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IMAGING STRATEGIES AND RADIATION EXPOSURE IN PEDIATRIC MULTITRAUMA … › app › uploads ›...
Transcript of IMAGING STRATEGIES AND RADIATION EXPOSURE IN PEDIATRIC MULTITRAUMA … › app › uploads ›...
Reetta Kivisaari, Pediatric radiologist, MD, PhDChildren’s Hospital, University Hospital,Helsinki, Finland
IMAGING STRATEGIES ANDRADIATION EXPOSURE IN PEDIATRIC MULTITRAUMA
First things first
▪ Clinical examination
▪ Chest x-ray
▪ FAST ultrasound
Focused assessment with sonography for trauma
▪ Stable or unstable?
▪ Stabilization before CT
Trauma CT▪ clinical decision rules can be used to predict which
child does not need imaging
▪ justification for all areas scanned
head
cervical spine radiographs, MRI
thorax chest x-ray and ultrasound
abdomen ultrasound
extremities radiographs
▪ Centers dedicated to children
Imaging protocols for different ages or bodyweights
dose reduction procedures
dual phase contrast media injection
Glasgow coma scale
Verbal response1. No verbal response2. Incomprehensible sounds. 3. Inappropriate words. 4. Confused. 5. Oriented.
Eye response1. No opening of the eye2. Eye opening in response to pain stimulus3. Eye opening to speech4. Eyes opening spontaneously
Motor response 1. No motor response2. Decerebrate posturing accentuated by pain (extensor response) 3. Decorticate posturing accentuated by pain (flexor response) 4. Withdrawal from pain 5. Localizes to pain 6. Obeys commands
Maximum 15 points = normal
Lancet 2017; 389: 2393–402Babl, Borland, Phillips et al.
Accuracy of PECARN, CATCH, and CHALICE head injury decision rules in children: a prospective cohort study
20 137 aged < 18 years with head injuries (prospective)
The sensitivities of three clinical decision rules for head injuries in children were high when used as designed. The findings are an important starting point for clinicians considering the introduction of one of the rules.
HEAD CTPECARN▪ Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research
Network
▪ Identifies children at very low risk of clinicallyimportant brain injuries after head trauma
CHALICEChildren’s Head Injury Algorithm for the Prediction of Important Clinical Events
▪ witnessed LOC >5min or amnesia > 5 min▪ abnormal drowsiness▪ ≥ 3 vomits▪ suspicion of non-accidental injury▪ seizure▪ GCS <14 (if <1 year GCS <15)▪ suspision of skull or basal skull injury▪ positive neurological sign▪ bruise,swelling, laseration > 5cm▪ high-speed traffic accident (64km/h)▪ Fall of >3m
Dunning 2009, ChaliceRULE
CATCHCanadian Assessment of Tomography for Childhood Head injury
▪ GCS < 15 two hrs after injury
▪ suspected skull or basal skull fracture
▪ vorsening headache
▪ irritability on exam
▪ large scalp hematoma
▪ dangerous mechanism of injury
Cervical spine
▪ 1-2 % of pediatric trauma
▪ < 8 years of age =>motor vehicle collision
▪ >8 years of age => sports
▪ Sciwora spinal cord injury with out radiographic
abnormality
▪ MRI if definitive neurological signs
▪ radiography or CT
▪ before surgery, intubation
The NEXUS, cervical spine(National Emergency X-Ray Utilization Study)
▪ focal neurologic deficit (paresthesias on extremeties)
▪ midline spinal tenderness
▪ altered level of consciousness
▪ intoxication
▪ distracting injury
Canadian c-spine rule
Chest CT
▪ Blunt trauma
primary investigation is chest x-ray.
If x-ray and us for pneumothorax
are normal and conscious patent is clinically stableno need for ct
▪ Penetrating trauma
contrast enhanced CT is primary investigation
▪ thoracic spine is seen in chest CT
Abdomen CT
▪ if clinically indicated, history and examination
handle bar injuries
abdominal tenderness
laboratory tests (elevated amylases)
negative FAST doesn’t rule out intra-abdominaltrauma
lumbar spine and pelvis
The PECARN network
▪ No evidence of abdominal wall trauma or seat belt sign
▪ GCS >13
▪ No abdominal tenderness
▪ No evidence of thoracic wall trauma
▪ No complaint of abdominal pain
▪ No decreased breath sounds
▪ No vomitingIdentifying Children at Very Low Risk of Clinically ImportantBlunt Abdominal InjuriesHolmes, Lillis, Monroe, et al. Ann Emerg 2013;62(2):107-116.
External validation of a clinical prediction rule for very low risk pediatric blunt abdominal trauma; Springer, Frazier, Arnold, Vukovic American Journal of Emergency Medicine xxx (xxxx) xxx, in press.
▪ conclusion
supports the use of PECARN clinical predictionrule to decrease abdominal CT use
pelvic and spinal injuries can not be ruled out!
Extremities
▪ radiographs are primary investigation
▪ preoperative CT might be requested for complex fractures
▪ CT angiography if vascular trauma
▪ Current trends in pediatric imaging support the use of ultrasound (US) and (MRI) to decrease radiation exposure.
▪ Clinical decision rules can be used to predict which child does not need imaging.
▪ When CT is needed use pediatric protocols!
Emerging Concepts in PediatricEmergency RadiologyNicola Baker, MD*, Dale Woolridge, MD, PhD
▪ Thank you for your attention
▪ I hope you enjoy your stay in Helsinki!
The use of whole body computedtomography scans in pediatrictraumapatients: Are there differencesamong adults and pediatriccenters?Pandit, Michailidou, Rhee, et al.Journal of Pediatric Surgery 51 (2016) 649–653
▪ Centers investigating children
presettings for different ages or body weights
dose reduction procedures
▪ National guidelines to follow
STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority
▪ Remember the value of radiographs !