NEBOSH IGC : UNIT IGC1Prepared by: Nelmerson Del Rosario (HSE Trainer) - Rev 0 Page 1ELEMENT 4: HEALTH & SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS - PLANNINGELEMENT 5: HEALTH & SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS - MEASURING, AUDIT & REVIEW1. Questiona. Identify the factors that place young persons at greater risk of accidents at work. (4)b. Outline the measures that could be taken to minimize the risk to young persons. (4)(Or)a. Identify Four "personal" factors that may place young person at greater risk from workplace hazards.(4)b. Outline Four measure to reduce the risk of accidents to young person in the workplace. (4)Part (a)Lack of perception of risk of ability to avoid risk (because of limited knowledge, experience andor lack of training)The individual's stage of physical developmentThe tendency of young persons to take risksThe tendency of young persons to respond to peer group pressurePart (b)The completion of risk assessments with young persons specifically in mindInduction programs, careful supervision or mentoring by an experienced co-workersClear lines of communicationLimits on the number of hours worked2. Identify the factors to be considered to ensure the health & safety of persons who are required towork on their own away from the workplace. (8)The type of work to be doneThe hazards & risksThe equipment to be usedThe work environmentThe control measures in place.The competence & suitability of the persons involvedThe methods of communication with the home baseThe emergency & first-aid procedures3. Questiona. Outline work activities that may present a particular risk to pregnant women. (6)b. Outline the actions that an employer may taken when a risk to a new or expectant mother cannot beavoided. (2)Part (a)Manual handling or physically demanding workTasks involving long periods of standing or sittingWork involving exposure to biological agents or chemical substances that might affect theunborn childWork in hyperbaric environments (i.e those above normal atmospheric pressure)Tasks involving exposure to ionizing radiationNEBOSH IGC : UNIT IGC1Prepared by: Nelmerson Del Rosario (HSE Trainer) - Rev 0 Page 2Unusually stressful work including exposure to high levels of noise and hot environmentsRadiographers exposed to x-rays & shop assistants who might be required to stand for longperiods which lead to swelling of the feet (edema), varicose veins, dizziness & faintingCheck-out staff required to sit long periods will be at increased risk from thrombosis &embolismPart (b)Changing the employee's working conditions or changing hours of work finding other suitable work or introducing additional breaks)Where this is not reasonable, the employer would need to consider suspending the employeefrom work on full pay for as long as is necessary4. State the shape & color, give a relevant example, of EACH of the following types of safety sign.i. Prohibition (2)ii. Warning (2)iii. Mandatory (2)iv. Emergency escape or first-aid (2)Prohibition - Circular signs which are color red and white. Examples are: No smoking, Nopedestrian access, No unauthorized access.Warning - Triangular signs / black on yellow. Examples are: Toxic Substances, Site traffic,Electrical Hazard, Deep excavationMandatory - Circular signs which are color blue and white. Examples are: Safety helmets mustbe worn, Hearing protection must be worn, Safety boots must be worn, All visitors must reportto site officeEmergency Escape or First-aid - Rectangular or square signs which are color green and white.Examples are: Fire assembly point, Fire exit, First-aid, Eye wash station5. Questiona. Outline the steps that should be used in carrying out a risk assessment, identifying the issues thatwould need to be considered at each stage. (10)b. Outline the factors that the employer should take into account when selecting individuals to carry outrisk assessments. (6)c. List FOUR criteria which need to be fulfilled to ensure that a risk assessment is 'suitable andsufficient'. (4)Part (a)The first step in carrying out a risk assessment is to identify the task or location being assessed,and to identify all the hazards involved which may include chemical, physical, biological,ergonomic or psychological hazards.Secondly, the people who might be harmed by the hazards are identified. This will includeconsideration not only of regular workers, but also of non-employees (e.g. contractors, public),non-regular workers such as maintenance or cleaning staff, and 'vulnerable' employees such aspregnant women or lone workers.Once the hazards and the possible people involved are identified, the risk should be evaluated.This is usually determined by considering both the likelihood of the harm occurring and theseverity of any harm should it happenNEBOSH IGC : UNIT IGC1Prepared by: Nelmerson Del Rosario (HSE Trainer) - Rev 0 Page 3The significant findings of the risk assessment should be recorded in a retrievable format andthe assessment should be reviewed regularlyPart (b)The level of experience of training of the individual in hazard identification and in carrying outrisk assessmentsTheir level of familiarity with the process or activity being assessedThe ability to interpret legislation and guidanceTheir ability to provide realistic short and