If the object light interacts with is about the size or ...lwillia2/p10/p10ch15.pdfWaves can be bent...
Transcript of If the object light interacts with is about the size or ...lwillia2/p10/p10ch15.pdfWaves can be bent...
If the object light interacts with is about the size or smaller than the wavelength of light it acts like a wave and exhibits diffraction and the Ray model no longer holds
PolarizationThe EM fields are aligned in specific directions
Polarization of Light
Plane Polarized
Circular Polarized
Polarization upon Reflection
Circularly Polarized EM Wave
Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
Light is in a Superposition of Polarization States
This is a Quantum Effect
Two crossed polarizers cut all lightBut add a third polarizer in between andLight shines through How is this so
Diffraction depends on SLIT WIDTH the smaller the widthrelative to wavelength the more bending and diffraction
Another Way to Bend Waves
Double Slit is VERY IMPORTANT because it is evidence of waves Only waves interfere like this
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsWaves can be bent by diffraction
Light can be dispersed by diffractionThe greater the wavelength the greater the angle
How does this compare to dispersion with a prism
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism
Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
Incandescent Light Bulb
Hydrogen Spectra
Helium Spectra
Mercury Spectra
Neon Spectrum
Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present
This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
Light Emission
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
PolarizationThe EM fields are aligned in specific directions
Polarization of Light
Plane Polarized
Circular Polarized
Polarization upon Reflection
Circularly Polarized EM Wave
Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
Light is in a Superposition of Polarization States
This is a Quantum Effect
Two crossed polarizers cut all lightBut add a third polarizer in between andLight shines through How is this so
Diffraction depends on SLIT WIDTH the smaller the widthrelative to wavelength the more bending and diffraction
Another Way to Bend Waves
Double Slit is VERY IMPORTANT because it is evidence of waves Only waves interfere like this
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsWaves can be bent by diffraction
Light can be dispersed by diffractionThe greater the wavelength the greater the angle
How does this compare to dispersion with a prism
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism
Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
Incandescent Light Bulb
Hydrogen Spectra
Helium Spectra
Mercury Spectra
Neon Spectrum
Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present
This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
Light Emission
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Polarization of Light
Plane Polarized
Circular Polarized
Polarization upon Reflection
Circularly Polarized EM Wave
Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
Light is in a Superposition of Polarization States
This is a Quantum Effect
Two crossed polarizers cut all lightBut add a third polarizer in between andLight shines through How is this so
Diffraction depends on SLIT WIDTH the smaller the widthrelative to wavelength the more bending and diffraction
Another Way to Bend Waves
Double Slit is VERY IMPORTANT because it is evidence of waves Only waves interfere like this
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsWaves can be bent by diffraction
Light can be dispersed by diffractionThe greater the wavelength the greater the angle
How does this compare to dispersion with a prism
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism
Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
Incandescent Light Bulb
Hydrogen Spectra
Helium Spectra
Mercury Spectra
Neon Spectrum
Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present
This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
Light Emission
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Circularly Polarized EM Wave
Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
Light is in a Superposition of Polarization States
This is a Quantum Effect
Two crossed polarizers cut all lightBut add a third polarizer in between andLight shines through How is this so
Diffraction depends on SLIT WIDTH the smaller the widthrelative to wavelength the more bending and diffraction
Another Way to Bend Waves
Double Slit is VERY IMPORTANT because it is evidence of waves Only waves interfere like this
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsWaves can be bent by diffraction
Light can be dispersed by diffractionThe greater the wavelength the greater the angle
How does this compare to dispersion with a prism
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism
Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
Incandescent Light Bulb
Hydrogen Spectra
Helium Spectra
Mercury Spectra
Neon Spectrum
Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present
This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
Light Emission
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
Light is in a Superposition of Polarization States
This is a Quantum Effect
Two crossed polarizers cut all lightBut add a third polarizer in between andLight shines through How is this so
Diffraction depends on SLIT WIDTH the smaller the widthrelative to wavelength the more bending and diffraction
Another Way to Bend Waves
Double Slit is VERY IMPORTANT because it is evidence of waves Only waves interfere like this
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsWaves can be bent by diffraction
Light can be dispersed by diffractionThe greater the wavelength the greater the angle
How does this compare to dispersion with a prism
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism
Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
