IEEE ICC - B/N M C...• The SM pioneers Ali Ghrayeb, Harald Haas, Prof. Jeganathan, Marco di Renzo,...
Transcript of IEEE ICC - B/N M C...• The SM pioneers Ali Ghrayeb, Harald Haas, Prof. Jeganathan, Marco di Renzo,...
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 1/ 34 ⇒|
A Stroll with Shannon to Next-GenerationPlaza:
Large-Scale MIMOs, Single versus MultipleRF Chains and All That...
Presented byLajos Hanzo
withSOUTHAMPTON WIRELESS
School of Electronics and Computer Science,University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 2/ 34 ⇒|
Acknowledgements• Sincere thanks for the cordial invitation to all the Organizers
• The Southampton Wireless team, especially to my valued friends andcolleagues Shinya Sugiura, Mohammad Kadir, Ping Yang, Kan Zheng, ChaoXu;
• The SM pioneers Ali Ghrayeb, Harald Haas, Prof. Jeganathan, Marco diRenzo, Rakshith Rajashekar, Prof. Hari et al.
• The Sponsors: EPSRC and the ERC Advanced Fellow Grant
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 3/ 34 ⇒|
A Stroll with Shannon to Next-Generation
Plaza...
• The History...
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 4/ 34 ⇒|
Place5G
4GTerrace
CapacityGate
1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
MPEG 1, 2 & 4 street
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FourierStree
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STC Street
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Beamforming Close
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c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 5/ 34 ⇒|
A Stroll with Shannon to Next-Generation
Plaza...
• The Myth: ’flawless tele-presence’ with zero error for
anyone, anywhere, anytime...
• The Reality...
• The Future: L. Hanzo, H. Haas, S. Imre, D. O’Brien,M. Rupp, and L. Gyongyosi, “Wireless myths, realities, andfutures: From 3G/4G to optical and quantum wireless,”Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 100, pp. 1853 –1888, 13 2012,Invited Paper in the Centennial Issue
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 6/ 34 ⇒|
A Stroll with Shannon...
C = M · B/Nf · log(1 + SINR)1. Shannon’s Lesson # 1 B: Bandwidth - mm-Wave & Optical Wireless
2. Shannon’s Lesson # 2 Nf : Frequency-reuse factor - Small Cells, HetNets,FFR & all that...
3. Shannon’s Lesson # 3 SINR: No. of RX antennas (N) - Large-Scale MIMOsfor RX-diversity, Beamforming & Interference Alignment
4. Shannon’s Lesson # 4 M : No. of TX antennas - Large-scale MIMOs forBLAST and Spatial Modulation
5. L. Hanzo, M. El-Hajjar, O. Alamri: Near-Capacity Wireless Transceivers andCooperative Communications in the MIMO Era: Evolution of Standards,Waveform Design, and Future Perspectives Proceedings of the IEEE Volume99, Issue 8, 2011, pp 1343 - 1385
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 7/ 34 ⇒|
Shannon’s Lesson # 1 - B: Bandwidth
mm-Wave & Optical Wireless
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 8/ 34 ⇒|
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Eb / No(dB)
100
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BPSK
4QAM
16QAM
64QAM
Shannon LimitFixed - mean BER 0.01%Fixed - mean BER 1%AQAM - mean BER 0.01%AQAM - mean BER 1%TU Channel
Figure 1: Channel capacity upper bound of LTE-style near-instantaneously adap-tive QAM (AQAM) and fixed modulation schemes over the dispersive TU RayleighFading channel for BER=1% and BER=0.01%.
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 9/ 34 ⇒|
Figure 2: Pathloss versus carrier frequency, portraying the typical oxygen andwater vapour absorption phenomena c©Steele & Hanzo, 1999
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 10/ 34 ⇒|
Massive Optical-Wireless MIMOs & Li-Fi...• http://www.vlcc.net/?ml lang=en
• http://www.lificonsortium.org/index.html
• The Future: L. Hanzo, H. Haas, S. Imre, D. O’Brien, M. Rupp, andL. Gyongyosi, “Wireless myths, realities, and futures: From 3G/4G to opticaland quantum wireless,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 100, pp. 1853 –1888,13 2012, Invited Paper in the Centennial Issue
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 11/ 34 ⇒|
But do you think Dr Shannon...?Would the field of wireless have developedequally bandwidth-consciously, if...?
What if governments had not imposedfrequency-licence fees...?
What about ’Green Radio...?
What about the ’Tactile Internet’...?
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 12/ 34 ⇒|
Shannon’s Lesson # 2 - Nf :Frequency-reuse factor
Small Cells, LiFi, FFR, HetNets & all that...
