Chalee R. Sienes-Reyes, RMT, MSMT

Medical Laboratory Science Department

San Pedro College, Davao City

*IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY

Historical Aspect of

Blood Banking

Historical Aspect of

Blood Banking

B l o o dMysterious fascination

Traditional : Living force

Ancient Egyptians :bathed to resuscitate the sick and rejuvenate the incapacitated

Ancient Rome : Aristocrats – drank to rejuvenate and disease treatment Author / Playwrights : used as themes

Modern man : transfuses it

1492-- First Transfusion : Pope Innocent VII ……… but died

1615 - Andreas Libavius described his technique of Blood transfusion. It was unfortunatelynot adequately publicized.

1628 - English physician William Harvey (1578-1657) described the functions of the heartand the circulation of Blood.

1665 - The first Blood transfusions of record take place. Animal experiments conducted byRichard Lower, an Oxford physician started as dog-to-dog experiments and proceeded toanimal-to-human over the next two years. Dogs were kept alive by the transfusion of Bloodfrom other dogs.

1667 - Jean-Baptiste Denis in France reported successful transfusions from sheep tohumans.

1678 - Transfusion from animals to humans, having been tried in many different ways, wasdeemed to be unsuccessful, and was subsequently outlawed by the Paris Society ofPhysicians because of reactions, many resulting in death.

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1232001/Blood-transfusions-black-holes-Royal-Society-publishes-350-years-scientific-discoveries-online.html

1667 - JEAN DENIS : physician to Louis XIV transfused a small amount of blood from young lamb

to a young man

L---- http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2011/03/21/PG204.jpgR --- http://www.wondersandmarvels.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/transfusion-JPEG.jpg

1665 – direct blood transfusion in dogs by RICHARD LOWER from

vein to artery (silver cannulate)

1840 - In London England, Samuel Armstrong Lane, aided by consultant Dr. Blundell,performed the first successful whole Blood transfusion to treat hemophilia.

1867 - English surgeon Joseph Lister utilized antiseptics to control infection during Bloodtransfusions.

1785 – Dr. Philip Syng : a physician from Philadelphia

1818 - James Blundell : an English Obstetrician, combat fetal hemorrhage

TOP LEFT: http://www.healio.com/Hematology-Oncology/news/print/hematology-oncology/James-Blundell-pioneer-of-blood-transfusionTOP CENTER & BOTTOM LEFT: http://kelty.org/or/classes/375/lectures/dracula0414.htmlRIGHT: http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/objects/display.aspx?id=91993

Instrument designed by Gesellius for obtaining capillary blood fromdonors

1873, IBM, Princetown, NJ:Haemonetics Corp, ,Natick, Mass,Fenwal Labs

Problem : CLOTTING OF BLOOD

1901 – KARL LANDSTEINER discovered the ABO blood groups and

explain serious reactions to incompatible transfusion

1869 – BRAXTON HICKS recommended sodium phosphate

1873 to 1880 - Physicians in the United States are documented, during these years, to have transfused milk (from cows and goats) to humans.

1884 - Saline infusion replaced milk as a 'Blood substitute' due to increasedfrequency of adverse reaction to milk

1902 - A fourth main Blood type, AB was found by A. Decastrello and A. Sturli.

1907 - Hektoen suggested that the safety of transfusion might be improved by cross-matching Blood between donors and patients to exclude incompatible mixtures. ReubenOttenberg performed the first Blood transfusion using Blood typing and cross-matching.Ottenberg also observed the 'Mendelian inheritance' of Blood groups and recognized the“universal” utility of group O donors.

1908 - French surgeon Alexis Carrel devised a way to prevent Blood clotting. His methodinvolved joining an artery in the donor, directly to a vein in the recipient with surgicalsutures. He first used this technique to save the life of the son of a friend, using the fatheras donor. This procedure, not feasible for Blood transfusion, paved the way for successfulorgan transplantation, for which Carrel received the Nobel Prize in 1912

1912 - Roger Lee, a Massachusetts General Hospital visiting physician, along with P. D.White, formulated and developed the 'Lee-White' clotting time. Lee further demonstratedthat Blood from all groups can be given to group AB patients.

1914 - Long-term anticoagulants, among them sodium citrate, were developed, allowinglonger preservation of Blood.

