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Transcript of Iist av-321-bsmanoj-jan2013-lecture-2a
Welcome to AV 321: Computer Networks
B. S. Manoj, Ph.D Avionics, IIST
[email protected] Lecture-2
1/8/2013 IIST AV 321 Computer Networks Jan 2013 1
Today’s plan
• General updates – Course website – IEEE Student membership
• Early Innovators behind the Internet
• Internet of Things
• Issues with Grown up Internet
• Introduction to the Internet
1/8/2013 IIST AV 321 Computer Networks Jan 2013 2
Signup for Course website • Visit the Course website
– https://172.20.14.51
– Register yourselves
– Key: WhoAmI?
• IEEE (Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) – www.ieee.org
– Visit www.ieee.org/join
– Student full year membership: $27.00 (Payable in rupees)
– Instructions will be provided in the next class 1/8/2013 IIST AV 321 Computer Networks Jan 2013 3
Claude Shannon • In 1948 with the publication of A Mathematical Theory of
Communication, Shannon characterized a channel by a single parameter; the channel capacity.
• His paper established fundamental limits on the efficiency of communication over noisy channels, and presented the challenge of finding families of codes that achieve capacity.
• It has taken fifty years for coding theorists to discover codes that come close to these fundamental limits on telephone line channels.
• Created the idea that all information could be represented using 1s and 0s. Called these fundamental units BITS.
• Created the concept data transmission in BITS per second.
• Widely credited as the Father of Information Theory.
1/8/2013 IIST AV 321 Computer Networks Jan 2013 4
Source: http://www.research.att.com/~njas/doc/ces5.html and the Internet Society
Leonard Kleinrock • Kleinrock published his first paper Information Flow in Large
Communication Nets in July, 1961.
• He developed his ideas further in his 1963 Ph.D. thesis, and then published a comprehensive analytical treatment of digital networks in his book Communication Nets in 1964.
• In 1966, Larry Roberts, a program manager with ARPA, was mandated to develop the ARPANET, and used Kleinrock's Communication Nets to help convince his colleagues that a wide area digital communication network was possible.
• In October, 1968, Roberts gave a contract to Kleinrock's team as the ideal group to develop ARPANET and conduct performance measurement.
• On a historical day in early September, 1969, a team at Kleinrock's group connected one of their SDS Sigma 7 computers to an Interface Message Processor, thereby becoming the first node on the ARPANET, and the first computer ever on the Internet. 1/8/2013 IIST AV 321 Computer Networks Jan 2013 5
Source: Dr. Kleinrock’s Homepage and the Internet Society
LO! Behold!
1/8/2013 IIST AV 321 Computer Networks Jan 2013 6
L O G
First successfully sent message over the Internet: LO LO! and Behold (means: look! - behold! ) Used especially to announce things that are considered startling or important. Separately used in Bible Genesis 15:3 (King James version,) Used together first in 1808 on an English Royal letter in the Correspondence 1787–1870.
Paul Baran • In 1959 Paul Baran joined RAND and started working on survivable, wide
area communications networks so they could reorganize and respond after a
nuclear attack, diminishing the attractiveness of a first nuclear strike option
by the Soviet Union.
• The results of which were first presented to the Air Force in the summer of
1961 as briefing B-265, then as a series of eleven comprehensive papers
titled On Distributed Communications in 1964.
• Baran's study describes a remarkably detailed architecture for a distributed,
survivable, packet switched communications network. The network is
designed to withstand almost any degree of destruction to individual
components without loss of end-to-end communications.
• Baran's architecture was well designed to provide reliability and helped to
convince the US Military that wide area digital computer networks were a
promising technology. 1/8/2013 IIST AV 321 Computer Networks Jan 2013 7
Source: Livinginternet.com and the Internet Society
Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn • In 1972, Vinton Cerf was a DARPA scientist at
Stanford University and he joined Robert Kahn as
Principal Investigator on a project to design the
next generation networking protocol for the
ARPANET.
• Cerf and Kahn drafted a paper describing their
network design, titled "A Protocol for Packet
Network Interconnection", in 1973 and then
finalized and published in the IEEE Transactions of
Communications Technology, in May, 1974.
• Cerf, Kahn, and Stanford graduate students Yogen
Dalal and Carl Sunshine published the first
technical specification of TCP/IP as an as RFC
675, in December, 1974.
• TCP was split into TCP and IP in 1978. 1/8/2013 IIST AV 321 Computer Networks Jan 2013 8
Source: LivingInternet.com
Tim Berners-Lee
• The inventor of HTML. Graduate of Oxford
University, England, Tim is now with the Laboratory
for Computer Science (LCS) at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT).
• In 1989 he invented the World Wide Web, an
internet-based hypermedia initiative for global
information sharing, while working at CERN, the
European Particle Physics Laboratory.
1/8/2013 IIST AV 321 Computer Networks Jan 2013 9
Source: w3c.org and The Internet Society.
Mark Andreesen
• Marc Andreesen, National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois, identified that most browsers were designed for UNIX machines and were available only for academics.
• In 1992, Andreesen and Eric Bina, developed new browser Mosaic that let
– Images and text to appear on the same page
– A graphical interface with clickable buttons that let users navigate easily
– The hyper-link. In earlier browsers hypertext links had reference numbers that the user typed in to navigate to the linked document. Hyper-links allowed the user to simply click on a link to retrieve a document.
• In mid-1994, Mosaic Communications Corp. was officially incorporated in Mountain View, California where he led the development of Netscape, the leading Internet browser for another decade.
1/8/2013 IIST AV 321 Computer Networks Jan 2013 10 Source: www.ibiblio.org/pioneers
and the Internet Society.
Innovations soon followed
• Yahoo.com; the web indexing service • Hotmail.com; first web-based email service • Google.com; transformed search service as one of the
most important activity on the net • Akamai.net; content distribution service as one of the
key elements in the internet • Peer-to-peer networks came to be as a novel alternative
communication approach • Wireless Internet; Internet over wireless • MySpace/Facebook: Social Networking tools • PlanetLab:a large scale world-wide network testbed • NSF-GENI (GENI.NET) Global Environment for Network
Innovations/ Software Defined Network
1/8/2013 IIST AV 321 Computer Networks Jan 2013 11
Summary
• Early Innovators behind the Internet
• Register for the course website
• Take a look at www.ieee.org
1/8/2013 IIST AV 321 Computer Networks Jan 2013 1-12