Incandescent Light Bulb
Hydrogen Spectra
Helium Spectra
Mercury Spectra
Neon Spectrum
Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present
This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
Light Emission
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Light is in a Superposition of Polarization States
This is a Quantum Effect
Two crossed polarizers cut all lightBut add a third polarizer in between andLight shines through How is this so
Diffraction depends on SLIT WIDTH the smaller the widthrelative to wavelength the more bending and diffraction
Another Way to Bend Waves
Double Slit is VERY IMPORTANT because it is evidence of waves Only waves interfere like this
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsWaves can be bent by diffraction
Light can be dispersed by diffractionThe greater the wavelength the greater the angle
How does this compare to dispersion with a prism
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism
Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
Incandescent Light Bulb
Hydrogen Spectra
Helium Spectra
Mercury Spectra
Neon Spectrum
Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present
This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
Light Emission
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Diffraction depends on SLIT WIDTH the smaller the widthrelative to wavelength the more bending and diffraction
Another Way to Bend Waves
Double Slit is VERY IMPORTANT because it is evidence of waves Only waves interfere like this
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsWaves can be bent by diffraction
Light can be dispersed by diffractionThe greater the wavelength the greater the angle
How does this compare to dispersion with a prism
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism
Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
Incandescent Light Bulb
Hydrogen Spectra
Helium Spectra
Mercury Spectra
Neon Spectrum
Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present
This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
Light Emission
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Another Way to Bend Waves
Double Slit is VERY IMPORTANT because it is evidence of waves Only waves interfere like this
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsWaves can be bent by diffraction
Light can be dispersed by diffractionThe greater the wavelength the greater the angle
How does this compare to dispersion with a prism
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism
Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
Incandescent Light Bulb
Hydrogen Spectra
Helium Spectra
Mercury Spectra
Neon Spectrum
Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present
This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
Light Emission
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Double Slit is VERY IMPORTANT because it is evidence of waves Only waves interfere like this
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsWaves can be bent by diffraction
Light can be dispersed by diffractionThe greater the wavelength the greater the angle
How does this compare to dispersion with a prism
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism
Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
Incandescent Light Bulb
Hydrogen Spectra
Helium Spectra
Mercury Spectra
Neon Spectrum
Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present
This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
Light Emission
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsWaves can be bent by diffraction
Light can be dispersed by diffractionThe greater the wavelength the greater the angle
How does this compare to dispersion with a prism
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism
Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
Incandescent Light Bulb
Hydrogen Spectra
Helium Spectra
Mercury Spectra
Neon Spectrum
Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present
This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
Light Emission
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Dispersion Diffraction GratingsHow does this compare to dispersion with a prismLonger wavelength light is bent more with a gratingShorter wavelength light is bent more with a prism
Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
Incandescent Light Bulb
Hydrogen Spectra
Helium Spectra
Mercury Spectra
Neon Spectrum
Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present
This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
Light Emission
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
Incandescent Light Bulb
Hydrogen Spectra
Helium Spectra
Mercury Spectra
Neon Spectrum
Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present
This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
Light Emission
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Incandescent Light Bulb
Hydrogen Spectra
Helium Spectra
Mercury Spectra
Neon Spectrum
Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present
This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
Light Emission
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Hydrogen Spectra
Helium Spectra
Mercury Spectra
Neon Spectrum
Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present
This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
Light Emission
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Helium Spectra
Mercury Spectra
Neon Spectrum
Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present
This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
Light Emission
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Mercury Spectra
Neon Spectrum
Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present
This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
Light Emission
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Neon Spectrum
Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present
This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