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 13/ 34 ⇒|
LS-MIMO Applications:Multilayer Sectorization
UEUEUUUEUEEEEUEUEUE
UEUUEUUeNB
UE
UE
UE
• Zheng, Zhao, Mei, Shao, Xiang & Hanzo: Survey of Large-Scale MIMOSystems, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, IEEE Xplore
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 14/ 34 ⇒|
Shannon’s Lesson # 3 - The SINR Dependson the Pathloss & Fading of Both the Signal
& Interference
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 15/ 34 ⇒| c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 16/ 34 ⇒|
Type I MIMO: Space-Time Coded OFDMImproves the SINR
1 Tx 1 Rx
0128
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Subcarrier index 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
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c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 17/ 34 ⇒|
Spatial Corr. Degrades the G2 STBC SINR
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c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 18/ 34 ⇒|
CSI Errors Degrade the SINR of G2 STBC
C D E F G H I
J K L L K L M L N L
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c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 19/ 34 ⇒|
So, Dr Shannon - which of the Four MIMOsis fit for Large-Scale MIMOs?
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c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 20/ 34 ⇒|
Shannon’s Lesson # 4 - M : No. of TXantennas
Capacity of MIMOs
C ≈ min(M ; N)
Large-scale MIMOs and Spatial Modulation• L. Hanzo, O. Alamri, M. El-Hajjar, N. Wu: Near-Capacity Multi-Functional
MIMO Systems; John Wiley and IEEE PRESS, 2009
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 21/ 34 ⇒|
Given your legacy Dr Shannon - we set outto conceive cooperative massiveMIMO-aided unlicensed & optical wirelessHetNets...
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 22/ 34 ⇒|
Zheng, Zhao, Mei, Shao, Xiang & Hanzo:Survey of Large-Scale MIMO Systems, IEEE
Communications Surveys & Tutorials
cylindrical AA
linear AA
spherical AA
rectangular AA
distributed AA
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 23/ 34 ⇒|
LS-MIMO Applications:Adaptive Beamforming
eNB
UE
UE
UE
• Zheng, Zhao, Mei, Shao, Xiang & Hanzo: Survey of Large-Scale MIMOSystems, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, IEEE Xplore
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 24/ 34 ⇒|
LS-MIMO Applications:Large-scale Cooperation & Backhaul
eNB UE
RRU
...
RRU
• Zheng, Zhao, Mei, Shao, Xiang & Hanzo: Survey of Large-Scale MIMOSystems, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, IEEE Xplore
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 25/ 34 ⇒|
LS-MIMO Applications: Hot-Spot Coverage
MeNB SeNB High Rise
SUE
MUE
MUE
SUE
SUE
SUE
• Zheng, Zhao, Mei, Shao, Xiang & Hanzo: Survey of Large-Scale MIMOSystems, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, IEEE Xplore
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 26/ 34 ⇒|
But Dr Shannon... Do You Believe LosingTransmit-Diversity in Exchange for Requiring Only a
Single-RF Chain Is a Good Deal?
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 27/ 34 ⇒|
The Fifth MIMO: Spatial Modulation (SM) RequiresOnly a Single RF Chain
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• M. Di Renzo, H. Haas, A. Ghrayeb, S. Sugiura and L. Hanzo: SpatialModulation for Generalized MIMO: Challenges, Opportunities andImplementation, Proc. of the IEEE, January 2014
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 28/ 34 ⇒|
So What About Single vs. Multiple RFChains...Dr Shannon...?
1. S. Sugiura, S. Chen, and L. Hanzo, “A universal space-time architecture formultiple-antenna aided systems,” Communications Surveys Tutorials, IEEE,vol. 14, pp. 401 –420, quarter 2012.
2. M. Di Renzo, H. Haas, A. Ghrayeb, S. Sugiura and L. Hanzo: SpatialModulation for Generalized MIMO: Challenges, Opportunities andImplementation, Proc. of the IEEE, January 2014
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 29/ 34 ⇒|
Linear Dispersion Coding (LDC) Circumvents theDiversity vs. Multiplexing Tradeoff
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c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 30/ 34 ⇒|
Linear Dispersion Codes Require MultipleRF Chains
+ +
AQ
s1sQ ]T
A1
T temporal dimensions
= [
dimensionsspatialM
S =∑Q
q=1Aqsq =
K
• LDC(MNTQ), with arbitrary modulation schemes.
• Q non-separable layers.
• Optimization of χ.
• A single Dispersion Character Matrix (DCM) χ.
