Image Quality Metrics Quantify Changes in Retinal Image ...
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Image Quality Metrics Quantify Changes inRetinal Image Quality in the Chick Eye during
Emmetropization and Lens Induction of Myopia
Jennifer J. Hunter1, Melanie C.W. Campbell2,3,4, Marsha L. Kisilak2,3,Elizabeth L. Irving2
Center for Visual Science1, University of Rochester, USASchool of Optometry2, Department of Physics& Astronomy3, University of Waterloo,
CanadaGuelph-Waterloo Physics Institute4, Canada
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Emmetropization
Growth towards emmetropia
Usually occurs during childhood
In general, humans exhibit:• ↓ in mean ocular refraction
• ↓ in range of refraction
• ↓ in astigmatism
Guiding optical signal is unknown. Wide interest in monochromatic aberrations and their
variation with age & refractive error
ocular refraction (D)
num
ber
15 10 5 0 5 10 151
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.51.5
1−
f x( )
g x( )
1515− x
0myopic hyperopic
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Chick Model of Myopia
The chick is commonly used as a model of oculardevelopment & myopia
16 chicksgoggled -15D OD; control OS
(Kisilak, 2005)
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Refractive Error Measurement
Age (days)0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Hartm
ann-Shack MO
R (D
)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
control eye -15D goggle eye
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Research Objectives
In chicks:
How does image quality change as a function of normalgrowth?
Does image quality on the retina differ during thedevelopment of lens-induced myopia?
Which metrics best quantify these changes?
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Hartmann-Shack Image Acquisition
Aberrometry on awake chicks with goggles removed(Kisilak et al., 2006).
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Image Quality
RMSA plots showed no difference with age but adifference between goggle and control eyes acrossgrowing pupils (Kisilak et al., 2006).
Equal amounts of different aberration types affectretinal image quality to different magnitudes(Applegate, 2002).
Necessary to quantify retinal image quality
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Angular PSF: HOA, Defocus &Astigmatism
243.6 arcmin
Day 7Day 0 Day 2 Day 4 Day 9 Day 10 Day 14
Control
Goggle
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Angular PSF: HOA alone
Day 7Day 0 Day 2 Day 4 Day 9 Day 10 Day 14
13.6 arcmin Control
Goggle
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Image Quality Metrics
Define image quality metrics which would quantify• small changes in retinal image quality due to aberrations
during normal and abnormal growth• larger changes due primarily to defocus• the presence of an optical signal to the direction of defocus (not
discussed here)
Three categories• Relative to the diffraction limit• Absolute blur or spatial frequency dimensions• Orientation measures (not discussed here)
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Relative Image Quality Metrics:PSF Correlation
2nd order & up
3rd & 4th order
Control
Goggle
Age (days)0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
PSF Correlation
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Day p = 0.008Eye p = 0.041
Eye p < 0.001
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Relative Image Quality Metrics:MTF Correlation
2nd order & up
3rd & 4th order
Control
Goggle
Age (days)0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
MTF C
orrelation
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Day p = 0.004
Day p < 0.001Eye p < 0.001
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Absolute Image Quality Metrics:PSF √2nd Moment
2nd order & up
Control
Goggle
Age (days)0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
PSF sqrt [2nd
mom
ent] (arcmin)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Day * Eye p < 0.001
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Absolute Image Quality Metrics:PSF √2nd Moment
3rd & 4th order
Control
Goggle
Age (days)0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
PSF sqrt [2nd
mom
ent] (arcmin)
6
7
8
9
10
Day p = 0.002Eye p = 0.036
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Conclusions:Normal Ocular Development
From hatching, retinal image quality (both overall andHOA alone) improves with growth in control eyes, bothrelative to diffraction-limit & absolute image quality.
This is quantified by metrics of retinal image quality.
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Conclusions:Myopic Ocular Development
When defocus, astigmatism and HOA are considered,image quality improves with age but remains poorerthan in normal eyes.
There appears to be an initial effect of goggling on theimage quality due to HOA.
With age, it is overcome and image quality improves,such that by day 14, it is not different from normaleyes.
Different metrics best quantify the image quality withand without defocus.
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Acknowledgements
Our appreciation is extended toA. Casey, C. Cookson, L. Epps
and D. King.
This research was supported byNSERC Canada,
CRC Program, PREA, OGS & CFI.
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Absolute Image Quality Metrics:MTF Entropy
2nd order & up
3rd & 4th order
Control
Goggle
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Age (Days)
MTF Entropy (x10
8)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Day p < 0.001
Day * Eye p = 0.038
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-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
R9
R10
R11
R12
R13
R2 R4 R6 R8 R10 R12R1 R3 R5 R7 R9 R11 R13
Relative Image Quality Metrics
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Absolute Image Quality Metrics
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A2 A4 A6 A8A1 A3 A5 A7 A9
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Signals to Defocus Direction
Astigmatism & Higher-orderAberrations
Higher-orderAberrations
HyperopicViewing
MyopicViewing
MyopicViewing
HyperopicViewing
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Mean Ocular Refraction
Age (days)0 5 10 15 20
MO
R (D
)
-30
-20
-10
0
10
control eye-30D goggle-15D goggle (Kisilak et al 2006)-10D goggle (Irving et al. 1992)
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JCC0
Age (days)0 5 10 15 20
JCC
0 (D)
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
control eyegoggle eye
**
* Control & goggled eyes significantly different