpSpw-_-

Øn-ep-≈-h¿ NnX-dn-∏m¿Øn-S-sØ√mw k`m-ip-{iq-j-bn¬ Xev]-c-cm-bn-cp-∂p. IqSmsX

anj-\dn \ho-I-cW {]ÿm-\-Øn-\p-tijw kphn-ti-j-th-e-bnepw Ah¿ G¿s∏-´p.

\ΩpsS Bfp-Iƒ sN∂n-S-sØm-s°-bpw, Bcm-[\ ÿe-߃ C√m-Xn-cp-∂n-SØp Bcm-

[\m ÿe-߃ ÿm]n-®p. Bcm-[-\m- kwhn-[m\-߃ D≈n-SØp ip{iqj \S-Øp-∂-

Xnepw Xev]-c-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

F-gp-amen IpSpw_-Ønse BZy-]n-Xmhv s]cp-amƒ sNß-∂q-cn¬ h∂v sNß-∂q¿

]≈n-bn¬ IqSn Bcm-[\ \S-Øn-t∏m-∂p. ]pØ≥Imhv ]≈n-bpsS {]mcw-`-Im-eØp

]≈n-]-Wn-°pw, AXns‚ \S-Øn-∏nepw ]≈n `c-W-Ønepw Fgp-amen IpSpw-_-°m¿ a‰p-

≈-h-sc-°mƒ H´pw ]n∂n-em-bn-cp-∂n-√. Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ tIm-bn-{]Øp h∂ \mev Iq´p

IpSpw-_-ßfpw IqSn tImbn-{]Øv Hcp tZhm-ebw ÿm]n-®p. kao-]-hm-kn-I-fmb ss{IkvX-

h¿ AhnsS Bcm-[\\ \SØn-t∏m-∂p. Iq´p IpSpw-_-Øn¬ s∏´ Hcm-fns\ Xs∂ Cu

tZhm-e-b-Ønse ]´-°m-c-\m-°-W-sa∂v F√m-hcpw B{K-ln-°p-Ibpw AXn≥{]-Imcw

]n¬°m-eØp ap√-t»-cn-Ip-Spw-_mw-K-amb Hcm-fns\ ] -́°m-c-\m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Imfn-

bm-¶¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ [mcmfw ] -́°m¿ D≠v.

]n¬°m-eØv ]e¿°pw ]e-hn-[-Øn-ep≈ _p≤n-ap-́ p-Ifpw {]mcm-_v[ßfpw A\p-

-̀h-s∏-Sp-I-bm¬ ]pXnb ÿe-tØ°p amdn Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw Bcm-[\m ÿe-߃

Ahn-S-hnsS {Iao-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Fgp-amen IpSpw-_-°m¿ X\n-t®m, a‰p≈ IpSpw-_-ß-fp-ambn kl-I-cnt®m Ah¿

]m¿Øn-cp∂ ÿe-ß-fn¬ Hs°bpw Bcm-[\me-b-߃ ]Wn Ign-∏n-°p-Ibpw Bcm-

[\ \S-Øn-t∏m-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn¬ \ap°v A`n-am-\-Øn\v hI-bp-≠v.

26

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

\ΩpsS IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ Hcp {]tXyI PohnX ssien-bpsS DS-a-I-fm-Wv. Xmgva

hn\-bw, ]tcm-]-Im-c-X-ev]-c-X, F∂o KpW-ß-tfmSp IqSn-b-h-cpw, A\ysc NqjWw

sNbvXp Hu∂-Xy-ß-fn¬ FØp-∂-Xn¬ hnap-J-cp-am-Wv. A[¿Ω-Øn\p Iq´p \nev°m-

Ø-h-cpw, \ymbsØ am\n-°p-∂-hcpw, A\o-Xn-tbmSp FXn¿°p-∂-h-cpw, a‰p-≈-h-cpsS

D∂-a-\-Øn¬ kt¥m-jn-°p-∂-h-cp-am-Wv.

Fgp-am-en-Ip-Spw-_-Øns‚ ]mc-ºcyw {InkvXp-hn¬IqSn tXmam-«o-lm-bn-te-°pw,

XpS¿∂p Ipd-hn-e-ßm v́ ]\-a-‰w, hS-s°-°c BZn-bmb IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ IqSn Fgp-am-en-

am-∏n-fbv°pw e`n-®p. Aßs\ Fgp-amen am∏n-fbpw sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-́ -h-\pw, th¿Xn-

cn-°-s∏-́ -h\pw tXmakv At∏m-kvX-e-\n¬ \n∂pw {InkvXo-b-Z¿i\w e`n-®-h-\p-am-Wv.

Imfn-bm-¶¬ IpSpw-_-°m¿°v e`n® ]mc-ºcyw F°m-eØpw, F√m {]Im-c-Ønepw A`n-

am-\n-°m≥ hI-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. \ΩpsS IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Bflob ssN-X\yw h¿≤n-®p-h-cp-

∂-Xn\v th≠ ssZh-Ir] e`n-∏m≥ \ap°p A -̀b-bm-N\ sNømw.

27

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

A≤ymbw 6

ap≥]-Xn-∏n¬ \n∂v

IØp-Iƒ, {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS kw£n]vXw

1. tUm. tXmakv hdp-Ko-kv, a -́bv°¬, Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ ap≥ ]Xn-∏n¬ tUm. tXmakv

hdp-Ko-kns‚ IØv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-́ p-≠v. Ct∏mƒ At±lw hm¿≤-Iy-k-l-P-amb

tcmK-ß-fm¬ £oWn-X\pw tcmK-i-ø-bn-ep-am-Wv. \Ωp°v Hcp {SÃv ^≠v cq]o-I-cn-

°p-∂-Xn\v At±lw ap≥ssI FSp-°p-Ibpw AI-a-gn™v AXn¬ \nt£]n-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXn-́ p-≠v. Bfl-{]-Im-i-\-Øn\v DXIpw hn[w Poh-Im-cp-Wy-I¿Ω-ßsf

At±lw Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw a‰p-≈-hsc AXn-te°v t{]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p.

2. ]tc-X-\mb ssae-\n¬°p-∂-Xn¬ {io.-Fw.-Pn.-tXm-akv ap≥]-Xn-∏n¬ Fgp-amen

IpSpw_ Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp Ipdn-∏p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. IpSpw-_-tbmK cq]o-I-c-

W-Øn\v ]cn-{i-an-®-h-cn¬ Hcm-fpw Nmcn‰n {SÃv cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v \ntbm-Kn-°-

s∏´ D]-k-an-Xn-bpsS I¨ho-\-dpam-bn-cp-∂p. 500¬ A[nIw IpSpw-_-ß-fp≈ Fgp-

amen IpSpw-_-tbmKw \n¿∆-ln-t°-≠ [¿Ω-ß-sf-°p-dn®v t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cp-∂

At±lw Nn-X-dn-In-S∂ IpSpw-_mw-K-ßsf tIm¿Øn-W-°p∂ IÆnbpw c‡-_-‘-

Øns‚ XojvWhpw Dujva-f-hp-amb `mh-ßsf Bhm-ln-°p-∂ D]-I-c-W-ambpw

IpSpw-_-tbm-KsØ Db¿Øn∏n-Sn-®p. Xs‚ Ipdn-∏n¬ IpSpw-_-tbmK cq]o-I-c-W-

Øn\pw Imcy-£-a-amb \S-Øn-∏n\pw hne-s∏´ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \evInb hy‡n-Xz-

ßsf A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]tc-X-cmb ]n.-Pn. tXma-kv, Fw.-Pn. tPm¿÷v, kn.-kn.

amΩ≥, Sn.-Cu. imap-th¬, Fw.-kn. tPm¿÷v, kn.-Fw. aØmbn hey-tß-en¬ F∂n-

h-scsb√mw AXn¬ kvacn-°p-∂p.