Light Emission
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Continuous vs Discreet This is a continuous spectrum of colors all colors are present
This is a discreet spectrum of colors only a few are present
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
Light Emission
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
Light Emission
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transitionbetween energy levels The energy of the photon is equal to the
difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
Light Emission
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Light Emission amp Absorption
E hfγ =
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Light Emission
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Light Emission
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Hydrogen SpectraTransition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Hydrogen Emission Spectra
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
bullCosmological Redshift Expanding UniversebullStellar Motions Rotations and Radial MotionsbullSolar Physics Surface Studies and RotationsbullGravitational Redshift Black Holes amp LensingbullExosolar Planets via Doppler Wobbler
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
bull Red Shift Moving Awaybull Blue Shift Moving Toward
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Fluorescence UV in vibrant color out
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Iridescence Diffraction
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Spontaneous Emission
Transition probabilities correspond to the intensity of light emission
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Stimulated Emission
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
LasersLight Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation
A splendid light has dawned on me about the absorption and emission of radiation
Albert Einstein 1916
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Stimulated Emission
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Laser Applications
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
bullLaws of Physics are statisticalbullSpace and time are relativebullThe speed of light is absolutebullParticles are wave-likebullWaves are particle-like
bullLaws of Physics are deterministicbullSpace and time are absolutebullParticles are Localized in Space and have mass and momentumbullWaves are non-localized in space and do not have mass or momentumbullSuperposition Two particles cannot occupy the same space at the same time But Waves can Waves add in space and show interference
Classical vs Modern
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern PhysicsbullIs light particle or wavebullWhat is matter made ofbullHow and why do atoms radiate discrete spectrabullAre nebulae within our galaxy or are they other galaxies bullBlack Body Radiation
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
The Quantum RevolutionPhotons can be particles Electrons can be waves
Electrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave Duality
Is Light a Particle of a Wave
Depends on How you LOOK at itDepends on How you LOOK at it
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
But nobody could explain it
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Fraunhofer Lines 1814The English chemist William Hyde Wollaston was in 1802 the firstperson to note the appearance of a number of dark features in the solar spectrum In 1814 Fraunhofer independently rediscovered the lines and began a systematic study and careful measurement of the wavelength of these features In all he mapped over 570 lines and designated the principal features with the letters A through K and weaker lines with other letters
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
Bunsen
German physicist who developed the spectroscope and the science of emission spectroscopy with Bunsen
Kirkoff
Rule 1 A hot and opaque solid liquid or highly compressed gas emits a continuous spectrum Rule 2 A hot transparent gas produces an emission spectrum with bright lines Rule 3 If a continuous spectrum passes through a gas at a lower temperature the transparent cooler gas generates dark absorption lines
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
James Clerk Maxwell1860s
Light is wave The medium is the Ether
8
0
1 30 10 o
c x m sμ ε
= =
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869Aringngstroumlm measured the wavelengths on the four visible lines of the hydrogen spectrum obtained with a diffraction grating whose dispersion is linear and replaced Kirchhoffs arbitrary scale by the wavelengths expressed in the metric system using a small unit (10-10 m) with which his name was to be associated
Line color Wavelengthred 6562852 Aringblue-green 486133 Aringviolet 434047 Aringviolet 410174 Aring
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Balmer Series 1885Johann Balmer found an empirical equation that correctly
predicted the four visible emission lines of hydrogen
H 2 21 1 1
2R
λ n⎛ ⎞= minus⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠
RH is the Rydberg constantRH = 1097 373 2 x 107 m-1
n is an integer n = 3 4 5hellipThe spectral lines correspond to different values of n
Johannes Robert Rydberg generalized it in 1888 for all transitions
Hα is red λ = 6563 nmHβ is green λ = 4861 nmHγ is blue λ = 4341 nmHδ is violet λ = 4102 nm
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Born 1879
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Thermal Excitation Incandescence
increasing temperature
Color shifts to shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) as an object is heated
~f T
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Why this shapeWhy the drop
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
34
n= 0123 6626 10E nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Atomic Energy is quantizedIt comes in chunks of Planckrsquos constant h
