IEEE-IAS Distinguished Lecture on Electromagnetic ...

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IEEE-IAS Distinguished Lecture on

ElectromagneticCompatibility in

Industrial EquipmentGiorgio Spiazzi - Paolo Tenti

Department of Electronics & InformaticsUniversity of Padova - ITALY

&C.R.E.I.Ven

Veneto Consortium for Research in Industrial ElectronicsPadova - ITALY

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Outline1. Introduction to European Directive on EMC2. High-frequency emission standards & case

studies3. Origin of high-frequency pollution & Design

provisions to reduce EMI4. Low-frequency emission standards: definition &

case studies5. Origin of low-frequency pollution, definitions and

basic compensation techniques6. PFC structures7. Example of application (PFC)8. Immunity standards & case studies

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Basic Literature - 1[1] Clayton R. Paul, Introduction to Electromagnetic

Compatibility, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1992(ISBN 0-471-54927-4)

[2] Henry W. Ott, Noise Reduction Techniques inElectronic Systems second edition, John Wiley& Sons, Inc., 1988 (ISBN 0-471-85068-3)

[3] H. Johnson, M. Graham, High-Speed DigitalDesign A Handbook of Black Magic, PrenticeHall PTR, 1993 (ISBN 0-13-395724-1)

[4] L. Tihanyi, Electromagnetic Compatibility inPower Electronics, Butterworth Heinemann, E &C, IEEE Press, 1995 (ISBN 0-7506-2379-9)

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[5] David A. Weston, Electromagnetic Compatibility:Principles and Applications, Marcel Dekker, 1991(ISBN 0-8247-8507-x)

[6] R. L. Ozenbaugh, EMI Filter Design, MarcelDekker, 1996, (ISBN 0-8247-9631-4)

[7] Hewlett Packard, Spectrum Analysis, Applicationnote n.150, Nov. 1989

[8] V.P. Kodali, Engineering ElectromagneticCompatibility: Principles, Measurements,Technologies, and Computer Models, IEEE Press

Basic Literature - 2

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Speakers’ AddressDepartment of Electronics and InformaticsVia Gradenigo 6a - 35131 Padova - ItalyFax +39 049 827 7699

Paolo Tenti ([email protected])Phone +39 049 827 7503

Giorgio Spiazzi ([email protected])Phone +39 049 827 7525

C.R.E.I. Ven - Research Consortium in Industrial ElectronicsCorso Spagna 12 - 35127 Padova - ItalyPhone +39 049 806 1212Fax +39 049 806 [email protected]

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Introduction to EMC

• Fundamental Definitions

• Examples of electromagnetic interference

• EMI Transmission paths

• Electromagnetic environment

• Regulations

• (Acceptance Tests)

• (History of EMC standard-making boards)

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Fundamental Definitions

Electromagnetic CompatibilityThe capability of electrical and electronicsystems, equipment, and devices to operatein their intended electromagneticenvironment within a defined margin ofsafety, at the specified level of performance,without suffering or causing unacceptabledegradation as a result of electromagneticinterference

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Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)EMI is the process by which disturbingelectromagnetic energy is transmitted froman electrical device to another via radiationand/or conducting pathsIn common terms, EMI refers particularly toRF signals, but it can occur in any frequencyrange starting from DC

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Environmental electromagnetic pollutionHigh-level electromagnetic disturbances canprevent electrical and electronic devicesfrom operating properly

Aspects to be considered• emission of electromagnetic noises, and• susceptibility to electromagnetic noises

Introduction

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SusceptibilityA relative measure of a device or a systempropensity to be disturbed or damaged byEMI exposure to an incident field of signal

ImmunityA relative measure of a device or systemability to withstand EMI exposure whilemaintaining a predefined performance level

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Examples of ElectromagneticInterference

Interference to TV and radio receivers, e.g.:• Misbehavior due to ignition systems (sparks) of cars

(self-compatibility with the radio installed on board)• TV disturbances due to household appliances operationLoss of data in digital systems, e.g.:• Reset of PC-based control systems due to industrial

disturbances• Misbehavior of security doors of banks due to

electrostatic dischargesMisbehavior of medical electronic equipment, e.g.:• Cardiac pacemakers

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Misbehavior of automotive electronic equipment, e.g.:• ABS systems• Direction indicatorsInadvertent detonation of explosive devices, e.g.:• Automatic control systems for fire protection in

supermarketsMisbehavior of control process, e.g.:• Electronic control systems of airplanes• Cooling systems for telecommunication applications• Voltage regulation of synchronous generators

Examples of ElectromagneticInterference (cont.)

