MAKING TECHNOLOGY FROM NATURE- SOME FEASIBLE TRENDS

Dr. C. Mohankumar

SCMS Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research & Development (SIBBR&D)

Recognized under Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (SIRO), DSIR, Government of India.

Approved Research center of Anna University, Chennai

“ It is science alone that can solve the problems of hunger and poverty, of

insanitation and illiteracy, of superstition and deadening of custom and tradition, of vast resources running to waste, or a

rich country inhabited by starving poor…..

“ The future belongs to science and those who make friends with science ”

21st century is for Biotechnology Industry

The power of scientific research becomes a reality only through the development of viable technologies i.e. Industry- friendly technology.

The trend of developing cost effective technology for the production nutraceuticals, antibiotics , therapeutics like anti-diabetic and anticancer drugs, ecofriendly Biofuel, cosmetics and other value added products has generated a novel research culture in biotech industry.

Today the fascination of scientists and researchers towards biotechnology research has increased due to the application of biological concepts using appropriate tools and techniques.

Based on the conceptual advancement, biotech products unlike natural and synthetic always maintain a sustainable quality. So biotechnologists strive to recreate natural processes using Omic science.

Omics science is a new generation concept that connects all the biological, biochemical & life sciences to a common platform of research.

It is the collective study of three biochemical molecules (DNA- RNA- Proteins) that transcript, translate and function at different phases of each metabolic event in the cell system of an organism.

Milk protein Technology

Cattle colloquially termed as cows is an important part of our socio-agricultural system in India. Cows occupy 38% of the entire livestock population in the country

As per the list of National Bureau of Animal Genetics Resources (NBAGR), India has 34 indigenous recognized breeds with independent accession numbers

Bos indicus -Vechur cow is an indigenous domestic breed of Kerala with accession numbers Indian cattle 0900/Vechur cow 03030. Categorized as Critical breed as FAO

Smallest cow in the world

High

adaptability

Medicinal

property of Milk

Efficient

fodder

conversion

to milk

Easy

Domestic

ation

Better yield & disease

resistance

Vechur Breed

Water 87.7 %

Proteins 3.3 %

Minor Constituents

0.7 %Carbohydrates (Lactose) 4.9 %

Fats 3.4 %

MILK

Milk Proteins

Insoluble Protein (80%) Soluble Protein (20%)Whey Protein

CaseinLactoferrinLactoperoxidaseLactalbuminLactoglobulin Lactoglobulin

Multidimensional properties of Lactoferrin

Antibacterial

Immunomodulation

Anticancer

Iron Absorption

Antifungal

Antiviral

AntiparasiticAnti-inflammatory

Protease inhibitor

Bone formation

Lf

Exon

Intron

Lactoferrin gene – 25-35 Kb

Coding region – 2.1 Kb distributed in 17 exons

10 Kb

4.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

PCR Amplification of Bovine Lactoferrin gene

Nucleotide and Amino acid sequence of

Bovine Lactoferrin Gene accession no.

JF926526, NCBI

Amino acid Variation BLf Vechur Position

Alanine A/T Threonine 7

Alanine A/V Valine 61

Isoleucine I/V Valine 145

Cysteine C/R Arginine 176, 264

Proline P/S Serine 428

Serine S/T Threonine 538

Treonine T/N Asparagine 546

Lysine K/E Glutamic acid 627

Histidine H/R Arginine 632

Bacterial Expression of Recombinant Bovine

Lactoferrin protein

Antibacterial Property of Recombinant Bovine Lactoferrin protein

Fruit protein Technology.

Pineapple Protein-Bromelain.

Bromelain

DIGESTION

ANTICOAGULANT

ANTI-BACTERIAL

WOUND HEALING

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

ANTI- CANCER

PCR amplified BRM Gene

Vector construct for eukaryotic expression of BRM gene

Callus cultureSuspension culture

Amplified BRM gene from cell suspension culture of N.tabacum

Western Blot analysis of rBRM protein from eukaryotic expression

A) Evenly spread fungal mycelium in control plateB) Inhibition of mycelium spread in rBRM treated plates

Antibacterial sensitivity test

Native Bromelain

Effect of native BRM, recombinant BRM and anticancer drugs Oncodox, Fluracil and Cycloxan in the inhibition of cell

multiplication of human breast cancer cell line - MCF-7 cells

Oncodox Fluracil Cycloxan rBRM -10 ug rBRM – 50 ug nBRM- 10 ug nBRM- 50 ug

COCONUT BIOFUEL TECHNOLOGY

An Ecofriendly Biofuel of Third World

Properties Test values

Moisture Content 0.05%

Free fatty Acid (mg KOH/g) 0.1%

Density (g/cm3) 0.920

Saponification Value 249.4

Iodine Value 7.7

Peroxide Value Nil

Refractive index 1.45

Non saponifiable matter 0.05-0.1 %

Physicochemical properties of coconut oil

Preheated Coconut Oil(850 L)