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
bull Received Nobel Prize in 1906
bull Usually considered the discoverer of the electron
bull Worked with the deflection of cathode rays in an electric field
bull His model of the atomndash A volume of positive
chargendash Electrons embedded
throughout the volume
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
346626 10E hfh x Jsminus
=
=
Light is quantizedThe energy of a photon is frequency times Planckrsquos constant h
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Problem changing the intensity of the incident beam didnrsquot effect the ENERGY of ejected electrons just the NUMBER of ejected electrons Didnrsquot agree with wave picture of light
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
(Couldnrsquot explain the stability or spectra of atoms)
bullA beam of positively charged alpha particles hit and are scattered from a thin foil target
bullLarge deflections could not be explained by Thomsonrsquos model
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Electrons exist in quantized orbitals with energies given by multiples of Planckrsquos constant Light is emitted or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between energy levels The energyof the photon is equal to the difference in the energy levels
i fE E E hfγ = minus =
34
n= 01236626 10
E nhfh x Jsminus
=
=
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
1 Electrons in an atom can occupy only certain discrete quantized states or orbits
2 Electrons are in stationary states they donrsquot accelerate and they donrsquot radiate
3 Electrons radiate only when making a transition from one orbital to another either emitting or absorbing a photon
Bohrrsquos Assumptions
PostulateThe angular momentum of an electron is always quantized and cannot be zero
2
( 1 23)
hL n
nπ
=
=
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
22 2
1 1 1( )f i
RZn nλ
= minus
7 11097 10R x mminus=
Bohrrsquos Theory derived the spectra equations that Balmer Lyman and Paschen had previously found experimentally
Balmer VisibleLyman UVPaschen IR
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
1 Bohr model does not explain why electrons donrsquot radiate in orbit2 Bohr model does not explain splitting of spectral lines3 Bohr model does not explain multi-electron atoms4 Bohr model does not explain ionization energies of elements
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
If photons can be particles then why canrsquot electrons be wavesElectrons are STANDING WAVES in atomic orbitals
hp
λ =
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
De Broglie Wavelength
346626 10h x J sminus= sdot
hmv
λ =
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
34
31 7
6626 10(91 10 )(3 10 )
x J sx kg x m s
λminus
minus
sdot=
h mvλ =
1124 10x mλ minus=
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength346626 10
(75 )2 x J s
kg m sλ
minus sdot=
3644 10x mλ minus=
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
In reality electrons do show an interference pattern like light waves
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
If electron were hard bullets there would be no interference pattern
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes
through destroys the interference pattern
Electrons act like waves going through the slits but arrive at the detector like a particle
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
Conclusionsbull Trying to detect the electron destroys the interference patternbull The electron and apparatus are in a quantum superposition of statesbull There is no objective reality
If you make a very dim beam of electrons you can essentially send one electron at a time If you try to set up a way to detect which hole it goes through you destroy the wave interference pattern
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
It is impossible to design an apparatus to determine which hole the electron passes through that will not at the same time disturb the electrons enough to destroy the interference pattern
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Proof the Light is a Wave The Double Slit
Proof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Wave Packet Making Particles
out of Waves
Superposition of waves to makes a defined wave packet The more waves used of different frequencies the more localized
However the more frequencies used the less the momentum is known
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
You make a wave packet by wave superposition and interferenceThe more waves you use the more defined your packet and the more defined the position of the particle However the more waves you use of different frequencies (energy or momentum) to specify the position the less you specify the momentum
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Richard Feynman
Electron waves are probability waves in the ocean of uncertainty
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
The possible frequencies and energy states of an electron in an atomic orbit or of a wave on a string are quantized
2vf nl
=
Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
34
n= 0123
6626 10nE nhf
h x Jsminus
=
=
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Assume electrons are represented by wavesA wave function is derived that contains all the information about
the electron position momentum amp energy The wave function is a superposition of all possible states
The probability of finding an electron in a particular state is given by the square of the wave functionAll we can know are probabilities
Quantum Theory
( ) 3 2
1( )(2 )
i p r tx t e ω
πsdot minusΨ =
v v h
h
2
2
Probability = ( ) = (possibility)
x tΨ
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states
So where is it when it transitions between n=5 and n=1