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EMI Transmission Paths

Possible sources of ambient noise andcoupling into a receiver

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Source ReceiverChannel

Interference can be reduced acting on:• Source (layout, filtering, shielding)• Channel (layout)• Receiver (layout, filtering, shielding)

EMI is more conveniently suppressed atthe source level in the design phase

EMI Transmission Paths

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Fundamental DefinitionsRadiated Immunity

The product ability to withstand incidentelectromagnetic energy entering it via free-spacepropagation while maintaining a specifiedperformance level

Conducted ImmunityThe product ability to withstand electromagneticenergy entering it through external cables, powercords, and I/O interconnections while maintaininga specified performance level

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Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)A transfer of electric charge between bodies atdifferent electrostatic potential in proximity ofeach other or through direct contactTerm ESD is generally applied to events that aretriggered by human beings

Equipment under test (EUT)Definition used in all EMC standards to indicatethe apparatus object of the test procedure

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ContainmentA process whereby RF energy is prevented fromexiting an enclosure, generally by shielding theproduct with a metal enclosureReciprocally, containment also prevents RFenergy to enter the enclosure

SuppressionThe process of reducing or eliminating the RFenergy effects without relying on a secondarymethod, such as a metal housing or chassis

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Electromagnetic environmentMain sources of electromagnetic noises• RF welders• Induction heating equipment• Industrial, Scientific and Medical RF-based

equipment (ISM)• Telecommunication transmitters• Microwave ovens• Arc welders• Power electronics equipment• Automotive ignition systems• Fluorescent lamps• …….

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Electromagnetic environmentRadiated noise levels

RF-based equipment• Broadcasting transmitters: hundreds of V/m• Cellular telephones: from 10 to 100 V/m• RF welders: tens of V/mNon RF-based equipment• Power electronics (30-100 MHz, at 3 meter): 40-

70dBµµµµV/m• Automotive ignition (30-300 MHz, at 3 meter):

50-100 dBµµµµV/m• Digital PCB (30-1000 MHz, at 3 meter): 40-80

dBµµµµV/m (fundamental and harmonics)

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Electromagnetic environmentConducted noise levels

(LISN measurement 150 kHz-30MHz)

• Switching power electronics: 80-120 dBµµµµV• Digital PCB: 40-80 dBµµµµV (fundamental and

harmonics)• Line-commutated power electronics: 60-80

dBµµµµV• Diode rectifiers: 40-70 dBµµµµV

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Regulations• Several countries established regulations on

electromagnetic emission and immunity, based ontests to be performed on apparatus and environment

• Regulations are generally related to the environmentwhere the apparatus is used

• To check conformity to regulations, an experimentalapproach must be applied

• Computational methods, developed in recent years,are applied only to support the design process andare not suitable to predict the conformity of anapparatus

• Legal validity of test reports requires a system ofaccreditation of the test houses

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Conformity to regulations• During acceptance tests usually 60-70% of EUT’sturn out not to comply with regulations

• Often the only solution is to add external devicesto reduce emission and increase immunity, e.g.,ferrites, capacitors, filters, shields

• Such “ex post” solutions can dramaticallyincrease the cost of the apparatus and delay theproduct development program

• It is much more effective to follow best practicecriteria during equipment design anddevelopment phases

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Acceptance tests

The goal of international regulations is todefine repeatable test procedures. Thisrequires:

• Use of instrumentation with specifiedperformances

• Application of standard test methods

• Accreditation and periodic verification of testhouses

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Acceptance testsRepeatability of results