3. ap≥]Xn-∏n¬ {io. kn.-kn.-am-Ωs‚ A¿∞-kw-]p-jvT-amb Hcp ktµiw Dƒs∏-Sp-

Øn-bn-´p-≠v. BcmWv t{ijvT≥ F¥mWv t{ijvT PohnXw F∂-Xn\v DØcw

\evIm-\mWv B ktµ-i-Øn-eqsS At±lw {ian-°p-∂-Xv. hnizmk Pohn-X-sØbpw

hnizmkw IqSm-sX-bp≈ Pohn-X-sØbpw Xm≥th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂p. hnizm-kn-I-fpsS

]nXm-hmb A{_-lm-ans‚ k¥m\ ]c-º-c-bnse hnizm-k-ho-c-\mb Zmho-Zn-s\bpw

At±lØns‚ aI-\mb ⁄m\n-I-fpsS ⁄m\n-bmb item-tam-s\bpw th¿Xn-cn-

°p-∂p. euInI ⁄m\-tØ-°mƒ Bfln-I-Z¿i\w t{ijvT-a-t{X. a\p-jy-\nse

arKhm-k-\-I-fpw- bp-‡n-b-̀ ym-k-ßfpw A[¿Ω-Øn-te-°p≈ hgn-I-fm-Wv. Pohn-X-

Øns‚ AXn-Po-h\w Hcp-a-√n-So¬ BWv. Fgp-amen IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ Ah-cpsS

hyXy-kvX- k`m ]mc-º-cy-ß-fn¬ A`n-am-\n-°p-tºmƒ Xß-fpsS Pohn-Xm-tbm-[\w

{InkvXp-hn-t\m-sSm-∏tam F∂v Bfl-]-cn-tim-[\ \S-Ø-Ww. \msa√mw Cu temI-

Øn¬ \n∂p IS∂p t]mIp-∂p. Hcp-h-iØv {InkvXp-tb-ip-hn-ep≈ hos≠-Sp-∏n-

s‚bpw \nXy-Po-h-s‚bpw Ah-Imiw {]m]n-°p-Ibpw adp-h-iØv \ΩpsS ]n≥X-e-

ap-dbv°v B hos≠-Sp-∏n-ep≈ hnizm-k-Po-hnXw ss]Xr-I-ambn h®n´p t]mIpIbpw

sNø-Ww. Aßs\ am\-km-¥-c-s∏´p BfloI DW¿∆v {]m]n-°p-hm≥ \ap°p

28

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

{]m¿∞n-°m-sa∂ Blzm-\tØmsSbmWv ktµ-i-a-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂Xv.

H∂mw ]-Xn-∏ns‚ I¨ho-\dpw AXns‚ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn\v G‰-hp-a-[nIw A≤zm-

\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Bfm-Wv {io. kn.-kn. amΩ≥. IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øn\v At±-l-tØmSp≈

\µn \n o--a-am-Wv.

ap≥]-Xn∏v Xøm-dm-°-s∏´ hn[w Hcp {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS cq]-Øn¬ {io. kn.-kn.

amΩ≥ hni-Z-am-°p-∂p-≠v. Xe-ap-d-Iƒ Ign-bp-t¥mdpw IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS hwim-h-en-bp-sSbpw

Ncn-{X-Øn-s‚bpw IÆn-Iƒ tX™pw am™pw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v AXp-hsc

]e cq]-Øn¬ ss]Xr-I-ambn ssIh-∂n-́ p≈ Adn-hp-Isf IpSpw-_-N-cn{X cq]-Øn¬

kq£n-t°-≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-sa∂v At±lw t_m[y-s∏-SpØp-∂p.

tImbn-{]Øv Fgp-am-en¬ \n∂pw Bcw`n-s®-¶n-epw, ]n¬°m-eØv IS{] ]pfn-°-

°pgn IpSpw_w F∂pw tImbn-{]Øv Fgp-amen IpSpw-_-sa∂pw c≠p hyXykvX t]cpIfn-

emWv \ΩpsS IpSpw_w Adn-b-s∏-́ n-cp-∂-Xv. Dt±iw 90- h¿j-°m-e-tØmfw ]pfn-°-°pgn

IpSpw_ {]m¿∞\ \S-∂n-cp-∂p. AtX Ime-b-f-hn¬ tImbn-{]Øv Fgp-amen F∂ t]cnepw

{]m¿∞\ \S-∂n-cp-∂p. {ItaW AXv \n∂p-t]mbn. {]m¿∞\ \ne-®-tXmsS IpSpw-_mw-

K-߃ XΩn-ep≈ _‘-ßfpw Ah-Xm-f-Øn-em-bn. AXv ]n∂oSv ]pXp-X-e-ap-d-Isf A]-

cnNnX-Xz-Øn-te°v X≈n. {ItaW ]nXm-°-∑m¿ ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ hnizm-k-Xo-jvW-Xbpw

kmaq-ln-I-˛-[m¿ΩnI \nebpw £bn-°p-∂pthm F∂p-t]mepw kwi-bn-t°≠n h∂p.

GXm≠v 50 h¿j-°m-e-tØmfw Hcp iq\yX _m[n-®p-sh∂pXs∂ ]d-bmw.

Cu hnj-a-k-‘nsb adn-I-S-°p-hm≥ t_m[-]q¿∆w Ncn-hp-Im-em-bn¬ {io. kn.-kn.

amΩs‚ `h-\-Øn¬ kn.-kn. amΩ-s\- Iq-SmsX ]Sn-™m-sd-ap-dn-bn¬ ]n.-‰n. aØm-bn, ]Sn-

™m-tdmØn¬ CSn-°pf G{_-lmw, aW-°p-f-ßc Fw.-Fw. tPm¿÷v, hcn-°-πm-aq-́ n¬

hn.-hn. amΩ≥, ]n.‰n. amΩ≥ s\Spw-Xp-≠n-bn¬ F∂n-h¿ IqSn {]m¿∞m-\m-]q¿∆w Btem-

Nn®v ]n∂o-Sv Nn-d-bn¬ {io. kn.-hn. hdp-Ko-kn-s‚bpw AXn-\p-tijw ]pfn-°-°p-gn-bn¬

{io. ]n.-Pn.-tXm-a-kn-s‚bpw `h-\-ß-fnepw IqSn. tImbn-{]-Øp≈ ktlm-Z-c-∑msc Iq´n-

t®¿Øv amk {]m¿∞-\bpw hm¿jn-Ihpw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\p Xocp-am-\n-®p. BZysØ amk

{]m¿∞\ 29.4.1973 Rmb-dmgvN ]I¬ 3 aWn°p ]pfn-°-°p-gn-bn¬ {io. ]n.-Pn. tXma-

kns‚ `h-\-Øn¬ h®p \SØn. ]m´v, ss__nƒ hmb-\, {]m¿∞-\, hN-\-ip-{iqj

F∂nh AXn-epƒs∏-́ p. XpS¿∂v 27.5.1973 Rmb-dmgvN ]I¬ 3 aWn°v ssae-\n¬°p-∂-

Xn¬ {io. Fw.-Pn. tPm¿÷ns‚ `h-\-Øn¬ IqSn. Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Imcy-߃ Xocp-am-\n-

®p. 1. Cu {]m¿∞\m tbmK-Øns‚ t]cp Imfn-bm-¶¬ F-gp-amen IpSpw-_-tbmKw F∂m-

bn-cn-°-Ww. 2. F√m amk-Ønepw Ah-km-\sØ Rmb-dmgvN ]I¬ 3 aWn°v \ΩpsS

IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ GsX-¶nepw `h-\-Øn¬ {]m¿∞-\-tbmKw kwL-Sn-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-

Wv.3. ]m´v, thZ-]p-kvX-I-hm-b-\, {]m¿∞-\, thZ-]p-kvX-I-[ym\w F∂nh \n¿_‘-

]q¿∆ambpw Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-cn-°-Ww. 4. C{]-Im-c-ap≈ IqSnh-c-hn\v t\m´okv Bhiy-an-

√. 5. IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ XpS¿∂p≈ Imcy-ß-fpsS hnP-b-I-c-amb \S-Øn-∏n-\p≈

Xocp-am-\-߃ FSpØp s]mXp-ao-‰nw-Kns‚ Btem-N-\-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn\v Hcp IΩ-

‰nsb sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. 6. IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øn\p Hcp `c-W-L-S\bpsS IcSpw Xøm-dm-

°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp D]-k-an-Xn-sbbpw Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn.

29

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

D]-k-anXn Xøm-dm-°nb `c-W-L-S\ Bh-iy-amb t`Z-K-Xn-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn hm¿jn-I-

tbm-K-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®v AwKo-Imcw tXSn. ( -̀c-W-L-S\ A\y{X tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p)

hm¿jnI tbmKw 28.12.1973 sh≈m-bmgvN Hcp GI-Zn\ ]cn-]m-Sn-bmbn {io. kn.-kn.

amΩs‚ `h-\-Øn¬ {io. ]n.-Pn.-tXm-a-kns‚ A≤y-£-X-bn¬ IqSn. hm¿jnItbmK-

Øn¬ ]m´v, thZ hmb-\, {]m¿∞-\, kzmK-X-{]-kw-Kw, sk{I-´-dn-bpsS dnt∏m¿´pw

kw£n]vX IpSpw_ Ncn-{Xm-h-X-c-Ww F∂n-h-tbm-sSm∏w GXm\pw t]cpsS {]kw-K-

ßfpw Ip´n-I-fpsSbpw bph-P-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw \S-∂p. D®-̀ -£-W-Øn-

\p-tijw tZi-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw h∂-h¿, GXm≠v 550-˛-Hmfw IpSpw-

_mw-K-߃ XΩn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw kvt\l-_‘w ]pXp-°p-Ibpw Dujva-f-amb Hc-

¥-co£w krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\ AwKo-I-cn-®-

tXm-sSm∏w ]nt‰-h¿j-tØ-°p≈ `c-W-k-an-Xnsb sXc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F√m

h¿jhpw hm¿jn-I-k-tΩ-f\w knkw-_¿ Ah-km-\sØ BgvN-bn¬ \ΩpsS GsX-

¶nepw `h-\-Øn¬ h®p \S-Ø-W-sa∂pw Xocp-am-\n-®p. hm¿jnI ktΩ-f-\-hn-hcw tcJm-

aqew F√m IpSpw-_-ß-sfbpw ap≥Iq´n Adn-bn-°-Ww F∂pw \n›--bn-®p. IpSpw_ {]m¿∞-

\bpw hm¿jn-I-k-tΩ-f\hpw apS-ßmsX CXp-h-scbpw XpS¿∂p hcp-∂p.