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Super Simplified Quantum Theory SpectraThe intensity of each spectral line of hydrogen is related to the rate andor probability of that transition to occur Again each transition is lsquoweightedrsquo and given a probability amplitude The Red transition happens most often and is thus weighted more and so on For example
2 35 32 23 1 1Ψ = + + + =
1 2591 566 48 316= = = =red cyan violet violeta a a a
The total probability of some transition happening is given the square of the entire wave function added up over all the possible transitions This sum equals 1 which is 100 probability
Warning This is a GROSS mathematical oversimplification BUT is the basic idea of the lsquomechanicsrsquo of quantum
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violetThe wave function is in a superposition or sum of all these possibilities
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
It is in a superposition of all the possible statesIt exists in ldquoPotentiardquo not in Reality
The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
591 566 48 1 316 2Ψ = + + +red cyan violet violet
Only when a measurement is made (red light is detected) does the electron exist in a defined state We say that the wave function ldquoCollapsedrdquofrom a superposition of states to a definite state
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE Jump
It can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum
Jump is that it goes from one place (state) to another without traveling
in between
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Wave Function CollapseThe system stays in a superposition of states until it is observed
This is the ldquoCollapserdquo of the wave function
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
No collapse is necessary
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of matter
and the mathematics (wave functions)
used to describe them
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Schroumldingers CatParadox Is the cat dead or aliveThe cat is in a superposition of dead and live states
until we open the box and make a measurement (observation) collapsing the wave function
total Dead AliveΨ = Ψ +Ψ
This paradox shows the limits of quantum superposition applied to macroscopic systems Or does it
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
Particles can be created with energy ΔE can that live for a time Δt They are called virtual particles but they can become real
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Quantum FoamVirtual Particles are constantly popping in and out of the
quantum vacuum making a Quantum Foam In QED virtual particles are responsible for communicating forces
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
Antimatter Same mass different charge
When matter and antimatter collide they annihilate into pure energy light
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Quantum Fluctuations
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Quantum CosmologyBIG BANG
The Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
The Universe came from nothing and is being accelerated by nothing
Due to Quantum Uncertainty the nothingness of empty space is actually full of energy
Virtual Particles pop in and out of the Quantum Vacuum in matter-antimatter pairs If they have enough energy they can become real
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
God does not play dice with the Universe
Why doesnrsquot Einstein like QuantumbullReality should be deterministic and not based on probabilitiesbullReality should be objective and not dependent on an observer
Positivist
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
The Rules Conservation Laws
bullEnergybullMomentumbullAngular Momentum (Spin)bullElectric ChargebullColor ChargebullLepton Number
Conservation laws are empirical laws that we use to explain consistent patterns in physical processes Typically these laws are needed to explain why some otherwise possible process does not occur Current Conservation Laws are
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
bullTwo particles are lsquoentangledrsquo quantum mechanically ndash that is they are described by one wave functionbullSuppose they have total zero spinbullThen they are separated If the spin of one is flipped in flight to the detector the other one flips instantaneously faster than lightbullThis violates the speed limit of lightbullOR somehow the particles are connected across space ndash they are NONLOCAL This is a big no-no to Einstein and his Quantum Pals
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
EPR Particles EntanglementEPR particles are particles that are lsquoentangledrsquo that is there is a single
wavefunction that describes both particles Until a measurement is made the particles
remain in an entangled state While entangled the particles are connected in a
lsquononlocalrsquo way so that even if they are separated over great distances they can
communicate faster than light
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
I donrsquot like this spooky action at a distance
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Quantum EntanglementQuantum Computing
The Qubit
At the heart of the realm of quantum computation is the qubit The quantum bit by analogy with the binary digit the bit used by everyday computers the qubit is the quantum computers unit of currency Instead of being in a 1 or zero
state a qubit can be in a superposition of both states
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Physicist Eugene Wigners representation of quantum superposition state (the two lumps) showing interference fringes in the center Image also corresponds to a qubit in a superposition state of 0 and 1
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Quantum TeleportationEntangled photons are used to teleport other photons
Quantum Encryption
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Quantum Teleportation
Quantum Uncertainty will
make it very difficult to teleport a complex organism