In absence of special “quality” actions, it isquite common to obtain different results if:

• Laboratories of different countries performthe same test

• Laboratories of the same country performthe same test

• The same laboratory performs the same testwith different operators

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Acceptance testsUncertainties introduced by the operators

Problems• EMC test results are often related to high-frequency

phenomena; parasitic effects may have a relevant impacton the tests

• Different test results can be obtained when testconditions and/or personnel are not the same

Solutions• Intensive and continuous training effort is required for

personnel involved in test execution• Each laboratory needs to implement a system of internal

procedures defining strictly the rules of test executions• Each laboratory needs to implement a method to monitor

the correct application of the prescribed methods

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Acceptance testsUncertainties introduced by instrumentation

Problems• Sometimes, instrumentation does not comply with

standards requirements (even the newest one!)• Customers (including test labs) often do not have the

capability to check conformity of the instrumentation• Often calibration of the instrumentation is not performed

in the fields of interestsSolutions• Choosing the proper characteristics to be calibrated,

with reference to the European metrological referencesystem (SIT/NAMAS/…)

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Acceptance testsUncertainties introduced by instrumentation

and standards interpretationEMC Instrument Specifications• Often requirements are not well defined in the standards• The market is confusing, it is not easy to establish if the

instrumentation (i.e., receivers) complies withstandards.

EMC Test Methods• Often in the standards some information is missed,

causing problems of repeatability of the tests (i.e.: cableset-up, load set-up, finding the configuration withmaximum emission)

Solution• Adoption of internal (accredited) methods

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History of EMC Standards

• CISPR (Comitèe International Special desPerturbations Radioelectriques) was the firstorganization authorized to promulgateinternational recommendations on EMC.

• CISPR was founded in Paris in 1933• Primary job: document standard EMI

measurements / noise level limits• The founding conference proposed to establish a

common commission in the IEC (InternationalElectrotechnical Commission) and UIR(International Union of Broadcasting)

• After World War II CISPR became a specialcommittee of IEC

CISPR

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In 1973 a decision was made to reorganize CISPR:• Subcommittee A: Interference measuring devices,

measurements methods (Pub. 16)• Subcommittee B: EMI from industrial, scientific and

medical apparatus (ISM) (Pub. 11)• Subcommittee C: Noise caused by high-power cables,

high-voltage equipment, and electrical traction (Publ. 18)• Subcommittee D: Ignition interference from motor

vehicles, combustion engines, and related subjects (Pub.12)

• Subcommittee E: EMS of radio and television receivers(Pub. 13 - Pub. 20)

• Subcommittee F: EMI in domestic appliances,fluorescent tubes and similar devices (Pub.14 - Pub.15)

CISPR

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• Limits were first established only for the range 150 kHz –30 MHz (broadcast requirements)

• Extended later to 1 GHz (18 GHz) and to 10 kHz• For extended application of power electronics the

requirement for clean mains power have increased• CENELCOM (Comitèe de Coordination Européen des

Normes Electriques pour le Marche Commun) decided toestablish a Common Standardization Committee (formedin 1970)

• In 1973 CENELCOM was reorganized with the nameCENELEC (Comitée Europeen de NormalisationElectrotechnique)

CENELEC

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For surveying the problem of semiconductor apparatusconnected to mains, IEC established a new subcommitteenamed TC 77: "Electromagnetic Compatibility betweenelectrical equipment including networks“

TC 77 of IEC

• Working Committee #1: Terminology• Working Committee #2: Mains impedances and LISNs• Working Committee #3: Harmonic and non-harmonic

electrical noise produced by electrical household and othersimilar equipment, included dc components

• Working Committee #4: Voltage fluctuations caused byelectrical household and other similar equipment

• Working Committee #5: Harmonic and non-harmonicelectrical noise produced by television sets

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IEC became the study of electromagnetic susceptibility in the early1960s. The subject was first addressed by TC 65: "Industrial -Process measurement and Control“, later TC 77 joined in the effort.The result of TC 65 is the standard series IEC 1000:

TC 65 of IEC

• 1000-4-1: Overview of immunity test.• 1000-4-2: Electrostatic discharge test.• 1000-4-3: Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test.• 1000-4-4: Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test.• 1000-4-5: Surge immunity tests.• 1000-4-6: Immunity to conducted disturbances, inducted by radio

frequency fields above 9 kHz.• 1000-4-8: Frequency magnetic field immunity test.• 1000-4-11: Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations

immunity test.