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 31/ 34 ⇒|
• Capacity comparison between V-BLAST,STBC, LDC, SM and STSK:
0
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acity
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ck/c
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V-BLAST(2,2)LDC(2,2,2,4)G2-STBC(N=2)SM(2,2)STSK(2,2,2,4)
- Both V-BLAST(2,2) and LDC(2,2,2,4) mayachieve the same maximum attainablecapacity of the MIMO system using M = 2
TAs and N = 2 RAs.
- The SM(2,2)’s CCMC capacity is lower thanthat of V-BLAST(2,2) and LDC(2,2,2,4),followed by G2-STBC(N=2) andSTSK(2,2,2,4).
• BER performance comparison betweenV-BLAST, STBC and LDC:
10-5
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Eb/N0 [dB]
V-BLAST(2,2)-QPSK, ML
SM(2,2)-8PSK, Reduced-Scope
V-BLAST(2,2)-QPSK, MMSE
- Both the diversity schemes of LDC(2,2,2,4)and G2-STBC(N=2) may outperform themultiplexing scheme of V-BLAST(2,2).
- The MMSE receiver imposes substantialperformance loss both to V-BLAST(2,2) andto LDC(2,2,2,4).
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 32/ 34 ⇒|
• BER performance of V-BLAST and SM:
10-5
10-4
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Eb/N0 [dB]
V-BLAST(2,2)-QPSK, ML
SM(2,2)-8PSK, Reduced-Scope
V-BLAST(2,2)-QPSK, MMSE
- The performance difference betweenSM(2,2) and V-BLAST(2,2) is almostnegligible compared to the performanceloss imposed by employing MMSE detectorfor V-BLAST.
• Complexity of V-BLAST and SM:
10
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(1) V-BLAST(2,2)-QPSK, ML(2) V-BLAST(2,2)-QPSK, MMSE(3) SM(2,2)-8PSK, Reduced-Scope
- The SM(2,2) detector exhibits a comparablylow detection complexity to that of the linearMMSE aided V-BLAST(2,2) detector, whichare both substantially lower than that of theML V-BLAST(2,2) detector.
• The same trends may be observed, when LDC is compared to STSK, because the LDC receivermay employ the V-BLAST detectors, while the STSK receiver may employ the SM detectors.
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 33/ 34 ⇒|
In This Scenario Single-RF SpatialModulation Is Capable of Matching
the ML-Detected BLASTPerformance at a Fraction of Its
Complexity, BUT...• SM is not faultless, because it fails to achieve the full MIMO ca-
pacity;
• This leaves room for its development into generalized SM, whereseveral symbols per channel use would be transmitted;
• Regretfully, then the inter-antenna interference would resur-face...;
• Sugiura, S.; Hanzo, L.: Single-RF Spatial Modulation RequiresSingle-Carrier Transmission: Frequency-Domain Turbo Equal-ization for Dispersive Channels, IEEE Transactions on VehicularTechnology, 2015, DOI: 10.1109/TVT.2014.2370679 IEEE EarlyAccess
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 34/ 34 ⇒|
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 35/ 34 ⇒|
So, what are we to do DrShannon...?
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 36/ 34 ⇒|
A Stroll with Shannon Along ’QuantumAvenue’?
Place5G
4GTerrace
CapacityGate
1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
MPEG 1, 2 & 4 street
SD
MA
Close
ShannonStreet
FourierStree
t
IDMA Street
STC Street
Turbo
Stree
tSt
ereo
scop
icAve
nue
H.2
61-H
.265
Way
Holog
raph
icRoa
d
VLC
Lane
mm
-Wave
Avenu
e
Telepresence ParkwayOFDM / MC-CDMA Avenue
Het
Net
Bou
leva
rd
Coop
erat
ive
Ave
nue
Quant
umAve
nue
MIM
OStreet
Beamforming Close
Spatial Modulation Lane
BLA
ST
Lan
e
c©Hanzo, ECS, Univ. of Southampton, UK. http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk 37/ 34 ⇒|
A Stroll with Shannon Along ’QuantumAvenue’...?
Serial Computing Quantum Computing
Try all the keys one by one:
Time Ine é cient
Resources Eé cient
Parallel Computing
Create as many boxes as the keys
and try all the keys in parallel:
Time E é cient
Resources Ine é cient
11
Try all the keys in parallel to a single box:
15
14
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
11
Time E é cient
Resources E é cient
• [Hanzo et al.] Wireless Myths, Realities and Futures, Proc. of the IEEE, 13thof May 2012, Centennial Issue, Xplore Open Access
• [Botsinis, Ng & Hanzo]: Quantum Search Algorithms, Quantum Wireless anda Low-Complexity Maximum Likelihood Iterative Quantum Multi-UserDetector Design, IEEE Access, May 2013, Xplore Open Access