IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09. Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL - Proyecto UE FAIR...
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Transcript of IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09. Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL - Proyecto UE FAIR...
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
Proyecto UE FAIR CT97-3127 (FAQUWEL)DG XIV
(Octubre 1997-Septiembre 2000)
Optimisation of harvest procedures of farmed fish with respect to quality and
welfare
--------------------
(Optimización de los procedimientos de sacrificio de peces cultivados en función de su bienestar y de la calidad final del
pescado)
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
EFECTO DE LOS MÉTODOS DE SACRIFICIO COMERCIALES EN LA CALIDAD DEL PESCADO.
IMPORTANCIA DEL “BIENESTAR”
Dra. Margarita TejadaInstituto del Frío (CSIC)
Ciudad Universitaria, s/n
28040 Madrid, España
Datos presentados en parte en el Workshop Aquaflow
Calidad y Procesado en Acuicultura mirando al futuroLas Palmas de Gran Canaria, 19-21 Mayo 1999
Reunión OESA, 25/05/09
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
FISIOLOGÍA ECOLOGÍA-ÉTICA
TECNOLOGÍACALIDAD -
VALORIZACIÓN
MAQUINARIA
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
CENTROS DE INVESTIGACIÓN PARTICIPANTES
• Coordinador : RIVO-DLO (Holanda)Dr. Hans van de Vis.
• Instituto del Frío (IF), CSIC (España)Dr. Margarita Tejada.
• Bundesforschungstalt für Fischerei (Alemania)Dr. Jörg Oehlenschläger.
• Institute of Marine Research (Noruega)Dr. Håkon Otterå.
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
CENTROS DE INVESTIGACIÓN PARTICIPANTES (cont.)
• Fiskeriforskning (Noruega)Dr. Nils Kristian Sörensen
• DFAS University of Bristol (Gran BretañaDr. Steve Kestin.
• Robert Gordon University (Gran Bretaña)Dr. Paul Nesvadba
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
EMPRESAS PARTICIPANTES
• CUPIMAR, S.A. (España)Dr. Alfonso Vidaurreta.
• Royaal B.V (Holanda)Ms. Caroline Vancoillie and Mr Jan van
Rijsingen
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
INSTITUTO DEL FRÍO (CSIC) (E)
RIVO-DLO (H)
B. FISCHEREI (A)
I. MARINE RESEARCH (N)
FISKERIFORSKNING (N)
Dorada
Anguila
Salmón
ROYAAL,B.V (H)
CUPIMAR,S.A (E)
Tecn
olo
gía
-V
alo
r iza
ción
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
MaquinariaFisiología
Dorada
Salmón
UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL (GB)
ROBERT GORDONUNIVERSITY (GB)
Anguila
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
DORADA
• FISIOLOGÍA - ÉTICA
– UB• Dr. Steve Kestin• Dr. David Robb
– RIVO-DLO• Dr. Hans Van de Vis
• TECNOLOGÍA - CALIDAD– IF
• Dra. Margarita Tejada• Dra Almudena Huidobro• Dr. Antonio Moral• Dª Ana Pastor
– Cupimar• Dr. Alfonso Vidaurreta
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
DefinitionsStunning (Sedación)
• Any process which, when applied to an animal, causes immediate loss of consciousness and sensibility, which last until death. (When consciousness and sensibility are not lost immediately the animals should be spared any avoidable excitement, pain or suffering)
Killing
• Any process which causes the death of an animal
Slaughter
• Killing an animal by bleeding. The killing of animals for human consumption (SPECIES-SPECIFIC WELFARE ASPECTS OF THE MAIN SYSTEMS OF
STUNNING AND KILLING OF FARMED SEABASS AND SEABREAM (2009)
Stress
• The control systems of an animal (including fish) are overtaxed with respect to physiology and/or emotions.
Evaluation of stunning and killing• Stunning: unconsciousness and insensibility can be assessed.
• Killing: the onset of death cannot be determined.
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
DefinitionsA general term of reference for humane
slaughter:• A fish should be rendered unconscious and insensible
until death without avoidable excitement, pain or suffering prior to killing.