{]h¿Ø-\-߃

IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fn¬ _p≤n-ap´pw {]bm-k-ßfpw A\p-̀ -hn-°p-∂hcpw A¿l-X-bp≈

`qan-bn-√mØh¿°v `qan hmßn-sIm-Sp-°pI hoSn-√m-Ø-h¿°v hoSv sh®v \¬IpI, ]m¿∏n-

S-tbm-Ky-a-√mØ ̀ h-\-ß-fpsS A‰-Ip-‰-∏-Wn-Iƒ \S-ØpI, hnZym-̀ ym-kw, NnIn-’, hnhmlw

BZn-bm-b-h°v klmbw \¬IpI CXn-s\-√m-ambn tZiØpw hntZ-i-Ø-ap≈ IpSpw-

_mw-K-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ^≠v kzcq-]n-°pI F∂o Imcy-ßfpw Xocp-am-\n-®p. {]kvXpX

^≠v kzcq-]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw Hcp Nmcn‰n {SÃv cq]o-I-cn-°p-

hm\pw Xocp-am-\n-®p. AXn-\m-h-iy-amb `c-W-L-S\ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ {Iao-I-c-W-߃°v

Hcp D]-k-an-Xnsb \ntbm-Kn-®p. 1955 se 12˛mw \º¿ Nmcn-‰-_nƒ {SÃv \nb-a-{]-Imcw

Fgp-amen IpSpw-_-Nm-cn‰n {SÃv 1975¬ F˛28˛mw \º-cmbn Be-∏pg Unkv{SnIv‰v cPn-

kv{Sm-̂ o-kn¬ cPn-ÿ sNbvXp.

IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ NnX-dn-∏m¿°p∂ ÿe-ß-fnse `h-\-߃ `mc-hm-ln-Ifpw `cW-

k-anXn AwK-ßfpw kµ¿in-®v kulrZhpw kt¥mjhpw ]¶p-h-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-

t]m-cp-∂p. tcmKn-Iƒ, £oWn-X¿, h¿≤-Iy-Øn-en-cn-°p-∂-h¿ BZo-bm-b-hsc kµ¿in®p

{]m¿∞n-®p-t]m-cp-∂p. hwim-hen X-øm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb tcJ-Iƒ CØcw kµ¿i-

\-th-f-I-fn¬ kam-l-cn-°m-dp-≠v. hnZym-`ymk t{]m’m-l-\m¿∞w 10,12, ¢m p-I-fn¬

G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ am¿°p hmßp-∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]mcn-tXm-jn-I-߃ \¬In hcp-∂p.

H∂mw ]Xn-∏ns‚ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb hwim-h-en-Ifpw a‰p Ncn-{X-

tc-J-Ifpw \evIn klm-bn® F√m hy‡n-Isfbpw \µn-]q¿∆w kvacn°p-∂p-≠v. IpSpw-

_-tbm-K-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn-°p-th≠n XojvW-X-tbm-Sp-IqSn {]h¿Øn® ]ecpw Ime-b-

h-\n-I-°p-≈n¬ ad™p-t]m-bn. Ah-scbpw AXn¬ \µn-]q¿∆w kva-cn-°p-∂p.

30

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

]n∂n´ hgn-Iƒ

]n.-‰n. aØmbn ]n.-‰n. amΩ≥

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Ip-Spw-_-Øn\v GXm≠v 2000 h¿j-ß-fp-sSbpw Fgp-amen IpSpw-_-

Øn\v 350 h¿j-ß-fp-sSbpw ]mc-ºcyw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-sa-¶nepw 38 h¿jw {]mb-amWv

Ct∏m-gsØ \ΩpsS IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øn-\p-≈-Xv. \ne-hnse IpSpw-_-tbmKw ]n®-sh®

Zn\-߃ Rß-fpsS Hm¿Ω-bn¬ D-≈Xv ChnsS ]¶p-sh-bv°p-I-bm-Wv. Htc c‡-amWv

knc-I-fn-sem-gp-Ip-∂-sX-∂-dn-bmsX bphm-°ƒ ]c-kv]cw i{Xp-°-sf-t∏mse sImºp-

tIm¿°p∂ Zn\-߃. Ah-cpsS a≤y-Øn-emWv ]q¿∆-N-cn-{X-Øn-s‚bpw ktlm-Z-cykvt\-

l-Øn-s‚bpw \nd-Ip-S-ambn IpSpw-_-tbmKw cq]w-sIm-≠-Xv. NmcØpw ZqcØpw D≈

B_m-e-hr≤w IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-ƒ IqSn-t®¿∂p BZysØ hm¿jn-I-Øn\v. ]c-kv]cw

I≠pap-́ nb A∂sØ 80 hb- n\v apI-fn-ep-≈-h-cpsS IÆp-Iƒ kt¥m-j-Øm¬ Cud-

\-Wn-bp∂p. sXm≠-I-fn-S-dp-∂p. BZy-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬ {io. CSp-°pf G{_-lm-an\v 136˛mw

k¶o¿Ø\w ""btlm-h-b°v kvtXm{Xw sNøp-ho≥, Ah≥ \√-h-\-t√m. Ahs‚ Zb

Ft∂-°p-ap-≈-Xv'' F∂ `mKw hmbn®p XpS-ßn-b-t∏m-tg°pw sXm≠ CS-dn-t∏mbn, apgp-

an-°m-\m-bn-√. thsdm-cmƒ°-Xp hmbn-t°≠n h∂p. IqSn-b-h-cp-sS-sb√mw lrZbw ktlm-

Zckvt\l-Øm¬ \nd™p Xpfp-ºnb \nan-j-am-bn-cp∂p AXv.

]n∂o-Stßm v́ C∂p-h-scbpw apS-ßmsX hm¿jnI tbmK-߃, amk-tbm-K-߃ N -́

{]-Im-c-ap≈ IΩ‰n ao‰nw-Kp-Iƒ, Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-Øns‚ BZy-]-Xn∏v {]kn-≤o-I-cWw F√mw

apd-t]mse \S-°p-∂p. IpSpw-_mw-K-ßfpsS hnhmlw, Krl-{]-th-i-߃ F∂n-h-bn-se√mw

IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ k∂n-ln-X-am-bn. ZpxJ-Øn¬ ]¶p-tN-cm-\mbn \ncym-

X-cm-b-h-cpsS kwkv°m-c-®-S-ßp-I-fn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-Ibpw A\p-tim-N\w Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp hcp-∂p. hm¿jnItbm-K-ß-fnse ]m v́, {]m¿∞-\, ss__nƒ hmb\, hN-\-ip-

{iq-j, CX-c-hn-j-b-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ {]kw-K-߃, Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw sNdp-∏-°m-cp-sSbpw Iem-

]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw ho≠pw HØp-Iq-Sm-\p≈ Du¿÷w ]I-cp-∂p.

BZn-Im-e-ß-fn¬ kv{XoI-fpw Ip™p-ß-fp-a-S°w IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ 500 t]¿hsc

hm¿jn-I-Øn\v ]s¶-Sp-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. h¿j-߃ sN√pw-tXmdpw ]c-kv]cw D≈ I≠p-

ap-´¬ {]k-cn-∏n-°p∂ Dt∑-jhpw Du¿÷hpw £bn-°p-∂p-sh∂v tXm∂n-b-t∏m-gmWv

IpSpw-_mw-K-߃ IpSn-tbdn Xma-kn-°p∂ Zqc-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hm¿jnIw \S-Øm≥ \Ωƒ

t{]cn-X-cm-b-Xv. Aß-s\-bmWv Xriqcpw I\-I-∏-eØpw CS-ap-dn-bnepw Ie-™q-cp-sams°

\Ωƒ hm¿jnIw sIm≠m-Sn-b-Xv. Ahn-sS-sb√mw e`n® hc-thev]v IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-Øn¬

D’-h-ß-fmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øpw.