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IEC• A.C.E.C.: Advisory Committee on

Electromagnetic Compatibility

CENELEC• TC 210: Electromagnetic Compatibility


Other subcommittees

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Outline

EMC Directive

• EU Directives• New approach and global approach• EMC Directive• Application of EMC Directive• (EMC Standards)

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European Union (EU)Internal Market

Since 1992 the EU internal market has no borders. Freemovements of persons, goods, services and capitals areguaranteedTo eliminate the technical barriers hampering the tradebetween Member States the following strategies wereimplemented:

• Inclusion of EU directives into national laws of MemberStates

• Harmonization of national standards with Europeanstandards

• Establishment of an European accreditation, testing andcertification system (mutual recognition of test reportsand certificates in the different Member States)

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Examples of EU Directives(developed according to the New Approach)

• Safety of toys (88/378/EEC)• Personal protective equipment

(89/686/EEC)• Electromagnetic compatibility

(89/336/EEC, 92/31/EEC)• Machinery (89/392/EEC, 91/368/EEC,

93/44/EEC)• Low voltage (73/23/EEC, 93/68/EEC)

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EU Directives“New Approach”

With the “new approach” any technical contents havebeen removed from the directives and entrusted toStandardization European Bodies:

• CEN European Standards Committee• CENELEC European Electrotechnical St. Cmt• ETSI European Telecommunication St. Inst

When an EU Standard (EN) is approved, it is publishedin the Official Journal of the European Community andbecomes an European harmonized standard

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EU Directives“Global Approach - CE Marking”

• The CE marking symbolizes the product conformity to allEU Directives, developed according to the “NewApproach”, which apply to the product itself

• The CE marking must be affixed to all products put on theEuropean market

• The CE marking must be affixed by the manufacturer orhis agent established within the EU

• The CE marking symbolizes that the manufacturer or hisagent has undersigned an explicit declaration ofconformity

• The CE marking must be affixed to the product so as to bevisible, legible and permanent

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EMC Directive

• Base: Directive 89/336/EEC• Adds: Directive 92/31/EEC

[delays application from 1992 to 1996]Directive 93/68/EEC[Introduces CE Marking]Directive 98/13/EC[specific for TTE/SESE]

TTE = Telecommunication Terminal EquipmentSES = Satellite Earth Station Equipment

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EMC Directive 89/336The EMC directive applies to all electrical andelectronic appliances, installation and systemsEssential Protection Requirements

a) every equipment must be constructed so as to ensurethat any electromagnetic disturbance it generates allowsradio and telecommunication equipment and otherapparatus to function as intended

b) every equipment must be constructed within an inherentlevel of immunity to externally generatedelectromagnetic disturbancesProducts complying with EU harmonized standardsare in conformity with the essential protectionrequirements of the 89/336/EEC Directive

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EMC DirectiveApplication to Components

– resistors, capacitors, coils– diodes, transistors, SCR’s– integrated circuits– cables, plugs– LED’s– …..

The EMC directive does not apply (CE markingnot required)

Components not performing a direct function

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Components performing a direct functionComponents which are available and fulfill theintended use without further adjustments orconnections other than simple ones which can beperformed by any persons

1. If intended to be placed on the market fordistribution and final use: the EMC directiveapplies (CE marking required)

2. If not intended to be placed on the market fordistribution and final use: the EMC directivedoes not apply (CE marking not required)

EMC DirectiveApplication to Components

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SystemA combination of several devices combined,designed and/or put together by the samemanufacturer and intended to be placed on themarket for distribution as a single functional unitfor an end user and intended to be installed tooperate together to perform a specific task