since there is always uncertainty in the
position of its atoms
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
What Causes our Subjective Experience of Inner Being
Each caged electron is a qubitin a nanoscale quantum dot We have a billion billion of them enslaved by coherent near electromagnetic brain fields of low frequency This forms a mind-brain hologram There is direct back-reaction of the coherent phased array of single electron dipoles on their mental pilot landscape field This generates our inner conscious experience- Jack Sarfatti
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
In order for particles to be entangled in a non-local way they must be in a coherent superposition Observing the system collapses the wavefunction into a localized state The problem is that it is very difficult to maintain coherent superpositions because the environment can collapse the wavefunction In order for quantum phenomena to function in the biological realm coherence must bemaintained for at least a millisecond This is not currently achievable and perhaps not even theoretically possible Coherence is also the problem with quantum computers It is alsothe problem with any claim of macrocosmic entanglement and quantum nonlocal effects - maintaining coherence is very difficult in any environment
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Quantum Quackery
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Many Worlds Hypothesis
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Collapsing Wave
Function
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Entanglement
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
What the Bleep
Do WeKnow
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
A Theory of Everything (TOE)Quantum Gravity
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
Other Possible TOEs
Strings
String TheorySupersymmetry
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
I think I can safely say that nobody understands
quantum mechanics
Richard Feynman
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-
- Polarization
- Polarization of Light
- Circularly Polarized EM Wave
- Elliptically Polarized EM Wave
- Light is in a Superposition of Polarization StatesThis is a Quantum Effect
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Dispersion Diffraction Gratings
- Each chemical element produces its own unique set of spectral lines when it burns
- Incandescent Light Bulb
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Helium Spectra
- Mercury Spectra
- Neon Spectrum
- Continuous vs Discreet
- Light Emission
- Light Emission amp Absorption
- Light Emission
- Light Emission
- Hydrogen Spectra
- Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen Gas
- Hydrogen Emission Spectra
- Spectral lines shift due to the relative motion between the source and the observer
- Fluorescence
- PhosphorescenceTime Delayed FluorescenceGlow in the Dark Day Glow
- Iridescence Diffraction
- Spontaneous Emission
- Stimulated Emission
- LasersLight Amplification bySimulated Emission of Radiation
- Laser Applications
- Unsolved Mysteries of 1900rsquosthat gave birth to Modern Physics
- The Quantum Revolution
- The Dawn of Modern PhysicsParticle Wave DualityIs Light a Particle of a Wave
- 1800rsquos Spectroscopy was the Game
- Fraunhofer Lines 1814
- Kirkoffrsquos Rules for Spectra 1859
- Anders Jonas Aringngstroumlm 1869
- Balmer Series 1885
- Thermal Excitation Incandescence
- Joseph John ThomsonldquoPlum Puddingrdquo Model 1904
- 1911 Rutherfordrsquos Planetary Model of the Atom
- Bohrrsquos Assumptions
- Bohr Line Spectra of Hydrogen
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Electron De Broglie Wavelengthfor electron v = 1c
- Lyndarsquos De Broglie Wavelength
- Double Slit for Electronsshows Wave Interference
- Interference pattern builds one electron at a time
- Heisenberg UncertaintyTrying to see what slit an electron goes through destroys the interference pattern
- Which Hole Did the Electron Go Through
- Quantum UncertaintyA Watched Kettle Never Boils
- Feynmanrsquos version of theUncertainty Principle
- Proof the Light is a Wave The Double SlitProof that Light is a ParticlePhotoelectric Effect
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Wave Packet Making Particles out of Waves
- Richard Feynman
- Strings amp Atoms are Quantized
- Quantum Theory
- We know that the electron in an atom is allowed to exist ONLY in the discrete energy states So where is it when it transitio
- Super Simplified Quantum Theory Spectra
- The Quantum Jump Where is the electron when it jumps between allowed states
- NOTE A Quantum JumpIs not necessarily a LARGE JumpIt can be quite a small jumpThe weirdness of the Quantum Jump is that
- Wave Function Collapse
- Many Worlds HypothesisHugh Everett
- Many Worlds Leads to Parallel Universesand a Multiverse
- Improved technology will not save us from Quantum UncertaintyQuantum Uncertainty comes from the particle-wave nature of mat
- Schroumldingers CatParadox
- Heisenberg UncertaintyEnergy and Time
- Quantum Foam
- Making Matter out of NothingMatter-Antimatter Pair Production
- Quantum Fluctuations
- Casimir Effect The Zero Point Energy of the Quantum Vacuum
- Quantum CosmologyBIG BANGThe Universe Tunneled in from Nothing
- In Sum The Quantum Vacuum
- Einstein Podolsky amp RosenEPR Paradox
- The Rules Conservation Laws
- EPR ParadoxQuantum Non-Locality
- EPR Particles Entanglement
- Quantum EntanglementQuantum ComputingThe Qubit
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum Teleportation
- Quantum ConsciousnessWhy are we not zombies
- THE PROBLEMCoherence amp De-Coherence
- Quantum Quackery
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Many Worlds Hypothesis
- Collapsing Wave Function
- Entanglement
- What the BleepDo WeKnow
- A Theory of Everything (TOE)
- Other Possible TOEs
- I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics Richard Feynman
-