long term control measures for the risks identifiedTheir technical knowledge of any plant or equipment involvedTheir ability to lead and engage workers in the assessment processTheir level of communication and report writing skillsPart (c)Staff undertaking the assessment has sufficient knowledge and experienceAll significant hazards and risks are addressedAll aspects of the workplace or activity are consideredNon-routine operations are consideredWork organization is consideredThe risks to the public or other third parties are consideredA systematic process is usedShort and long-term control measures are identifiedRecommended control measures are prioritized6. Outline the factors that may increase risks to pregnant employees. (8)Exposure to chemicals such as pesticides, lead and those that cause intracellular changes(mutagens) or affect the embryo (teratogens)biological exposures (e.g. hepatitis)exposure to physical agents such as ionizing radiation and extremes of temperaturemanual handlingergonomic issues relating to prolonged standing or the adoption of awkward body movementsstressissues associated with the use and wearing of PPE7. With respect to the management of risk within the workplace.a. Explain the meaning of the term "hierarchy of control". (2)b. Outline with examples, the standards hierarchy that should be applied with respect to controllinghealth & safety risks in the workplace. (6)Part (a)"Hierarchy of control" refers to the measures designed to control risks which are considered in order ofimportance, effectiveness or priority, or measures designed to control risk that normally begin with theextreme measure of control & end with the final control measure being the provision of PPE such as eardefenders or RPE.Part (b)Eliminating the risk either by designing them out or changing the processNEBOSH IGC : UNIT IGC1Prepared by: Nelmerson Del Rosario (HSE Trainer) - Rev 0 Page 4The next step would be the reduction of the risks by, for example, the substitution of hazardoussubstances with others which are less hazardousIf this is not possible, then isolation would have to be considered using enclosures, barriers orworker segregationNext is the application of engineering controls such as safe systems of work, procedures,training, supervision, local exhaust ventilation, machine guards, safety devices, etc.Next is the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as wearing suitable and well-maintained helmets, gloves, eye protection, respirators, etc.Lastly is discipline which makes sure that all controls are monitored, reviewed and enforced.8. Outline the changes in circumstances that may require a risk assessment to be reviewed. (5)Changes in processChanges in work methods or materials (type or quantity)Changes in legislationChanges in personnel (e.g. the employment of young or disabled persons)The introduction of new plant or technologynew information becoming availableFollowing an accidentThe results of monitoring and/or auditingAction taken or advice given by an enforcement authority or insurance companyreview after a lapse of time9. Questiona. Explain the meaning of the term "Safe System of Work". (2)b. Identify Eight sources of information that might be usefully consulted when developing a SafetySystem of Work. (8)Part (a)A step-by-step procedure, taking into account hazards, controls, essential equipment, PPE &TrainingFor one based on the integration of people, equipment, materials & the environment toproduce an acceptable level of safetyPart (b)External Sources:LegislationApproved Codes of Practice & Official GuidanceManufacturer's informationBritish, European, International & Industry StandardsDirect contact with enforcement agencies & professional bodiesInternal Sources:In-house standardsThe results of risk assessment Job safety analysisAccident & health surveillance dataNEBOSH IGC : UNIT IGC1Prepared by: Nelmerson Del Rosario (HSE Trainer) - Rev 0 Page 510. Explain, using examples, the meaning of the following termsa. Hazard (2)b. Risk (3)Part (a)A hazard is "the inherent potential to cause injury or damage to people's health or somethingwith the potential to cause harm.Hazard can be defined as anything with the potential to cause injury or damage to people,equipmentormaterial.The various types ofhazards are physical,chemical,biological,ergonomic or psychological.Part (b)Risk is "combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event and the severity ofinjury or damage to the health of people caused by this event, or the likelihood that harm willoccur and the severity of the harmRisk is a combination of "probability of occurrence of hazard & severity of injury of damage".11. Questiona. Explain the meaning of the term "Permit-to-Work" (PTW). (2)b. Outline the specific details that should be included in PTW for entry into a confined space. (6)Part (a)A document control system requiring written confirmation that certain actions have beencarried out to eliminate or control risks before a high risk activity is carried out.Part (b)Isolating servicesAtmospheric purgingThe removal of contaminantsPre-entry & on-going atmospheric testingMeans of communicationUse of respiratory & other PPEThe emergency arrangements & equipment to be provided (e.g. safety lines, support staff,resuscitation & other first-aid equipment, welfare facilities)Duration of permitTo the signatures of authorization, receipt, for hand-back & cancellation12. Questiona. Identify Two specific work activities for which a permit-to-work might be needed. (2)b. Outline the key elements of a Permit-to-work system. (6)Part (a)entry into confined spacesWork in flammable atmosphereWork on electrical systemsHot worksspecialist maintenance worksexcavation worksNEBOSH IGC : UNIT IGC1Prepared by: Nelmerson Del Rosario (HSE Trainer) - Rev 0 Page 6working at heightPart (b)A description of the task to be performedAn indication of the duration of the validity of the permitThe isolations that need to be made & the additional precautions requiredDetails & signature of the person authorizing the workAn acknowledgement of acceptance by the employee carrying out the taskThe employee would then need to indicate on the permit that the work has been completed &the area made safe in order for the permit to be cancelled13. Outline the content of a training course for staff who are required to assist in carrying out riskassessments. (6)The legal requirements with respect to risk assessmentThe process of identifying hazards & evaluating risksThe identification & selection of appropriate control measuresThe awareness of the individual's own limitations & the occasions when specialist assistancemight be requiredAssessing sources of information such as ACOPs & in-house information including accidentrecordsReport writing skillsThe interpretation of regulations & standardsThe means available for disseminating the outcomes of the assessment14. Outline the health, safety & welfare issues that a company might need to consider beforeintroducing a night shift to cope with an increased demand for its products. (8)(Or)Outline the specific factors that should be considered when assessing the risk to employees working onnight shifts. (8)Circadian rhythm ("body clock") effects & the need for shift roisteringThe effects of fatigueThe need to control temperature & lighting to maintain alertnessThe precautions needed in the employment of pregnant or young workersThe review of existing risk assessmentsThe provision of first-aidEmergency arrangements for the night shift & ensuring an adequate level of supervision &access to specialist adviceThe provision of appropriate travel arrangements for the workers concerned15. Outline the factors to be considered in the selection and use of personal head protection. (8)Identify the hazardType of equipment (Helmet, Bump cap)Made to standardsComfortCompatibilityNEBOSH IGC : UNIT IGC1Prepared by: Nelmerson Del Rosario (HSE Trainer) - Rev 0 Page 7CostTraining needsReplacementHygiene problemsSupervisionStorage16. Questiona. Identify Three work situations that would require the use of personal eye protection. (3)b. Outline the range of issues that should be addressed when training employees in the use of personaleye protection. (5)Part (a)Flying particlesDustsMolten MetalsChemical splashes or non-ionizing radiationPart (b)The legal & organization requirements for eye protectionThe consequences of employees not wearing itThe protection afforded by and the limitations of the equipmentCompatibility with other forms of personal protective equipmentCorrect adjustment of the eye protectionMethods of keeping it cleanCorrect storage arrangementsCircumstances when replacement should be sought17. Outline the issues to be addressed in training session on the operations of Permit-to-work (PTW)system. (8)The reason for using a permit (such as legal requirements or the presence of a significant risk)The activities where a permit would normally be required (for example when carrying out hotwork or for entry into a confined space)To cover the key elements to be included in a permit such as a description of the task & theprecautions to be takenThe need for & importance of the different types of isolationThe need to comply with the time limits set by the permit & the procedures to be followedshould an extension be requiredThe definition & the duties of competent & authorized personsThe procedures to be followed for the issue & hand-back of a permitAdministrative procedures such as the keeping of records18. Questiona. Identify the type of hazard against which gloves could offer protection. (4)b. Outline the practical limitations of using gloves as a means of protection. (4)Part (a)NEBOSH IGC : UNIT IGC1Prepared by: Nelmerson Del Rosario (HSE Trainer) - Rev 0 Page 8ChemicalMechanicalBiologicalRadiationElectrical hazardsExtremes of temperature & wet workPart (b)loss of feeling & other tactile issueslocalized heating of the hand that opens the pores & increases skin permeabilityInvisible leaksAllergic response to the glove materialEntanglement with machinery19. Identify Four different types of hazard that may necessitate the use of special footwear, explainingin EACH case how the footwear affords protection. (4)Falling objects (steel toe-caps)Sharp objects (steel in-soles)Chemicals (impermeable material, chemical resistant)Molten metal or hot materials (heat resistant boots / shoes & possibly gaiters)Electricity (rubber soles)Flammable atmospheres (anti-static materials)Spread of contamination (washable Wellingtons and/or overshoes)20. Questiona. Outline Six