• The system manufacturer takes responsibilityof compliance to the directive

EMC DirectiveApplication to Systems

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InstallationA combination of apparatus, equipmentand/or components assembled and/or erectedby an assembler/installer at a given place tooperate together in an expected environmentto perform a specific task, but not intended tobe placed on the market as a singlecommercial unit

• No need for CE marking nor declaration ofconformity

EMC DirectiveApplication to Installations

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Assessment of Conformityto EMC Directive

Conformity of products to the EMC directiveis self declared by the manufacturer or hisagent in EuropeProcedures to assess conformity of productsto the essential protection requirements ofthe 89/336/EEC directive:

• Application of EU harmonized standards• Certificate of conformity issued by a

“Competent Body”

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Technical File Structure

Part 1: GeneralPart 2: Environment (Description and

classification of environment,compatibility levels)

Part 3: Limits (Emission and Immunity)Part 4: Testing and measurement techniquesPart 5: Installation and mitigation guidelinesPart 6: ResultsPart 7: Miscellaneous

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Categories ofEuropean Standards

• Basic StandardsDefine basic phenomenon-related requirements andtesting procedures; do not contain limit values, eitherfor emission or immunity, nor assessment criteria

• Generic StandardsSpecify the requirements for the use of products inspecific electromagnetic environments (e.g., residentialor light industry, industrial)

• Product StandardsSpecify the requirements for certain products orproduct families

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Main Tests required byEMC Standards

• Emission– Low-frequency current harmonics– Voltage fluctuation & flicker– Conducted EMI– Radiated EMI

• Immunity– Electrostatic discharge– Surge voltage– Burst voltage– Conducted noise– Radiated noise– Supply voltage variations

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Product / Family / GenericStandards

• Emission:prescription of tests, basic standards and limits

• Immunity:prescription of tests, basic standards, levels ofdisturbance and acceptance criteria

• List of harmonized standards:http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/newapproach/standardization/harmstds/reflist/emc.html(last publication in the Official Journal of theEuropean Communities : C99 of 2000-04-07)

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Examples of Product Standards• EN 60601-1-2 (93): Medical electrical equipment

– Part 1: general requirements for safety– Part 2: Collateral standard: electromagnetic compatibility -

Requirements and tests

• EN 61800-3 (97):Adjustable speed electrical power drivesystems– Part 3: EMC product standard including specific test methods

• EN 50091-2 (95):Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS)– Part 2: EMC requirements

• EN 50199 (95): EMC product standard for arc weldingequipment

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Harmonized Standards forSpecific Product Families

Families of products Examples Emission Immunityharmonics voltage fluct. RF disturbances all the phenomena

household appliances and similar cooking ovens EN 60555-2 EN 60555-3 EN 55014 EN 50082-1portable tools and similar dish-washing machines EN 61000-3-2 EN 61000-3-3

air-conditioning equipmentITE: data processing equipment EN 60555-2 (*) EN 60555-3 (*) EN 55022 EN 50082-1information technology equipment office machines EN 61000-3-2 (*) EN 61000-3-3 (*) EN 55024

telecommunication equipmentISM: spectrum analyzer EN 61000-3-2 (*) EN 60555-3 (*) EN 55011 EN 50082-2industrial, scientific and medical induction heating equipment EN 61000-3-3 (*)radio-frequency equipment microwaves ovensGeneric light industrial equipment power supply for ind. equipment EN 60555-2 (*) EN 60555-3 (*) EN 50081-1 EN 50082-1

fire-pump EN 61000-3-2 (*) EN 61000-3-3 (*)syncronous generator

Generic industrial equipment machines for marble processing - - EN 50081-2 EN 50082-2mach. for power-loom weavingcropper machines

(*) Applicable to apparatus covered within the scope of these standards

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Harmonized Standards (1)Reference of Date of cessation

the superseded of presumption of conformity standard of the superseded standard

Note 1EN 50081-1:1992Electromagnetic compatibility - Generic emission standard -- Part 1: Residential, commercial and light industry