31

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

IpSpw-_-tbm-KsØ kw_-‘n®v amk-tbm-K-߃ Poh-\m-Un-bm-Wv. tImbn{]w˛Ipº-

\mSv {]tZ-i-Øp-≈-h-cpsS Iq´m-bva-bpsS thZn-bm-sW-¶nepw AXn-\p-≈n¬h-®mWv IpSpw-

_-tbm-K-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS Bkq-{X-W-sa√mw \S-°p-∂-Xv. Zi-I-ß-tfmfw apS-ßn-t∏m-bXpw

c≠m-bn´p IqSn-bn-cp-∂-Xp-amb IpSpw-_-tbm-KsØ ho≠pw H∂m-°n ]p\x-cp-≤-cn-°phm\pw

Zqsc-bp-≈-hsc Iq´n-h-cp-Øm\pw a‰p-ap≈ Nn¥-Ifpw ]cn-{i-a-ß-fpw tImbn{]w˛Ipº-

\mSv {]tZ-ß-fn-ep-≈-h-cn¬ \n∂mWp≠m-b-sX∂p≈Xv Hcp hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. AhnsS

\S-°p∂ amk-tbm-K-ß-fn-emWv an° Xocp-am-\-ßfpw FSp-°p-∂Xpw IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚

XpS¿®bpw \S-Øn∏pw kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xpw. ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ Ign™ 38 h¿j-ß-fmbn

Hcp amkhpw apS-ßmsX \S-°p-∂-Xm-W-Xv. Akm-[m-cW kµ¿ -̀ßsf am‰n \n¿Øn-

bm¬, IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ `c-W-k-anXn Cu amk-tbm-K-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n-®mWv \S-

Øm-dp-≈-Xv. Nne- am-ktbmK߃ `c-W-k-anXn ao‰nw-Kmbn am‰p-I-bm-Wv. AØcw ao‰nw-

Kp-I-fn¬ Zqsc-bp-≈-h¿°v t\m´okp sImSp-°pw. km[m-cW amk-tbm-K-߃°v t\m´o-

kn-√. F√m amk-Øn-s‚bpw Ah-km\ Rmb¿ AXn-\mbn \o°n-sh-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-

∂Xv Ct∏mƒ F√m-hcpw Hcp ]mc-º-cy-ambn AwKo-I-cn®ncn-°p-∂p. IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚

kpK-a-amb \S-Øn-∏n\pw sI´p-d-∏n\pw tImbn{]w˛Ipº\mSv tZiw {][m-\- X -́I-ambn

XpS-c-W-sa-∂Xv \ΩpsS s]mXp-[m-c-W-bm-Wv. Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-∂-Xnepw t\XrXzw sImSp-

°p-∂-Xnepw a‰pw Zqsc tZi-ß-fn-ep-≈-h-cpsS Xmev]-cyw Chn-S-hp-am-bp≈ _‘-Øn-

emWv k -̂e-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

\ΩpsS IpSpw_-tbm-K-Øns‚ ]pXnb {]k-cn-∏p-I-sf√mw `c-W-L-S\ {]Xn-̂ -en-

∏n°pw hn[w Imen-I-am-°-Ww. GXm≠v Im¬\q-‰m-≠n\p apsº-gp-Xnb Ncn-{X-]p-kvX-

Ihpw ]cn-jvI-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. AXnse hkvXp-X-Iƒ ]eXpw Xncp-ج Bh-iy-s∏-

Sp∂p. A∂v 10 Xe-apd hsc am{X-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. C∂Xv 12- hscbmbn-cn-°p-∂p.

A∂v Ip´n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂-h¿ C∂v apXn¿∂-hcpw IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ t\XrXzw Gs‰-Sp-

t°-≠-h-cp-am-Wv. Ah¿ C√mØ ]pkvX-Ihpw kPo-h-a-√mØ {]ÿm-\hpw A[n-I-\mƒ

\ne-\n¬°n-√.

AXp-sIm≠v IpSpw-_-N-cn{Xw {]Y-a-]-Xn∏v ]cn-jvI-cn®v Imen-I-am-°n, ]pXpXe-ap-

d-Iƒ°v ssIam-td-W-sa∂ Bibw \sΩ tlan-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. 4 h¿j-߃°p apºv

]pkvX-I-c-N-\-bv°p≈ \S-]-Sn-I-fm-cw-̀ n-®p. hnhc tiJ-c-W-Øn\v t^mdw A®-Sn®p hnX-

cWw sNbvXp. Ah-sbms° tiJ-cn-°p-hm≥ {]mtZ-inI IΩ-‰n-Isf \ntbm-Kn-®p. In´msX

h∂-t∏mƒ `mc-hm-ln-Iƒ°v bm{X sNtø≠n h∂p. Nne¿°v t^mdw FØn®p sImSp-

°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv Ah-cn¬ \n∂Xv ]qcn-∏n®v XncnsI hmßn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]pXnb IpSpw-_-tbmKw sk{I-́ -dn-bpsS Fgp-Øn-ep≈ Xmev]-cyw \ap°v XpWbmbn.

At±-l-sØ-Øs∂ No v̂ FUn-‰-dp-am-°n.

Ncn{X ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ ]pXnb ]Xn-∏n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-s∏´ \ΩpsS ]pXnb Xeapd

IpSpw-_-tbm-K-sa∂ {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ kmc-Yn-I-fmbn hcs´ F∂v Biw-kn-°p-Ibpw AXn-

\mbn ssZh-tØmSv {]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm≠v Cu Ipdn∏v R߃ \n¿Øp∂p.

32

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

A≤ymbw 7{]bm-Ww˛ hn-Nn-¥\w

{InkvXp-hn-ep≈ hos-≠-Sp-∏n≥ hnizmkw

Imfnbm¶¬ Fgpamen IpSpw_Ncn{Xw ]cnjvIcn® 2˛mw ]Xn∏ns‚ thZimkv{X]camb D≈S°hpw Du∂epw kw_‘n®v s]mXphn¬ c≠p ImcyßfmWv Ncn-{X-I-Ω‰n ]cn-K-Wn-®-Xv.

1. IpSpw_ßfpsS hni-Zmw-i-ß-tfm-sSm∏w IpSpw_߃ Xmakn°p∂ kmaqlnI Np‰p]mSpw AXns‚ XpSn∏pIfpw Bhpwhn[w H∏nsbSp°m≥ {ian°pI. H∂mw \q‰m≠n¬sk‚ v tXmakns‚ hchpapX¬ 17˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ Ggpamen am∏nfbpw Iq´pIpSpw_ßfpwh∂Xp hscbpw XpS¿∂p≈ aq∂p XeapdIfp-sSbpw Ncn{Xw H∂mw ]Xn-∏n¬ tcJs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. Ncn{X imkv{XØns‚ ]pXnb Is≠ØepIƒ h®p t\m°ptºmƒAXnse ]e ]cma¿ißfpw \nKa\ßfpw A]q¿Æ-ßfmsW∂p t_m[ys∏Spw.AXpsIm≠v Ahsb Ign-hXpw Imen-I-ß-fm°n ]pXnb ]Xn∏v Xømdm°Ww.

2. IpSpw_Ncn{X߃ s]mXphnepw \ΩptSXv {]tXyIn®pw IpSntb‰Øns‚bpw{]bmWßfpsSbpw Ncn{XamW.v ]mebqcn¬ \n∂pw Ipdhneßm´pw ]ns∂sNß∂qcpw AhnsS \n∂v tImbn∏pdØn\pw h∂ Imcyw hniZam°nbn´ps≠¶nepw]n∂oSp≈ {]bmW߃ ]T\ hnt[bam°nbn´n√. AXpsIm≠v ]n∂oSp≈{]bmWßsf Du∂nsIm≠v AXns‚ hnizmk kXyßsfbpw kmaqlnI am\ßsfbpw {]Imin∏nt°≠XmsW∂v Xocpam\n®p.

1668˛¬ tImbn∏pdØv ]ºbmdns‚ XocØv IpSn]m¿Ø Ggpamen am∏nfbpsSsNdpa°fpw AhcpsS k¥Xn ]cºcIfpw B‰pXocw hn v́ D≈nte°pw ]pXnb ]pXnbXeapdIƒ IqSpX¬ Dƒ{]tZißfnte°pw IS°p∂p. 6,7,8 XeapdIƒ sXt°m v́ Ie-™q¿, ]Ø-\m-]p-cw, ]p\-eq¿, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw Ing-t°m v́ Iogvhmbv]q¿Fgpa-‰q¿, dm∂n, aµ-a-cp-Xn, tNØ-bv°¬, I\-I--∏-ew, ap≠-°-bw, h≠n-s∏-cn-bm¿, Ipafn{]tZ-i-ß-fnepw hS-t°m v́ Fd-Wm-Ipfw, Xriq¿, \ne-ºq¿, tImgn-t°m-Sv, ae-_m-dn-s‚a‰p {]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°pw IpSn-tbdn ]m¿Øn-́ p-≠v. Cu {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]m¿°p∂ \ΩpsSIpSpw-_mwK-ßfpsS Ncn-{Xm-\p-̀ -h-߃ FgpXn Xcp-∂-Xn\v ]e-cn¬ \n∂pw Bh-iy-s∏-

´n-cp-∂-Xn¬ aq∂p t]¿ am{Xw Ab-®p-X-∂p. Ah NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.