factors to be considered when selecting suitable eye protection for use at work. (6)b. Identify one advantage & one disadvantage of safety goggles compared with safety spectacles. (2)Part (a)The need to ensure that the type of protective equipment is appropriate for the particularhazard against which protection is required (e.g. Chemical, Impact, UV light, Molten metal)In this context, reference was made to the need for the equipment to meet quality and safetystandards; in particular that it bears a CE mark.Comfort factors were also generally identified, as was compatibility with other equipment,including prescription spectaclesDurability CostMaintenanceTraining requirementsPart (b)Advantages include the fact that: goggles provide all round protection particularly against projectiles & chemicals they tend not to be easily displacedDisadvantages include the increased tendency of goggles to mist up the generally higher cost involvedNEBOSH IGC : UNIT IGC1Prepared by: Nelmerson Del Rosario (HSE Trainer) - Rev 0 Page 9 the fact that they may be more uncomfortable than spectacles21. Outline the factors that could discourage employees from wearing PPE. (6)Peer pressureLack of management commitmentLack of comfort (perhaps exacerbated by a hot or arduous working environment)Incompatibility with other protective equipmentLack of training or awareness of the dangersDifficulty in obtaining the correct equipment if it is not readily available22. Explain why personal protective equipment (PPE) should be considered as a last resort in the controlof occupational health hazards. (8)PPE only protects the wearerIt is ineffective if selected poorlyIt is ineffective if not working or not fitted properlyTheoretical levels of protection are seldom reached in practiceThe use of PPE always restricts the wearer to some degreeThe psychological effect of PPE may be such that the individual wearing the PPE feels moreprotected than he or she actually is.Can become contaminated and must be changed outPPE can actually create additional risks (for instance, warning sounds masked by hearingprotection)23. Questiona. Identify four reasons why accidents should be reported, recorded within the workplace. (4)b. Outline factors that might discourage employees from reporting workplace accidents. (4)c. Give the information that should be contained in the accident report. (5)Part (a)To prevent recurrenceTo comply with legal requirementsTo show management commitmentTo find the underlying causesTo enable an accident investigation to take place (with aim of preventing accidents of a similartype)To identify accident trends from later statistical analysisPart (b)Ignorance of the reporting proceduresPeer pressure from fellow employees, possibly as part of a general safety culture problemThe possibility of retribution & the fear of being disciplinedTo preserve the company's or department's safety record (particularly when an incentivescheme is in operation)To avoid receiving first-aid or medical treatment since the person thinks that there is no needfor itOver-complicated reporting proceduresNEBOSH IGC : UNIT IGC1Prepared by: Nelmerson Del Rosario (HSE Trainer) - Rev 0 Page 10Lack of obvious management response to earlier reported accidentsPart (c)The personal details of the injured party, time & location of the accidentEnvironment conditions, the work activity & the time of the accidentThe control measures in placeThe precise circumstances of the accidentThe type & extent of injury sustainedDetails of witnesses & copies of their statementsDrawing & photographsImmediate & root causes identifiedPossible breaches of the lawThe recommendations of the investigation team in relation to the remedial action requiredThe name & job title of the person making the report24. Outline the key points that should be covered in a training session for employees on the reporting ofaccidents & incidents. (10)The classification of accidents & incidents Major Minor Near-missThe reason for reporting To meet legal obligations To enable an investigation to be carried out that might help to prevent recurrence ofsimilar incidents To meet insurance requirements To review risk assessments To compile statistics in order to identify trendsInternal reporting procedures The accidents & incidents that need to be reported The method of reporting, including such issues as the person to report to, examples ofinternal report forms, location of the accident book, etc.Follow-up action The use that the organization might make of the reports Stressing a "no-blame" culture The possibility of an external investigation by an enforcement authority or an insurancecompany25. Outline the initial actions that should be taken following a major injury accident at work. (8)Isolating services & making the area safeAdministering first-aid treatment & summoning the emergency servicesInforming the next of kinNotifying the enforcement authority by the quickest possible meansCollecting initial evidence such as photographs & sketches & the names of the witnessesSetting up the accident investigationNEBOSH IGC : UNIT IGC1Prepared by: Nelmerson Del Rosario (HSE Trainer) - Rev 0 Page 1126. An employee is claiming compensation for injuries received during an accident involving a fork lifttruck (FLT).Identify the document