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EN 50081-2:1993Electromagnetic compatibility - Generic emission standard -- Part 2: Industrial environment

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EN 50082-1:1992Electromagnetic compatibility - Generic immunity standard -- Part 1: Residential, commercial and light industry

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EN 50082-1:1997Electromagnetic compatibility - Generic immunity standard -- Part 1: Residential, commercial and light industry

EN 50082-1:1992 01.07.2001

Note 2.1EN 50082-2:1995Electromagnetic compatibility - Generic immunity standard -- Part 2: Industrial environment

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EN 50091-2:1995Uninterruptible power systems (UPS) -- Part 2: EMC requirements

Relevant generic standard(s) Date expired (01.03.1999)

Note 2.3EN 50199:1995Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Product standard for arc welding equipment

Relevant generic standard(s) Date expired (01.07.1996)

Note 2.3

Reference and title of the standard

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

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Reference document Reference of Date of cessationthe superseded of presumption of conformity

standard of the superseded standardNote 1

EN 55011:1991Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio-frequency equipment

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CISPR 11:1990/A2:1996

CISPR 11:1990/A1:1996 (Modified)

EN 55011:1998Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio-frequency equipment - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement

EN 55011:1991 01.01.2001

and its amendmentsNote 2.1

CISPR 11:1997/A1:1999

EN 55013:1990 CISPR 13:1975Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of broadcast receivers and associated equipment + A1:1983 (Modified)

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Amendment A12:1994 to EN 55013:1990 Note 3 Date expired (31.12.1998)Amendment A13:1996 to EN 55013:1990 Note 3 Date expired (01.06.1999)Amendment A14:1999 to EN 55013:1990 Note 3 01.08.2001


NONE

Amendment A2:1996 to EN 55011:1991 Note 3

CISPR 11:1990 (Modified)


Amendment A1:1999 to EN 55011:1998

Date expired (01.01.1998)

Amendment A1:1997 to EN 55011:1991 Note 3 Date expired (01.01.1998)

Note 3 01.08.2002

NONE

Harmonized Standards (2)

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EN 55014-1:1993Electromagnetic compatibility - Requirements for household appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus -- Part 1: Emission - Product family standard

EN 55014:1987 Date expired (31.12.1995)

+A2:1990Note 2.1

CISPR 14-1:1993/A1:1996

CISPR 14-1:1993/A2:1998

EN 55014-2:1997Electromagnetic compatibility - Requirements for household appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus -- Part 2: Immunity - Product family standard

EN 55104:1995 01.01.2001

Note 2.1EN 55015:1993Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of electrical lighting and similar equipment

EN 55015:1987 Date expired (01.01.1998)

+A1:1990Note 2.1

CISPR 14-1:1993

Amendment A1:1997 to EN 55014-1:1993 Note 3 Date expired (01.01.1998)

Amendment A2:1999 to EN 55014-1:1993 Note 3 01.10.2001

CISPR 14-2:1997

CISPR 15:1992



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EN 55015:1996Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of electrical lighting and similar equipment

EN 55015:1993 Date expired (01.01.2000)

Note 2.1CISPR 15:1996

/A1:1997CISPR 15:1996

/A2:1998EN 55020:1988Immunity from radio interference of broadcast receivers and associated equipment

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EN 55020:1994Electromagnetic immunity of broadcast receivers and associated equipment

EN 55020:1988 Date expired (31.12.1998)

Note 2.1Amendment A11:1996 to EN 55020:1994 Note 3 Date expired (01.06.1999)Amendment A12:1999 to EN 55020:1994 Note 3 01.08.2001Amendment A14:1999 to EN 55020:1994 Note 3 01.08.2001Amendment A13:1999 to EN 55020:1994 Note 3 01.08.2001

CISPR 15:1996


Amendment A2:1999 to EN 55015:1996 Note 3 01.10.2001

NONE



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EN 55022:1987Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of information technology equipment

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EN 55022:1994Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of information technology equipment

EN 55022:1987 Date expired (31.12.1998)