INne Hm¿ΩIƒ Ing°v \n∂v

{]bmWw ˛ H∂n\v ]pdsI as‰m∂vF≥. tXmakv tXmakv (IpSpw_tbmKw c£m[nImcn)

Ip-º-\m´p \n∂pw ap≠-°-b-Øv IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Ø-Xns‚ Hm¿Ω-

°p-dn-∏p-I-fmWv Npcp-°-Øn¬ Fgp-Xm≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xv. Rm≥ P\n-°p-

∂-Xn\p apºv Xs∂ Fs‚ ]nXmhv tXma-kn\v tPmen {]am-Wn®v amdn

Xma-kn-t°≠n h∂p.

33

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

BZyw Fs‚ ]nXm-hn-s\-°p-dn®p ]d™p XpS-ßmw. Fs‚ ]nXmhn\v At±-

lØns‚ ]nXmhns‚ ktlmZc‚ kwc£WbnemWv hfcm≥ Ign™Xv. ImcWw

At±-l-Øns‚ ]nXmhpw amXmhpw t\csØ acn®p t]mbncp∂p. h≈wIpfw Khs◊‚ v

kvIqfn¬ Ggmw ¢m v hsc ]Tn®p. IS{]\n∂p Ipsdb[nIw \S°m\p≠v kvIqfnse-

Øm≥. \S∂p ]Tn®p ]m mbn Ign™t∏mƒ \√ ssIø£cambncp∂Xn\m¬ B[mcw

FgpØpImcpsS IqsS Ipsd\mƒ {]h¿Øn®p

]qhØq¿Imc≥ Hcp A®≥ kn.Fw.Fkv. anj\dnamcpsS Iogn¬ Bephm anj\n¬

{]h¿Øn°p∂Xn\pw AhcpsS kvIqfn¬ ]Tn∏n°p∂Xn\pambn ]nXmhns\bpw

sXcs™SpØp. c≠v ¢m v hscbp≈ kvIqfnte°v \nban®p. anj\dnam¿ Xmgv∂

PmXn°m¿°p th≠nbmWv kvIqfpIƒ ÿm]n®vXv. Khs◊‚ v kvIqfn¬ Ah¿°v

{]thi\an√mbncp∂t√m. iºfhpw a‰pw sImSpØncp∂Xv anj\dnam¿ Bbncp∂p.

thZ]T\hpw kne_kn¬ D≠mbncp∂p. ]nXmhns‚ efnX PhnXw I≠ A®≥ B

kvIqfn¬ Bcm[\ \SØp∂Xn\p≈ NpaXebpw Gev]n®p. Aßs\ kn.Fw.Fkv.

k`bn¬ AwKambn ]ndhw, s]cpºShw, IqØm´pIpfw apXemb {]tZißfn¬

{]h¿Øn®p. Ip´n-bm-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Hcn-°¬ ]nXmhn\v amc-I-amb AkpJw _m[n®p

acWtØmSp ASpØp. ho´n¬ henb Ic®nepw. At∏mƒ GXm\pw kphntijI¿

ho´nte°p h∂p. Ip™ns\ ssZhthe°p {]XnjvTn°ptam F∂p tNmZn®p. heyΩ®n

kΩXn®p. Ip™p {ItaW kuJyambn. A∏®≥ Bephm anj\dn anj\n¬

{]h¿Øn°phm≥ XpSßnbt∏mƒ ho´nep≈h¿ ]gb {]XnPRsb°pdn®v Hm¿Øp

ssZhsØ kvXpXn®p. Ihnbq¿ ]gº≈n IpSpw_Øn¬ Imtcm v́ Ggmw ¢m v ]m mb

GenbmΩ F∂ h\nXsb hnhmlw sNbvXv IpSpw_ambn Pohn®p t]m∂p. s]cpºShw

F∂ ÿeØv tPmen sNøptºmgmbncp∂p Fs‚ P\\w. 1929˛¬. AXn\m¬ IS{]bn¬

Xmakn°p∂Xn\v CSbmbn´n√. h¿jØnsemcn°¬ c≠v BgvNsØ Ah[n°v

amXm]nXm°tfmsSm∏w Cu hoSpIfn¬ h∂ Hm¿Ω am{Xtabp≈q.

C∂v hnZymkº∂amb Ipº\m´p {]tZihpw ]cn-jvIr-X-amb Xma-k-ku-I-cyhpw

ImWptºmƒ A∂sØ A\p`h߃ Hm¿Øp t]mIp∂p. _ n¬ Xncph√bn¬

FØp∂Xp hsc bm{X Zp¿L-S-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ipº\m´p hcp-∂Xv kt¥m-j-{]-Z-am-

bn-cp-∂p. Ipº\m v́ Ihebn¬ Cdßn ASpØp≈ Hcp kmdn‚ `h\Øn¬ hn{ian°pw.

]n∂oSv IS{]bv°v \S°pw. HcmgvN ho´n¬ Xmakn°pw. hfsc ASp∏ap≈ hoSpIfnse

k¬°mc߃ kzoIcn®p t]m∂p. ssae\n¬°p∂Xn¬, sshtcm¨, HmXdbnep≈

AS∏\mwI≠w F∂o hoSpIƒ kµ¿in®Xmbn Hm¿°p∂p. A√msX \ΩpsS Nm¿®

°msc Bscbpw Adnbpambncp∂n√. ]pfn°°pgnbmWv IpSpw_w F∂v ]nXmhv ]d™v

]cnNbs∏SpØn´p≠v.

amXm]nXm°ƒ°v dm∂nbnte°v ÿeam‰w In´n. AhnsS h®v tNØbv°ep≈

sIm®pIp´n®mbs\ ]cnNbs∏´p. At±lØns‚ ktlmZc∑m¿ ho´n¬ h∂m¬

Ccn°pI t]mepan√. sIm®pIp´n®mbs‚ ktlmZc߃ A∏®s\ _lpam\n®ncp∂p.

A∏®s‚ PohnXhpw {]h¿Ø\hpw A{Xbv°v Ahsc BI¿jn-®p. ssZhsØ

`bs∏Sp∂hsc a\pjy¿ AwKoIcn°pw _lpam\n°pw.

34

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

tNØbv°epw a‰pap≈ {]tZi߃ h\ßfmbncp∂p AXv sh´nsØfn®v Itødn

bXmWv. \odpwπm°¬ IpSpw_°msct∏mse shsd BfpIfpw AhnsS Itødn bncp∂p.

ap≠ptIm´bv°¬Imcpw a‰pw AhnSpsØ {]Xm]hm∑mcmbncp∂p. Ahsc a‰p≈h¿

_lpam\n°Wsa∂v \n¿_‘n®ncp∂p. \odpwπm°¬°m¿ BhiyØn¬ IqSpX¬ XmWp

sImSpØn√. AXn\m¬ ]e ASn]nSn tIkpIfpw \S∂n´p≠v. AXnsems°bpw hnPbw

hcn°pIbpw Aßs\ a‰p-≈-hcpsS _lp-am\w B¿÷n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

dm∂nbn¬ \n∂p≈ Nne bm{XIƒ Hm¿°p∂p. amcma¨ I¨h≥j\n¬

kw_‘n°p∂Xn\v amXm]nXm°tfmsSmØv D®`£Whpambn CS∏mhq¿ hgn \S∂p.

CS∏mhq¿ AºeØnse h∆mepIsf Hm¿°p∂p. sshIn v́ Xncn®p ho´nseØpw. [mcmfw

t]¿ IpSpw_ambn h≈Øn¬ h∂v `£Ww ]mIw sNbvXv `£n®v tbmKØn¬

kw_‘n®ncp∂p.

1939˛¬ BWv dm∂nbn¬ h∂Xv IS{]bnse Hcp IpSpw_Ønse hnhmlØn\v

h∂Xv Hm¿°p∂p s]cpºpg IShn¬ h∂vv k‘ytbmSp IqSn Iº\n h≈Øn¬ Ibdn.

Bdm´p]pg IShn¬ Cdßn IS{]bv°v cm{Xn \S∂p h∂p. ag Znhkambncp∂p. B‰n¬

\√ sh≈w tdmUp apgph≥ Ip≠pw Ipgnbpambncp∂p. Imfh≠nIƒ t]mbXn\m¬

sNfn \nd™ hgn Imepd∏n®p IpØm≥ t]mepw {]bmkw.

Aev]w IqSn apXn¿∂p Ign™v IS{]bn¬ h∂v sI.Fw.amΩ≥ A®s‚ ]nXmhns‚

IqsS Bdm´p ]pg IShn¬ h∂v Ipfn®p ckn® kµ¿`߃ Hm¿Ωbp≠v. A∂v ]®ao≥

Ip -́bn¬ hmcns°mSp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈ I®-h-S-am-bn-cp-∂p. [mcmfw t]¿ h∂v ao≥ hmßn

sIm≠p t]mIp∂ cwKw Hm¿°p∂p.