information that the employer might draw together when preparing a possibledefense against the claim. (8)The accident book record or accident investigation reportincluding statements made by witnesses or supervisorsIn terms of demonstrating compliance with statutory & common law duties, relevant documents mightinclude:The organization's H&S PolicyRisk assessments & any written safe systems of work relating to activityTraining recordsStatutory examination records & maintenance recordsInspection reports and H&S committee minutesDocuments relating to previous accidents & corrective actions takenInformation relating to the claimant (e.g. involvement in previous accidents, disciplinary records,etc.) could also be relevant27. An organization has decided to conduct an internal investigation of an accident in which anemployee was injured following the collapse of storage racking.a. Give Four reasons why the accident should be investigated by the person's employer. (4) (Or)Outline Four benefits to the organization of investigating the accident. (4)b. Identify Four people who may be considered useful members of the investigation team and givereasons for Each. (8)c. Having identified the team, Outline the factors that should be considered when planning theinvestigation. (8)Part (a)The primary purpose of investigating an accident is to identify the immediate & root causes inorder to prevent similar accidents occurring in the futureIn this respect, the main reasons for investigation relate to the possible weaknesses in riskassessment processes & other aspects of safety management systems.Facilitating compliance with legal obligationsCollecting evidence to defend a civil claimDetermining economic lossDemonstrating management commitment to occupational health & safetyPart (b)A senior manager from another department who could act as independent chairmanA health & safety practitioner to advise on specific health & safety issuesAn engineer or technical expert to provide any technical information requiredA senior manager from the department where the accident occurredA local manager or supervisor with detailed knowledge of the site of the accident & of thesystems of work in placeAn employee safety representative who, apart from having the statutory right to be involved iftrade union-appointed, could represent the injured worker & his/her co-workersNEBOSH IGC : UNIT IGC1Prepared by: Nelmerson Del Rosario (HSE Trainer) - Rev 0 Page 12The actual composition of such an accident investigation team would, of course, depend on suchfactors as the seriousness of the accident & its complexitiesPart (c)The outcome of the accidentThe type & amount of information already availableThe identification of witnessesThe preservation & current level of safety of the scene of the accidentThe equipment required for the investigationThe history of previous similar accidentsThe roles & responsibilities of the team membersThe time scale for the investigationThe format of the subsequent report28. Explain the purpose & benefits of collecting "near-miss" incident data. (8)The investigation of "near miss" incidents & the identification of their underlying causes mightallow preventive action to be taken before something more serious occursIt also gives the right message that all failures are taken seriously by the employer & not justthose that lead to injuryAdditionally, it is generally accepted that "near-miss" far outnumber injury accidents & canthere produce more data from which a greater understanding of the deficiencies in existingmanagement systems can be identified & rectified29. Outline the reasons why an organization should monitor & review the health & safety performance.(8)Toidentify substandardH&S practices &conditions (perhaps bymeans of workplaceinspections)To identify trends in relation to different types of incident, or incidents in general (by analysis ofrelevant incident data)To compare actual performance with previously set targetsTo "benchmark" the organization's performance against that of similar organization or anindustry normTo identify whether control measures are in use & to assess their effectivenessTo be able to make decisions on appropriate remedial measures for any deficiencies identifiedTo set priorities & establish realistic targets timescalesTo assess compliance with legal requirementsTo be able to provide the Board of Directors or safety committee with relevant information30. Identify Eight measures that can be used to monitor an organizations health & safety performance.