Addition of Sodium Methoxide and Transesterification

Layer separation

Glycerol Layer Coconut Methyl Ester

CME as Biofuel (765 L)

Crude Glycerol (85 L)

Washing & Dehydration

Processing profile of coconut oil to CME and glycerol by Transesterification

Qua

ntity

of C

ME

& G

lyce

rol (

ml)

Transesterification of coconut oil

Sl No: Test Test values Standard Biodiesel1 Acidity (inorganic) Nil 0-0.5

2 Acidity (Total) 0.24 mg/KOH/g 0.2-0.5 mg/KOH/g

3 Ash Nil 0

4 Carbon residue (Ramsbottom)on 10% residue <0.1 0.3

5 Cetane Number 42.1 41-566 Cetane index 40.20 -7 Cold filter plugging point <-9 -4-+3 °C

8 Copper strip corrosion, 3Hrs @100°C 1b 1b

9 Density @ 15°C 884.3 kg/m3 860 -900 Kg/m3

10 Flash point (Abel/PMC) 96°C 93-120°C11 Kinematic Viscosity @ 40°C 3.65 cST 3.5-5.0 cST

12 Lubricity, corrected wear scar diameter (WSD) @ 60°C 151 Microns 150-155 Microns

13 Oxidation Stability 14 g/m3 12-16 g/m3

14 Pour Point -3 °C -3 – 0 °C15 Total contamination 13 mg/Kg 24 mg/Kg16 Total sulphur Nil 0.001 – 0.05%17 Water Content 500mg/Kg 500 mg/ Kg

Physicochemical properties of Coconut methyl ester against biodiesel standard

Physicochemical properties of CME with other methyl esters of plant origin

Cetane number (CN) – the primary indicator of ignition quality of fuel.Optimal range of CN is between 41 -56 based on global standards CN depends on chemical structure of vegetable oil, degree of unsaturation, number of carbon atoms and the nature of alcohol used for esterification of the oil

Density of Biofuel @ 15°CAn effective parameter of fuel qualityDensity affects fuel performance, quality of atomization & combustion.

Viscosity of biofuelCrucial factor of liquid fuels. It influence the ease starting of engine, spray quality, size of the particle. penetration of the injected jet and quality of fuel-air mixture combustion.

Pour point (PP) -3°C and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) -9°C represents the fuel efficiency in cold environment

Flash point of CME 96°C indicates ability of ignition Makes the fuel comfortable during storage, transportation and handling

Lubricity, oxidation stability, water content and acid value supports the competent nature of CME as good biofuel

Low carbon residue (0.1), minimal acidity, absence of sulphur element elevate the quality of biofuel as ecofriendly.

The properties of CME such as viscosity, acid value flash point, pour point and cetane number were found different and unique compared to other plant methyl esters (PME)

High percentage of short chain fatty acids, lipid saturation and the other physicochemical properties of coconut oil are instrumental in inducing the quality of CME as a perfect biofuel.

Engine Type 4 Stroke, Naturally aspirated, Indirect injection, Water cooled diesel engine.

Engine Capacity (CC) 702

Emission Norms BSIII and BSIV

Power (HP at rpm) 16 at 3200 rpm

Torque (Nm at rpm) 38 at 2500 rpm

Technical specifications of the new diesel vehicle - TATA Ace-Magic

Efficacy of CME in Diesel Engine

Technical advantages of CME

Can be used straight away as fuel in diesel enginesHigher mileage than fossil fuelNo modification required in engine componentsNo modification required in fuel linesNeed not be blended with any other fuel in diesel enginesNo additives required

1

2

3

4

shell

Enriched MCW

Coconut cake

Glycerol

CME

Dehusked coconuts

Dried endosperm

Coconut oil

Material balance of 10,000 dehusked nuts processed for the production of coconut oil. The quantity and the market value of each product is given in bracket.

Schematic diagram showing the protocol of processing mature coconut water (MCW) derived as sub product during the processing of dehusked nuts.

HIGHLIGHTS OF COCONUT BIOFUEL

1. Rapid and easy processing.2. Effective Utilization of sub products makes it cost effective.3. Physico-chemical features of CME are competent as a good

fuel.4. Low carbon residue, absence of Sulphur elements and other

contaminants support the ecofriendly nature

5. A new horizon for coconut growers and farmers.