1915 - At Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York City, Richard Lewisohn was documented to haveused sodium citrate as an anticoagulant which was to, in the future, transform transfusionprocedure from one that had to be performed with both the donor and the receiver of thetransfusion in the same place at the same time,

EDWARD LINDERMANN 1st to succeed vein to vein transfusion

UNGER designed syringe value apparatus

1914 – HUSTIN sodium citrate and glucose as a diluent and

anticoagulant solution for transfusion

1915 - RICHARD LEWISOHN determine the minimum amount of

anticoagulant and demonstration of non-toxicity on

small amount of Sodium Citrate

1916 – FRANCES PEYTON ROUS and JR TURNER introduce citrate

dextrose solution for blood preservation

note: established in Britain during WWI

RICHARD WEIL - demonstrate the feasibility of refrigerated storage of anticoagulated blood

LEFT: http://zygoma.tumblr.com/post/13127982008/the-first-practical-transfusion-method-theRIGHT: http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6537246.html

Oswald Robertson was credited as the creator of the Blood depots.

1925 - Karl Landsteiner, then working in New York City, in collaboration with Phillip Levine,discovered three more Blood groups: M, N and P.

1926 - The British Red Cross instituted the first human Blood transfusion service in theworld.

1930 - Karl Landsteiner, the most important figure in transfusion medicine, who discoveredthe first three human Blood groups, received the Nobel Prize for Medicine.

1932 - The first facility functioning as a Blood bank was established in a Leningrad Russiahospital.

1937 - Bernard Fantus, director of therapeutics at the Cook County Hospital in Chicago,Illinois (U. S.), established the first hospital Blood bank in the United States.

http://www.mmc.tn.gov.in/Department/blood%20bank/history%20of%20tranfusion.html

LEFT: http://greatexperimentsblog.blogspot.com/2011/11/first-human-marker-locus.htmlRIGHT: http://www.mmc.tn.gov.in/Department/blood%20bank/history%20of%20tranfusion.html

WWII – increase demand of blood and plasma

CHARLES R. DREW – develop improve technique for blood

storage and preservation

- develop large scale Blood Bank in WWII

Feb. 1941 - appointed as director of American Red

Cross Blood Bank at Presbyterian Hospital

1943 – J .F. LOUTIT and PATRICK L. MOLLISON of ENGLAND

introduced ACD (acid Citrate Dextrose)

1947 – blood banks were built

> Oswald Robertson Medical Reserve and Army officer estab. BB

> Univ. of Luoisville create BB

> Mid 1930's - Soviet Union set up 60 large blood centers and more than 500 subsidiary ones “storing” canned blood and shipping it to all corners of the country.

> 1937 – Bernard Fantus, director of therapuetics at the Cork Country Hosp. In Chicago – estab. 1st Hosp. BB in the US

> 1939 - Philip Levine and R.E. Stetson discovered Rh system

> 1940 - Willem Johon Kolff – organized the 1st BB in Europe

During the WAR

*WW I Blood TransfusionApparatus

TOP LEFT: http://cmclarkana.blogspot.com/2010/09/blood-transfusion-introduction-blood.htmlTOP RIGHT: http://westernciv2.umwblogs.org/2010/12/03/wwi-blood-transfusion/BOTTOM LEFT: http://www.redcross.org.uk/About-us/Who-we-are/Museum-and-archives/Historical-factsheets/Blood-transfusionBOTTOM LEFTMOST: http://www.ssvms.org/museum/virtual_tour/Slide34Case10.html

1940 - Edwin Cohn, a professor of biological chemistry at Harvard Medical School,developed a cold ethanol fractionation; the process of breaking down plasma intocomponents and products. Albumin, a protein with powerful osmotic properties, plusgamma globulin and fibrinogen were isolated and became available for clinical use. Theefficacy of the use of albumin in transfusion was then first demonstrated by John Elliott.

1941 - Isodor Ravdin, a prominent surgeon from Philadelphia, effectively treated victims ofthe Pearl Harbor attack with Cohn's albumin for shock. Injected into the Blood stream,albumin absorbs liquid from surrounding tissues, preventing Blood vessels from collapsing;the finding associated with shock.

1943 - The introduction by J.F. Loutit and P. L. Mollison of acid citrate dextrose (ACD)solution, which reduces the volume of anticoagulant, permitted transfusions of greatervolumes of Blood and longer term Blood storage.

1943 - P. Beeson published the classic description of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis.

ProblemMassive blood transfusion

Cardiac Overload

Solution COMPONENT THERAPY

For continuous flow processing of blood components

Haemonetics machine

1873, IBM, Princetown, NJ:Haemonetics Corp, ,Natick, Mass,Fenwal Labs

Fenwal Blood processors connected in-line with donor's blood flow

1873, IBM, Princetown, NJ:Haemonetics Corp, ,Natick, Mass,Fenwal Labs

1945 - Coombs, Mourant and Race described the use of antihuman globulin (the “CoombsTest”) to identify “incomplete” antibodies.