(8) (Or)Identify Four Active & Four Reactive means by which an organization can monitor its health & safetyperformance. (8)Proactive (Active) Monitoring includes:Physical inspections of the workplaceSafety AuditsNEBOSH IGC : UNIT IGC1Prepared by: Nelmerson Del Rosario (HSE Trainer) - Rev 0 Page 13Safety ToursSafety SamplingSafety SurveysEnvironmental Monitoring and/or health surveillanceSafety Climate MeasuresBehavioral ObservationReactive Monitoring includes:Accident InvestigationIll-health reportsNear-miss and dangerous occurrence reportsenforcement actionemployee complaints31. A health & Safety inspection has been carried out on one of a company's workshop. The inspectionhas found a number of unsafe conditions & practices & some positive issues.a. In addition to the date & time the inspection was carried out, State other measures that should alsobe included in the report to enable management to take action to make an informed decision onpossible remedial action to be taken. (12)b. Explain how the report should be structured & presented in order to make it more effective toincrease the likelihood of action being taken. (8)Part (a)Details of the person carrying out the inspectionThe purpose & scope of the question including the workshop activities that were coveredMatters requiring urgent action with justification for the priorityActions taken at the time of the inspection such as stopping an activity or isolating plant orequipmentDetails of potential breaches of H&S legislationThe implications for possible enforcement actionA summary of previous accidents & enforcement at the premisesDetails of realistic remedial actions & their costTogether with the benefits that might accrue such as improving the H&S culture of theorganizationPart (b)It is important that the report should be well & clearly written & not containing jargonAdditionally, it should be divided into sections with appropriate headings & should contain,preferably at the beginning, an executive summary of the key findingsAfter an introduction detailing the scope of the inspection, the sections which followed shouldhighlight the significant risks that were foundContain an explanation of the possible breaches of legislation & their potential consequencesSet out a draft plan for remedial action with a suggested timescale for completionFinally, summarize concisely the conclusions & recommendationsAppendices might be added if they were thought to be relevant & helpful32. An employer intends to implement a program of regular workplace inspection following a workplaceaccident.NEBOSH IGC : UNIT IGC1Prepared by: Nelmerson Del Rosario (HSE Trainer) - Rev 0 Page 14a. Outline the factors that should be considered when planning such inspections. (6)b. Outline Three additionalproactive monitoring methods that could be used in the monitoringmethods that could be used in the monitoring of health & safety performance. (6)Part (a)The nature of the hazards in the workplaceThe composition & competence of the inspection teamThe areas to be inspected & the routes to followThe timing & frequency of the inspectionsThe relevant legislation & standards against which the results of the inspection would be judgedThe preparation & provision of checklistsThe action that should follow the inspections (such as the procedures for reviewing &prioritizing any remedial measures found to be necessary)Part (b)Safety Audits (involving a comprehensive & independent examination of all aspects of anorganization's health & safety management systems against stated objectives)Safety Surveys (focusing on particular activities)Safety Sampling (involving the targeting of specific areas)Safety Tours (where unscheduled, less formal workplace inspections are carried out to check onissues such as housekeeping or the use of personal protective equipment)Environmental & health monitoring33. Questiona. Explain the principle of the Domino Theory in conducting accident investigation. (4)b.Explain how accident data can be used to improve health & safety performance within anorganization. (4)Part (a)The domino theory suggests that the events leading to an accident are like a row of dominoes and itstarts at Domino A Management control and if this is established there is less likelihood of an accidentoccurring at domino D.Part (b)Accident data can be used to identify trends & problem areas in order that resources can beallocated & appropriate remedial actions takenAccident data enable comparisons to be made with others ("benchmarking"), & how they can beused to provide information to employees and to focus & stimulate discussion at safetycommittee meetings34. State the main health & safety issues that might be included on the inspection checklist. (8)Machinery safetyThe storage of hazardous materialsFire prevention & the procedure to be followed in the event of an emergencyErgonomic issuesElectricityHousekeepingNEBOSH IGC : UNIT IGC1Prepared by: Nelmerson Del Rosario (HSE Trainer) - Rev 0 Page 15Welfare provisionObservation of worker's behaviorThe work environment35. Questiona. Outline the main features of a health & safety inspection of a workplace. (4)b. Outline the main features of a health & safety audit. (4)c. Identify the advantages of:i. An internal auditor (4)ii. An external auditor (4)d. Outline why the audit findings should be presented to the senior management of an organization. (4)Part (a)A safety inspection involve the straightforward observation of a workplace and/or the activitiesor equipment within itHence, a general safety inspection usually carried out by a manager or employee representative& often aided by the use of a checklistMay be carried out routinely & has the aim of identifying hazards and assessing the use &effectiveness of control measuresPart (b)Safety audit, which is thorough, critical examination of an organization's safety managementsystems & proceduresAn audit, on the other hand, is normally a lengthy process carried out by a trainer auditor, oftensomeone from outside the organizationIt is structured way of assessing the H&S