IpSpw_ Ncn{XØns‚ Bhiyhpw {]m[m\yhpw \mw a\ nemt°≠XmWv.

ap≠°bØp \n∂v Hcn°¬ Rm≥ _ n¬ dm∂n C´nb∏mdbn¬ FØn. Hcp ISbn¬

Ibdn. Fs‚ IqsS aµacpXnbn¬ \n∂v AtX _ n¬ Ft∂m-sSm∏w bm{X sNbvX

Hcmfpw B ISbn¬ Ibdn. At∏mƒ ISbpSaÿ≥ tNmZn®p \n߃ Fßs\ Hcpan®p

h∂p. _ n¬ At√ F{Xtbm t]¿ bm{X sNøp∂p F∂v Rm≥ adp]Sn ]d™p.

\n߃ XΩn¬ Adnbptam F∂mbn ASpØ tNmZyw C√. F∂p c≠pt]cpw Hcp-t]mse

adp]Sn ]d™p. At∏mƒ At±lw ]d™p. \n߃ Hcp ho´pImcmWv dm∂n

\odpwπm°ense ]m∏®\mbncp∂p At±lw. At\ym\yw kwkmcn°msX

A]cnNnXsct∏mse h¿Øn® R߃ ]cnNbs∏´p. IpSpw_Ncn{XØns‚bpw

IpSpw_tbmKØns‚bpw {]m[m\yw hnfn-t®m-Xp∂ Cu kw`hw Ft∏mgpw Rm≥ Hm¿°pw.

1948˛¬ ]nXmhns\ kn.Fw.Fkv. amt\Pvsa‚ v Im™nc∏≈n°v ASpØv XnS\mSv

k`bnte°v \nban®p. amXmhn\v F¬.]n.kvIqƒ slUvankv{Skv Bbpw {]tamj≥

\evIn. B kvIqfnse Hcp A≤ym]I≥ hcm-Xn-cp-∂-Xns‚ Hgnhn¬ Rm≥ C.Fkv.

F¬.kn. ]m mbXn\m¬ Fs∂ AhnsS A≤ym]I\mbn \nban®p. 1951 hsc B

kvIqfn¬ {]h¿Øn®p. 1951¬ Fs‚ hnhmlw Ign™v IpSbØq¿ aebnep≈ taepImhv

{]tZiØv hmfIw k`bpsS Nm¿÷pw AhnSpsØ kvIqƒ slUvamÿ Bbpw Fs∂

IpSpw_ktaXw _nj∏v ssd‰v dh. kn.sI.tP°_v Xncpta\n Ab®p. Cucm‰pt]´bn¬

35

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

\n∂v B ae{ºtZiØv sN∂p tNcp∂Xn\v hml\kuI-cy-߃ C√. ag°mehpw

IqSnbmbm¬ hfsc {]bmkw. Hcp ]I¬ \Ss∂¶n¬ am{Xta sN∂p tNcp∂Xn\v

km[n°pIbp≈q. aqS¬a™v hcptºmƒ ASpØp \nev°p∂hsc t]mepw ImWp∂Xn\v

km[ya√. km[\߃ hmßWsa¶n¬ Cucm‰pt]´bntem, sXmSp]pgbntem

t]mIWw. F∂m¬ AhnsSbp≈ BfpIfpsS klIcWw hfsc D≠mbncp∂p. ae

h¿§°mcmb BfpIfpsS PohnX coXnbpw BNmcßfpw ]Tn°p∂Xn\v CSbmbn.

AhnsS ]pXnb ]≈n°v ASnÿm\w C´p. Hcp h¿jw tPmen sNbvXp ÿewam‰Øn\v

At]£n®p. ap≠°btØ°v Rßsf \nban®p. Aßs\bmWv ap≠°bØv

Xmakam°m≥ CSbmbXv. 1962˛¬ ]nXmhv dnt´b¿ sNbvXp. AΩ®n°v 3 h¿jw IqSn

tPmen sNømw B kabØv Ipº\m´v h∂m¬ HmXdtbm ]qhØqtcm t]mbn

]Tn∏n°p∂Xn\v AΩ®n°v {]bmkamIbm¬ Xmakw ap≠°bØm°n. Fs‚

ktlmZc\pw ap≠°bw kvIqfn¬ tPmen In´n. ktlmZcn kIpSpw_w ASpØp≈

as‰mcp kvIqfn¬ \nban°s∏´p. Aßs\ R߃ ap≠°bØp Xmakn°p∂Xn\v

\n¿_‘n°s∏´p.

ap≠°bw, Iq´nbv°¬ XpSßnb ÿe߃ ln¬ Gcnbmbn¬s∏´

{]tZißfmWv. Ing°≥ tXm´ßfnepw a‰pw A∂v aeº\n ]nSns] v́ [mcmfw t]¿

acn®n´p≠v. Izbn\m F∂ acp∂mWv GI {]Xnhn[n.

hnZym`ymkØns‚ Dt±i ip≤n hfsc amdnbncn°p∂p. ]gb hnZym`ymk coXn

hnZym¿∞nIsf DØa ]uc∑mcmbn hm¿sØSp°pI F∂ BZ¿iambncp∂p.

A≤ym]I¿ Ft∏mgpw hnZym¿∞nIƒ°pw a‰p≈h¿°pw amXrIbmbn Pohn®ncp∂p

Ip´nIfpsS kz`mh ip≤n°mbn {ian®ncp∂p. AhcpsS {]iv\ßfn¬ CSs] v́ Ahsc

D]tZicqt]W icnbmb am¿§Ønte°v \bn®ncp∂p. kne_kv A\pkcn®v ]mT߃

]Tn∏n°p∂tXmsS Ip´nIfpsS icnbmb `mhn ImWWsa∂v A≤ym]I¿ B{Kln

®ncp∂p. F∂m¬ C∂v hnZym`ymk coXn ]msS hyXymks∏´p. Fß-s\bpw dnkƒ v́

\∂m°pI ÿm]\ßsf°mƒ AhchcpsS CjvS߃ \S∏m°pI Cu Bibw

A≤ym]Icn¬ IS∂p. Ip´n-Isf cmjv{Sob N´p-I-ß-fm°n ]m¿´n i‡n hf¿Øp∂Xn\pw

A≤ym-]-I¿°v ]¶p-≠v.

kphntij thebpw hnZym`ymkw t]mse k` h¿≤n∏n°p∂Xn\pw BZmbw

D≠m°p∂Xn\pw {i≤n°p∂p. tbip{InkvXphnte°v D≈ _‘Ønte°v BfpIsf

t\Sp∂Xns\°mƒ \ΩpsS Bhiyw \ndth‰p∂Xn\v ssZhsØt]mepw

\n¿_‘n°p∂ coXnbnte°v t]mIp∂p! kphntijIsc I≠v amXrbm°p∂Xn\v

P\߃°v km[n°p∂n√.

Hcp hm°p IqSn temI{]Imcw hnZym`ymkØnepw [\Ønepw a‰p coXnbnepw

\ΩpsS ]n≥Xeapd A`nhr≤ns∏´p hcp∂p. Nm≠∏n≈ ]nXmhns\t∏mse

ssZhm{ibtØmSpw ssZh`btØmSpw \ΩpsS ]n≥Xeapd hf¿Øs∏tS≠Xn\pw

At\ym\yw kvt\ln°s∏tS≠Xn\pw \mw Ghcpw Htc ]nXmhns‚ a°ƒ BIp∂p

F∂ Hm¿Ω PohImesams°bpw \sΩ \bnt°≠Xn\pw Cu Ncn{X ]pkvXIw

DXIs´ F∂v Biwkn°p∂p.

36

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw II

Nne Hm¿Ω-Iƒ sX°p-\n∂v

Ie™q¿ taJebpsS {]hmkImew

tPm¨ amXyq Ie™q¿

{]bmWhpw {]hmkhpw ssZha°sf kw_‘n®nStØmfw

ssZhoI \n›bhpw Xocpam\hpamWv. hn.thZ]pkvXIØns‚ BZy`mKßfn¬ Cu

kXyw DZvtLmjn° s∏Sp∂p≠v. Dev].45˛8:2. tPmk v̂ an{kbobnseØm≥ ImcWw

XßfmsW∂ `bmi¶bn¬ \n¬°p∂ ktlmZc∑mtcmSv tPmk^v ]dbp∂p.

ssZhat{X Fs∂ ChnsS Ab®Xv AXn¬ ssZhØn\p≠mbncp∂ Dt±ihpw tPmk v̂

hy‡am°p∂p≠v.

Ggpamen ]nXm°∑m¿ t]mb ÿeßfnse√mw ssZhmcm[\bnepw Zimwi

ka¿∏-W-Ønepw hnizmkØnepw Dd®p \n∂hcmWv. Cu amXrI hcpw Xeapdbv°v

ssIamdphm≥ \ap°v IgnbWw.

cmPcmP tNmf cmPmhns‚ ]SØeh∑mcnsemcmfmb Imfnbm¶¬ ]nXmhn\v

cmPmhv \¬Inb t]cmWv s]cpamƒ F∂s{X sFXnlyw. ]me°p∂Øv amXyqkv

am¿ AØm\mtkymkpw \hoIcW {]ÿm\hpw F∂ {KŸØn¬ sNß∂q¿ _tY¬

Aca\bn¬ h®v s]cpamƒamsc {Iqcambn a¿±n® kw`hw hnhcn°p∂p≠v.