Humane slaughter in industry is a four step process.1. Transport to a separate room or place2. Restraining (fixation) of a fish for a proper
applicatio of a stunning/killing method3. Induction of unconsciousness and insensibility,
which last until death, by stunning 4. Slaughter/killing of the fish
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
Three types of stunning/killing methods:
Electrical • A current is passed through the head or head and
heart.
Mechanical• The brain tissue is destroyed (e.g. by a blow on
the head or a bullet).
Chemical• Gasses, which are allowed, are used (carbon
dioxide).
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
Methods: welfare aspects Evaluation of the stunning and killing process
process step stage in the fish assessment of
transport self-initiated movements and responses to stimuli stress
restraining self-initiated movements and responses may be absent stress
stunning unconscious and insensible loss of consciousness and sensibility
death
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
Measurement of loss of unconsciousness and insensibility
• Electrical activity of the brainsVERsVERs: a VVisual isual EEvoked voked RResponseesponse (as result of flashes of lightflashes of light directed towards the eyes) in the EEG.
Absence of VERs indicate unconsciousness and insensibility or death.EEG and SERsSERs:: changes in the patterns on the EEG may indicate unconsciousness and SSomatosensory omatosensory EEvoked voked RResponsesesponses on the EEG (as result of pain pain stimulistimuli applied to the fish) indicate sensibility.
Methods: welfare aspects
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
Instrumental• Texture measurement• Torrymeter: change of dielectric properties as result of
post-mortem changes• Colour measurement: L, a and b values
Sensory• analysis of cooked fillets, using a 10 point scale• analysis of whole or gutted fish using the Quality
Index Method (QIM)• visual inspection: blood spots
Methods: Quality
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
METODOS DE SACRIFICIODORADA (Sparus aurata)
• COMERCIALES
– Asfixia en aire
– Agua-hielo
• EXPERIMENTALES– Percusión:
• Pistón plano– Superior: Músculo frontal– Lateral: Rotura cráneo
• Pistón hueco (Iki jime)
– Anestesia (Aqui-S)
– Electrocución• Cefálica
El efecto en la calidad se estudió en doradas conservadas en refrigeración y en congelación, enteras y evisceradas
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
Electrocución cefálica
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
Time to loss of consciousness by the two current commercial slaughter methods.
400
300
200
100
0
Death in Air Death on Ice
Tim
e to
loss
of
con
scio
usn
ess
(s)
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
Results:Time (minutes) to loss of responses and reflexes in Gilthead seabream
Stunning/killingMethod
Time to loss of self initiated behaviour
(min)
Average time to loss of VERs
(min)
Die in air (asphyxia)
4.0 5.5
Immersion inice slurry
5.0 5.0
Electricity (400mA for each fish)
0 0
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
Time (minutes) to loss of responses and reflexes in Gilthead seabream
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
Lot 1Ice+water
Lot 3AQUI-S
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
METODOS DE SACRIFICIOANGUILA (Anguilla anguilla)– Baño en sal– Salmuera fría– Corte de la cabeza– Percusión:
• Pistón hueco (Iki jime)• Pistón plano
– Anestesia • Aqui S
– Electrocución
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
METODOS DE SACRIFICIOSALMÓN (Salmo salar)
– Corte de agallas– Percusión:
• Pistón hueco (Iki jime)• Pistón plano
– Anestesia • CO2
• Aqui S
– Refrigeración controlada– Métodos mixtos
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
DORADA: CALIDAD
• REFRIGERACIÓN
– Entera– Eviscerada
• CONGELACIÓN
– Entera– Eviscerada
• REFRIGERACIÓN +CONGELACIÓN
– Eviscerada
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
Dorada: Parámetros calidad (Rrefrigerada)
• Extensión del Rigor mortis: – Instauración - finalización– pH