performance of an organization by supplying answersto a series of questions, & often involves a scoring system such that improvements can be madePart (c)Advantages of an internal auditor:Familiarity with the workplace, its tasks and processes and an awareness of what might bepracticable for the industryability to see improvements or a deterioration from the last auditfamiliarity with the workplace and an individual's qualities and attitudeThe fact that the workforce might be more or less ease with someone who was part of theorganizationAn audit which was relatively less costly and easier to arrangeAdvantages of an external auditor:More likely to possess the necessary auditing skills and credibilityWill not be inhibited from criticizing members of management or the workforceIs more likely to be up to date with legal requirements and best practice in other companiesWill view the organization's performance through fresh pair of eyesPart (d)They have the authority both to require appropriate action to be taken and to authorize theresources that might be necessaryTo enable them to demonstrate leadership and commitment from the topNEBOSH IGC : UNIT IGC1Prepared by: Nelmerson Del Rosario (HSE Trainer) - Rev 0 Page 16To enable them to give praise or reward where this has been earned but also to take disciplinaryaction against workers in cases where this is thought to be necessaryTo enable them to consider and reset their goals and objectives for the futureTo comply with their personal responsibilities either under legislation or under internationalstandards and best practice36. Outline the strengths & weaknesses of using a checklist to complete a health & safety inspection ofthe workplace. (4)Strengths:Prior preparation & planning to be made so that the inspection is more structured & systematicIt reduces the chance that important areas or issues might be overlookedProvides an immediate record of findingsIt also ensures a consistent approach by those carrying out the inspection & provides an easymethod for comparison & auditWeaknesses:That over reliance on this method may lead to a blinkered approach by "inspectors" with thepossibility that significant risks might be missedThat the checklist may not be reviewed & updated to account for changes to work processes orequipmentThat there is a danger that inspections become routine with no "follow-up" questions beingaskedThat the system is too objective & restrictive with no scope for peripheral issues to beconsideredthat untrained persons may be tempted to conduct inspections or that the procedure is subjectto human error and/or abuse37. Questiona. Explain the differences between immediate causes and the root (underlying) causes of an accident.(4)b. With reference to an accident involving an operator who comes into contact with a dangerous part ofa machine, describe:i. The possible immediate causes (4)ii. The possible root (underlying) causes (12)Part (a)'Immediate causes' are the direct result of unsafe acts/unsafe conditions leading to accident while the'root (underlying) causes' are indirect effects causing unsafe acts/unsafe conditions.Part (b)Immediate Causes:No safety devicesLoose clothingSafety device failureOperator ErrorPoor operator attitudeNEBOSH IGC : UNIT IGC1Prepared by: Nelmerson Del Rosario (HSE Trainer) - Rev 0 Page 17Root (underlying) causes:Poor designLack of trainingNo maintenance programmeNo safe system of workNo management commitmentPoor operator selectionNo risk assessmentNo defect reporting systemLack of supervision38. A serious accident has occurred. During the investigation it was found that an inspection of the worksite had taken place before the accident.Outline possible reasons why the inspection did not lead to an unsafe situation being corrected. (8)The unsafe activity was not taking place at the time of the inspection or the hazard was notobvious and consequently the inspector would not have noticed itThe unsafe condition might have been observed but was not mentioned in the report of theinspection and even if it had been included, the report might not have been seen by aresponsible person or had not been followed up and the corrective action takenThere might have been a situation where the responsibility for taking corrective action wasunclear for instance if there had been a number of different employers on siteFinally, the failure to correct the unsafe action may well have been caused by the inability of theinspection to carry out a proper inspection because ofhis/her lack ofknowledge andcompetence39. Identify documents that may be examined when reviewing an organization's health and safetymanagement system. (8)Health & Safety Policy together with completed risk assessments and safe systems of workHealth & Safety monitoring records such as of inspections, audits and surveys that have beencarried outAccident & Incident Data including accident investigation reports and reports on near missesHealth Surveillance recordsAny communications received following visits from the enforcement authoritiesinsurance company reportsresults and measurements from environmental surveysrecords of maintenance of equipment together with information on any failures that haveoccurreddetails of the emergency procedures in placerecords of any complaints made by workers