]me°p∂Øp sa{Xm®≥ \hoIcW {]ÿm\w Bcw`n®Xnt\mSp≈ FXn¿∏ns‚

`mKambncp∂p AXv. AXmbXv X߃ hnizkn°p∂ kXy߃°p th≠n F¥v

XymKhpw kln°phm≥ Xømdp≈hcmbncp∂p s]cpamƒ IpSpw_°m¿ F∂v hy‡w.

s]cpamƒ ]cºcbn¬ 6˛mw Xeapd°mc\mWv ]pfn°°pgn imJbn¬ Ip‰nbn¬

KohdpKokv s]cpamƒ. ae©c°v hym]mcambncp∂p At±lØns‚ apJysXmgn¬.

sNdpInS I®hS°mcn¬ \n∂pw Nc°pIƒ tiJcn®v Bdm´p]pg \n∂pw (A°meØv

Bdm´p]pg ]pØ≥Imhp aW¬Xn´ Hcp {][m\ hym]mc tI{µambncp∂p) h≈Øn¬

Be∏pg hn]Wnbn¬ sIm≠psN∂v hym]mcw sNbvXncp∂p. Xm≥ hnhmlw Ign®Xv

amthen°c \n∂pamWv, GXm≠v C∂tØ°v 130 h¿j߃°p apºv. hnhmlm\¥cw

tImbn{]w˛IS{] \n∂pw amthen°c°v Xm≥ Xmakhpw am‰n. Cu Xmakw am‰w hym]mc

Imcy߃°v IqSpX¬ {]tbmP\{]ZamIpIbpw sNbvXp. ]pfnaq´n¬ sk‚ v t]mƒkv

kphntijmebØn\v kao]w Xp≠p]dºnembncp∂p Xs‚ ]pXnb `h\w. ]n∂oSv

]pfnaq´n¬ ]mew h∂t∏mƒ AXns‚ A]vtdm®v tdmUv Xp≠p]dºns\ c≠mbn ]nf¿Øn.

IqSmsX cm{Xnbn¬ ]meØns‚ Ccphißfnepw asÆÆ hnf°v IØn°p∂ tPmen

s]cpamƒ KohdpKokn\v e`n°pIbpw sNbvXp. H∏w {]Xnamkw 7 k¿°m¿ N{Ihpw.

CsXgp∂ teJIs‚ ]nXmals‚ {]bmWImcyamWv apIfn¬ ]d™Xv.

amthen°c {]hmkImeØmWv KohdpKokv s]cpamfns‚ aqØaI≥

sIm®paØmbn (KohdpKokv s]cpamƒ aØmbn)bpsS P\\hpw ]T\Imehpw BZnIme

sXmgn¬ aWvUeßfpw. 9˛mw ¢m v ]m mbtijw A≤ym]I ]cnioe\ tImgvkpw

37

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

{]nh‚ohv B^ok¿ ]co£bpw ]m mbn. BZyw e ǹ® sXmgn¬ XncphnXmwIq¿ k¿°mcn¬

FIvsskkv {]nh‚ohv B^okdmbń mWv. ]s£ AgnaXn°pw kz̀ mhZqjyØn\pw [mcmfw

]gpXpIfp≈ B tPmen Xs‚ amXm]nXm°fpsS B{Kl {]Imcw s]cpamƒ aØmbn

Dt]£n°pIbmWv sNbvXXv. ]Icambn kzoIcn®Xv A≤ym]IhrØnbpw. A°meØv

A≤ym]I \nba\w Pn√mSnÿm \Ønembncp∂n√ XncphnXmwIqdn¬ FhnsSbpw

BImambncp∂p. BZysØ t]mÃnßv tN¿Øebn embncp∂p. CXn\nS°v sIm®paØmbn

bpsS hnhmlw \S∂p. h[p Xncph√m tXm∏n¬ ]oSnIbn¬ tXmakns‚ aIƒ Sn.Sn.adnbamWv.

Ae¶cn®v Imfh≠nbn¬ Xe∏mhv [cn®mbncp∂p ]pfnaq ń¬ \n∂pw ]pXnbImhv ]≈nbn

te°p≈ hcs‚ hnhmlbm{X. ]mentb°c kvIqfn¬ ]Tn°p∂ ImeØv adnbw Km\mem]

\Øn\v {ioNnØnc Xncp\mƒ _mecmah¿Ω almcmPmhn¬ \n∂pw kΩm\w hmßnbń p≠v.

adnbw kwKoXm≤ym]nIbmbncp∂p.

tN¿Øe kvIqfnte°v t]mÃnßv e`n® s]cpamƒ aØmbn AhnsS sN∂ BZy

Znhkw Hcp kw`hap≠mbn. kvIqfn\p kao]Øp≈ Im∏n°Sbn¬ \n∂p N°c°m∏n

IpSn®Xn\p tijw •m v tai∏pdØp sh® t\cw IS°mc≥ hnfn®v AXv IgpIn

sh®n´v t]mIm≥ Bhiys∏´p. \ns‚ AΩmh≥ hcptºmƒ Abmsfs°m≠p

IgpIn®m¬ aXn F∂p ]d™n´p aØmbn kvIqfnte°p Ibdn. BVy\mbsc∂v

A`nam\n®ncp∂ I®hS°mc≥ kvIqfn¬ Ibdn _lfambn. slUvamÿ ]n≈ km¿

]d™p, ""Abmƒ amthen°c \{kmWnbm, \o t]m''. tN¿Øe \n∂v ÿew amdp∂Xp

hsc F√mh¿°pw {]obs∏´h≥, F√mhcpsSbpw kvt\lnX\pw. F∂ncp∂mepw

tN¿ØebpsS a¥vtcmKP\yamb A\mtcmKy Np‰]mSv Hcp ÿewam‰Øn\v t{]cn∏n®p.

ae¶c doØv {]ÿm\Øns‚ ÿm]I\mb A`nhµy Cuhm\ntbmkv Xncpta\n

bpw ]Ø\m]pcw sk‚ v Ão^≥kv Zbdm ÿm]I≥ A`nhµy tXmΩm am¿ Znhm∂m

tkymkv Xncpta\nbpw amthen°c kztZinIfmWv. Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k`bnse D∂X

hnZym`ymk _ncpZ[mcnIfmbncp∂p Ccphcpw (ap≥cmjv{S]Xn tUm.Fkv.

cm[mIrjvWt\msSm∏w HmIvkvt^m¿Un¬ ]Tn® BfmWv Znhm∂mtkymkv Xncpta\n)

siΩmi∑mcnbncn°ptºmƒ Xs∂ c≠p Xncpta\namcpw {]kn≤ kphntij

{]kwKIcmbncp∂p. C∂sØt∏mse D®`mjnWn kuIcyan√mXncp∂ A°meØv

Ccph¿°pw {]kwKw G‰p]dbp∂Xn\v sIm®paØmbnsb Bhiyambncp∂p.

Cuhm\ntbmkv Xncpta\n k`hn´p t]msb¶nepw Cu c≠p k`m ]nXm°∑mcpw Imew

sNøp∂Xphscbpw ZrVamb kulrZ_‘w XpS¿∂p sImt≠bncp∂p.

tN¿Øe \n∂pw Hcp am‰w A\nhmcyambn XocpIbpw amthen°cbnse hkvXp

k¿°m¿ Gs‰Sp°pIbpw sNbvXXn\m¬ Znh∂mtkymkv Xncpta\nbpsS XmXv]cy{]Imcw

]Ø\m]pctØ°v am‰Øn\p {ian®p. am‰ Hm¿U¿ In´n-bXv Ie™qcn\p ]Icw

Im™nc∏≈n. tN¿Øe \n∂pw c£s]Sm≥ Im™nc∏≈n°v t]mbn. s]m¥≥]pg

h\ØneqsS bm{XsNøptºmƒ ]mXbpsS Ccphißfnepap≈ acßfn¬ a\pjys\

sIm∂p Nmcn \n¿Ønbncn°p∂Xv ImWmambncp∂p. ]m≠n \m´pImcmb sIm≈°mcmWv

AXn{Iaw Im´p∂sX∂mWv tI´ncp∂Xv. bm{X ZpjvIc amIbm¬ XpS¿∂v Xncpta\nbpsS

]cn{iaw sIm≠p Xs∂ Ie™q¿ kvIqfnte°v am‰w e`n®p.

38

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

`mcybpw Ie™q¿ kvIqfnseØnbXns\ XpS¿∂v IpSpw_ambn Ie™qtc°v Xmakw

am‰n. Xmakw FhnsSbmbmepw amthen°cbn¬ AS°w sNøWsa∂ ]nXmhn s‚

B{Klw am\n®v s]cpamƒ Koh¿Kokv NcaaS™t∏mƒ ]pXnbImhv ]≈n skan

tØcnbn¬ sIm≠pt]mbn AS°w sNbvXp.