1947 - The American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) was formed to "promotecommon goals among Blood banking facilities and the American Blood donating public."

1949 and 1950 - The U. S. Blood collection system had now grown to approximately 1,500hospital Blood banks, 46 community Blood centers and 31 American Red Cross regionalBlood centers.

1950 - The use of glycerol cryoprotectant for freezing red Blood cells became widespread.

1950 - Carl Walter and W. P. Murphy, Jr., introduced the plastic bag for Blood collection.This replaced breakable glass bottles with rugged plastic bags.

1957 – GIBSON introduced CPD (Citrate Phosphate Dextrose)

was less acidic than ACD

1951 - The AABB (American Association of Blood Banks) was established as aclearinghouse providing a centralized system in the United States for exchanging Bloodamong Blood banks.

1953 - Development of the refrigerated centrifuge began to further expedite Bloodcomponent therapy.

1954 - The Blood product Cryoprecipitate (now AHF) was developed for people sufferingfrom hemophilia.

1954 to 1958 - Products made from Blood plasma were developed to treat diseases suchas chicken pox.

1959 - Max Perutz of Cambridge University deciphered the molecular structure ofhemoglobin, the molecule that transports oxygen and gives red Blood cells their color.

1960 - A. Solomon and J. L. Fahey reported the first therapeutic plasmapheresisprocedure.

1961 - The role of platelet concentrates in reducing mortality from hemorrhage in cancerpatients was recognized.

1962 - The first antihemophilic factor (AHF) concentrate to treat coagulation disorders inhemophilia patients was developed through the process of fractionation.

1962 - The United States reported approximately 4,400 hospital Blood banks, 123community Blood centers and 55 American Red Cross Blood centers, collecting, inaggregate total, as many as six million units of Blood per year.

1964 - Plasmapheresis was introduced as a means of collecting Plasma for fractionation.

1967 - Rh immune globulin was commercially introduced to prevent Rh disease in thenewborns of Rh-negative women.

1967 - National Blood Resources Program at National Heart and Lung Institute isestablished.

1969 - S. Murphy and F. Gardner demonstrated the feasibility of storing Platelets at roomtemperature, which revolutionized platelet transfusion therapy.

1971 - Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) testing of donated Blood began in the UnitedStates.

1972 - Apheresis was used to extract one cellular component, returning the rest of theBlood to the donor.

1979 - A new anticoagulant preservative, CPDA-1, which extends the shelf life of wholeBlood and red Blood cells to 35 days, increasing the Blood supply and facilitating resourcesharing among Blood banks is introduced.

1979 - CPDA -1 was introduced - new solution was added : Adenine ----- keep blood for 42 days

1980 - Carl Walter and W. P. Murphy, introduced the plastic bag collection

Early 1980s - Doctors began training in the specialties of Blood transfusion and activelyparticipated in patient care.

1983 - Newly introduced Blood additive solutions resulted in extend shelf life of treated redBlood cells to 42 days.

1985 - The first Blood screening test to detect the probable presence of HIV was licensedand implemented by Blood banks in the United States.

1987 - Two tests for screening for indirect evidence of hepatitis C were developed andimplemented: hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) and the alanine aminotransferase test(ALT).

1989 - In the United States, human T lymphotropic virus I antibody (anti-HTLV-I) testing ofdonated Blood began.

1990 - The first specific test for hepatitis C was introduced. This major cause of “non-A,non-B” hepatitis.

1992 - Testing of donor Blood for HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies (anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-2)was implemented.

1996 - Testing of donated Blood for the HIV p24 antigen began. The test did not do acomplete job, but improved on the previous tests, in that, the time taken to clear donatedBlood for use was shortened substantially.

1996 and 1997 - The United States Government issued reports suggesting problems withthe Blood supply in the United States, and suggested methods and procedures to improveBlood safety, including regulatory reform.

1999 - The Blood manufacturing community began implementation of Nucleic AcidAmplification Testing (NAT) under the FDA’s Investigational New Drug (IND) applicationprocess. NAT employs a testing technology that directly detects the genetic materials ofviruses like HCV and HIV.

References

Harmening, Denise (2005), Modern Blood Banking and Transfusion Practices, 5th ed., F. A. Davis Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Hillyer, Christopher D., Silberstein, Leslie E., Ness, Paul, and Anderson, Kenneth C.,l (2003), Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine, Basic Principle and Practice, 1st ed., Elsevier Science, Singapore

Rudmann, Sally V., (2005) Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine, 2nd ed., Elsevier, Saunders, USA

www.bloodbook.com/trans.history. html

“To the man with insight,

it is all clear;

to the well-informed,

it is all plain.”

Proverbs 8:9