• Degradación de nucleótidos• Capacidad de retención de agua• Color• Textura (métodos instrumentales)• Evaluación sensorial (QIM)• Microbiología
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
Dorada: Parámetros calidad (Congelada)
• pH• Proteína:
– Solubilidad– Viscosidad– Actividad enzimática
• Capacidad de retención de agua• Textura (métodos
instrumentales)• Evaluación sensorial (QIM)
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
Dorada: Desarrollo de un índice de calidad sensorial (QIM)
• Importancia: – Etiquetado– Re-etiquetado
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
QIM para dorada
Apariencia general Piel Muy brillante 0
Brillante 1 Mate 2 Limo Claro- transparente 0 Ligeramente turbio/turbio 1
Músculo Elasticidad Elástico 0 Queda marca al presionar 1
Olor Fresco 0
Neutro 1 A pescado 2 A pescado pasado 3
Ojos Claridad Claros- translúcidos 0 Ligeramente opacos 1 Opacos/sanguinolentos 2 Forma Convexos 0 Planos 1 Cóncavos 2
Agallas Color Brillante/rojo oscuro 0 Rojo marrón/decolorado 1 Olor Fresco/a mar 0 Neutro 1 A pescado 2 A pescado pasado 3
Puntos deméritos totales (15)
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
Dorada: Desarrollo de un índice de calidad sensorial (QIM)
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 4 8 12 16 20
Days in ice
Qu
ali
ty s
co
re
0
3
6
9
12
15
Qu
ality ind
ex
15
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
GILTHEAD SEABREAM SLAUGHTER METHODS EVALUATION
FAQUWEL FAIR-CT 97-3127
CHILLED STORAGE
Muscle Fish
Welfare aspects
Commercial evaluation (Physicochemical
and biochemical) (Microbiology) (Sensory) (Inspection/QIM)
Immersion in an ice-slurry * ***/*** ***/*** ***/**3 **3/*** ***/***
Asphyxia in air * ***/*** ***/*** ***/**3 **3/*** ***/*** AQUI-S and blow on the head * *1/- ***/- ***/- **3/- ***/-
Top ** ***/- ***/- ***/- **3/- ***/- Blow on the head Side *** -/*2 -/*** -/**3 -/*** -/*** Pin bolting *** *2/- - - - -
Electrocution *** ***/- ***/- ***/- ***/- ***/- /: Whole/Gutted; *: bad; **: intermediate; ***: good; - not studied
*1 : bruises and petechiae *2 : hole in the head **3 : differences between batches not due to post-mortem treatment
IF. Margarita Tejada Reunión OESA 25/05/09.Proyecto FAIR CT97-3127 FAQUWEL -
Clinical reflexes
Eye roll Opercula movement
vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)
rythmic opercular activity
in air in water
on lip with 6V DC, observe eye
movement when fish is rolled from
side to side through the
perpendicular
observe opercula for rhythmic
movement (similar to breathing in mammals and
birds)
7 4
Score
Table 1. Self initiated behaviours, responses to stimulation and reflexes examined.
Self initiated behaviour Response to Stimuli
Name Swimming Equilibrum Handling Pin prick 6V shock
Behaviour/ reflex swimming behaviour righting ability
response to handling
response to prick on lip
response to stimulation on lip
Observation place in water in water in water or air in air in air
Procedure observe spontaneous
swimming behaviour
invert fish, observe righting response
attempt to catch by tail and administer tail pinch, observe
response
prick lightly on lip with enough
pressure to cause pricking sensation to human, observe
response
stimulate carefully
observe response
Sequence of observation 1 2 3 5 6
0 no swimming unable to right no response no response no response eyes fixed relative to head
no opercula movement
1 slow or abnormal swimming e.g upside down
slow to right only slow or feeble response after tail
pinch(s)
slow and reduced response
slow and reduced response
partial VOR or one eye shows VOR
slow or irregular movement
2 normal swimming quickly rights immediate vigorous escape attempt on first
touch/pinch
head shake or escape attempt
head shake or escape attempt
eyes roll relative to the head whilst attempting to
remain upright when fish is rolled
regular opercula movement
General comments, possible artifacts some species show no response even when fish is fully conscious
1. direct stimulation of muscles. 2. some species
show no response when fish is fully
conscious
needs careful observation see in
some species
needs careful observation in some species