IpSpw_ktaXw Ie™qcn¬ Xmakam°m≥ Xocpam\n®t∏mƒ ]pØ≥]pc

ho´pImcpsS Hcp sNdnb sI´nShpw \neapƒ∏sS ct≠°¿ ]pcbnShpw 3 h¿j°me

tØ°v cPnÿ ]m´Nos´gpXn Xmakw XpSßn.

XpS¿∂v kz¥ambn Hcp hoSv F∂ e£ytØmsS hbend-°Øv Znhy{io.

AeIvkm≠¿ IØ\mtcmSv Ie™q¿ ]≈n°v kao]w 50 sk‚ v hkvXp hnebm[mc

sagpXn hmßn. hoSp \n¿ΩmWØn\p≈ Hcp°ßƒ Bcw`n®p. ]mSw F∂ ÿeØp≈

k¿°m¿ Unt∏mbn¬ \n∂pw tX°v XSn teeØn¬ ]nSn®p. A®t\mSp hnebv°v

hmßnb hkvXphns‚ Ing°phiw ]p\eq¿˛]Ø\wXn´ tdmUpw a‰p 3 hißfpw

hbend°Øv IpSpw_Ønse _‘p°fpsS hIbpamWv. Hcp hcØ≥ AhcpsS

ap≥hiw kz¥am°p∂Xv Ah¿°njvSambn√. i{XpXbmbn. s\√v, Icnºv, acNo\n

F∂nßs\ hnhn[ Im¿jnI hnfIƒ Xg®p hfcp∂p. ]m´hkvXp Hgn™p sImSp°W

sa∂mbn. DSºSn cPnÿ sNbvXncp∂XpsIm≠v AXn\p hncp≤ambn Ah¿s°m∂pw

sNøm≥ Ign™n√. ]XdmØ ssZhhnizmkhpw km[p I¿jIcpw I¿jI sXmgnemfn

Ifpambncp∂ _lp`qcn]£w P\ßfpsS ]n¥pWbpw {]Xnk‘n XcWw sNøp∂

Xn\v s]cpamƒ aØmbn°v klmbIambn.

A∂sØ Im´p]Ø\m]pcØns‚ {]m¥ {]tZiambncp∂ Ie™q¿ XnI®pw

IpSntb‰ taJebmbncp∂p. Irjnbpw I∂pImen hf¿Øepambncp∂p GhcpsSbpw

D]Poh\am¿§w. hnZym`ymk ap≈h¿ hfsc hncfw. k¿°m¿ Poh\°mcmb \m´pIm¿

Bcpw Xs∂bn√. A[ym]Icpw h\]meIcpw am{XamWv A]q¿∆w Poh\°m¿.

Ahsc√mw adp \m´pImcpw. Cu kmlNcyØn¬ At]£ FgptX≠n hcp∂hcpw

]≈nIfn¬ ¢m pIsfSp°p∂Xn\pw {]kwKn°p∂Xn\pw Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ym

kmhiy߃°pw kwib\nhmcW߃°psa√mw \m´pIm¿ aØmbn kmdns\bmWv

kao]n®ncp∂Xv. Aßs\ Ie™q¿ {]tZisØ kmaqly kmapZmbnI kmwkvImcnI

cwKßfnse√mw BZcWob\mbn Xo¿∂p aØmbn km¿. F¶nepw e`n® Ahkcw

apXem°m≥ Xs∂ i{Xp°ƒ Xocpam\n®p. kvIqƒ hn´v ]Ø\m]pcØp \n∂pw

hn´nte°v \S∂p hcnIbmbncp∂ Hcp hnZym¿∞nbpsS t\sc hgnbn¬ h®v aZy]∑mcpsS

B{IaWap≠mbn. ASq¿ t]meokn¬ sImSp°m≥ ]cmXn FgpXn°p∂Xn\mbn aØmbn

kmdns‚ ho´n¬ h∂hcpw A{IanIfpsS Nne kvt\lnXcpambn ho´p ]Sn°¬ h®v

G‰pap´ep≠mbn. πm®n°¬ ]cap]n≈ F∂ Bfn\p sht´‰p. aØmbn kmdns‚

]Sn°emWv kw`hw. sht´‰ Bsf Dt]£n®v sh´nbh¿ HmSn c£s∏´p. CXp

apXseSp°m≥ Xocpam\n® X¬∏c I£nIƒ aØmbn kmdmWv sh´nbsX∂v

t]meokn¬ samgn \¬In. aØmbn km¿ H∂mw {]Xnbmbn. sh´nbh¿ \nc]cm[nIfpw.

t]meokv C≥kvs]IvSdmsW¶n¬ kXyw t_m[ys∏Sphm≥ Iq´m°nbXpan√. Biq

]{Xn NnIn¬kbnembncp∂ ]cap]n≈bpsS acWsamgnbn¬ aØmbnkmdns‚ t]cv

39

Imfn-bm-¶¬ Fgp-amen IpSpw_Ncn-{Xw

]cma¿in®n´n√. F¶n¬ IqSnbpw NnecpsSsb¶nepw kzm[o\Øn\v hiwhZ \mtI≠n

h∂ C≥kvs]IvS¿ AdÃv sNøm≥ Xs∂ Xocpam\n®p. _‘pIqSnbmb amthen°c

iwJp]dºn¬ NΩn F∂p hnfn°p∂ iap-th-ens‚ klm-b--tØm-sS-bmWv {]Xn-ÿm-

\-Øp-\n∂p am‰n-b-Xv. aØm-bn-km¿ km£nbpw bYm¿∞ Ip‰-hm-fn-Iƒ {]Xn-I-fp-ambn

Xo¿∂p.

{InkvXptbiphnep≈ kºq¿Æ hnizmkhpw {]m¿∞\Ifpw aqew GXv

`qXt{]Xßsfbpw almamcnIsfbpw hnizmknIƒ°v AXnPohn°phm≥ Ignbpsa∂v

aØmbn km¿ Xs‚ k`m PohnXØneqsS sXfnbn® hnhn[ kµ¿`ßfp≠v.

tIhew Hcp ss{]adn kvIqƒ A≤ym]I≥. amthen°c \n∂pw h∂ hcØ≥.

a°ƒ 9 t]tcbpw ]Tn∏n®p. 9 t]¿°pw k¿°m¿ tPmen. a°ƒ°p e`n® ssZhIcpW

I≠v Ahsc A\p{Kln®v 74˛mw hb n¬ 1974 Unkw_¿ 1˛mw XobXn ssX∏dºn¬

aØmbnkm¿ CltemIhmkw shSn™v Xs‚ ]nXm°∑mtcmSp tN¿∂p. IqS¬ sk‚ v

tacokv Hm¿ØtUmIvkv ]≈n skantØcnbn¬ AS°s∏´p.

Fgpamen IpSpw_mwKw ssX∏dºn¬ Koh¿Kokv s]cpamƒ aØmbn amthen°c

\n∂pw Ie™qscØn {]hmk PohnXw Bcw`n®n v́ 75 h¿j߃ ]n∂n´p. Ct∏mƒ

Ie™q¿ ]Øm\]pcw {]tZißfnembn \qdne[nIw ̀ h\߃ Cu IpSpw_Ønep≠v.

ssZhm{ibtØmsS Ignbp∂ Cu IpSpw_ßfpsS Iq´mbvabmWv Imfnbm¶¬ Fgpamen

IpSpw_tbmKw Ie™q¿ taJe.

1996˛¬ ]pfn-°-°p-gn-bn¬ ac-ßm´v {io. Nmt°m Nmt°m, 7˛mw X-e-ap-d-°m-c≥

]Ø-\m-]p-cØn\v 6 In.-an. Ing°v ]p∂e F∂ ÿeØv IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øp. A∂v

]Ø-\m-]p-cØp \n∂v Ahn-tSbv°v Hcp \S-∏mX am{Xta D≈q. ]p∂e FØnb

BZysØ {Inkv-Xym\n IpSpw-_-amWv. ]n∂oSv 7 CXc IpSpw-_-ß-fpw IqSn AhnsS

h∂-Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv Hcp Bcm-[-\m-ebw Nm®n-∏p∂ am¿tØmΩm ]≈n D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.

PmXn-a-X-t`-Z-an-√msX a\p-jy¿ ]c-kv]cw hfsc kl-I--cn-®n-cp-∂p. Irjn Imcy-߃

t\m°n Pohn-X-am-cw-̀ n-®p.- ]-∂n, Ip-cßv XSp-ßnb arK-ß-fpsS B{I-a-W-ßsf {]Xn-

tcm-[n®psIm≠v C∂v ac-ßm v́ IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ GXm≠v 30 hoSpIƒ AhnsS D≠v.

AXp-t]mse 1971 ¬ ]pfn-°-°pgn Ip‰n-bn¬ {io amΩ≥ tXmakv 7˛mw Xeap-d-°mc≥ 3

B¨a-°fpw IpSpw-_-ß-fp-a