Note 2.1CISPR 22:1993

/A1:1995CISPR 22:1993

/A2:1996 (Modified)EN 55022:1998Information technology equipment - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement

EN 55022:1994 01.08.2001

and its amendmentsNote 2.1

EN 55024:1998 Relevant genericInformation technology equipment - Immunity characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement standard(s)

01.07.2001

Note 2.3EN 55103-1:1996 Relevant genericElectromagnetic compatibility - Product family standard for audio, video, audio-visual and entertainment lighting control apparatus for professional use -- Part 1: Emission standard(s)


Note 2.3

CISPR 22:1985 (Modified) NONE

CISPR 22:1993

Note 3 Date expired (31.12.1998)





Amendment A2:1997 to EN 55022:1994


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EN 55103-2:1996 Relevant genericElectromagnetic compatibility - Product family standard for audio, video, audio-visual and entertainment lighting control apparatus for professional use -- Part 2: Immunity standard(s)


Note 2.3EN 55104:1995 Relevant genericElectromagnetic compatibility - Immunity requirements for household appliances, tools and similar apparatus - Product family standard standard(s)

01.01.2001

Note 2.3EN 60555-2:1987 IEC 60555-2:1982 Disturbances in supply systems caused by household appliances and similar electrical equipment -- Part 2: Harmonics + A1:1985 (Modified)

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EN 60555-3:1987Disturbances in supply systems caused by household appliances and similar electrical equipment -- Part 3: Voltage fluctuations

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IEC 60555-3:1982/A1:1990

Amendment A1:1991 to EN 60555-3:1987 Note 3 Date expired (01.10.1992)

NONE

IEC 60555-3:1982 NONE



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EN 61000-3-2:1995 EN 60555-2:1987 1.1.2001Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-2: Limits - Limits for harmonic current emissions (equiment input current up to and including 16A per phase) Note 2.2

Note 4IEC 61000-3-2:1995

/A2:1998IEC 61000-3-2:1995 EN 61000-3-2:1995

/A1:1997 /A13:1997EN 61000-3-3:1995 EN 60555-3:1987 1.1.2001Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-3: Limits - Limits for voltage fluctuations and flicker on low-voltage supply systems for equipment with rated current up to 16 A (equiment input current up to and including 16A per phase) Note 2.2

Note 5EN 61000-6-2:1999 EN 50082-2:1995 1.4.2002Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 6-2: Generic standards - Immunity for industrial environments Note 2.1

IEC 61000-6-2:1999

IEC 61000-3-3:1994

Note 3


IEC 61000-3-2:1995

Amendment A2:1998 to EN 61000-3-2:1995 1.1.2001

Amendment A1:1998 to EN 61000-3-2:1995 1.1.2001


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Harmonized Standards (8)Note 1: Generally the date of cessation of presumption of conformity will be

the date of withdrawal (‘DOW’), set by the European standards body

Note 2.1: The new (or amended) standard has the same scope as the supersededstandard. On the date stated, the superseded standard ceases to givepresumption of conformity with the essential requirements of theDirective.

Note 2.2: The new standard has a broader scope than the superseded standard.On the date stated the superseded standard ceases to givepresumption of conformity with the essential requirements of theDirective

Note 2.3: The new standard has a narrower scope that the superseded standard.On the date stated the (partially) superseded standard ceases to givepresumption of conformity with the essential requirements of thedirective for those products that fall within the scope of the newstandard. Presumption of conformity with the essential requirements ofthe directive for products that still fall within the scope of the (partially)superseded standard, but that do not fall within the scope of the newstandard, is unaffected

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Note 3: In case of amendments, the referenced standard is EN CCCCC:YY, itsprevious amendments, if any, and the new, quoted amendment. Thesuperseded standard (column 4) therefore consists of EN CCCCC:YYAnd its previous amendments, if any, but without the new quotedamendment. On the date stated, the superseded standard ceases togive presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of theDirective.

Note 4: For products that are not in the scope of EN 60555-2:1987 the genericstandards give presumption of conformity until 1.1.2001

Note 5: For products that are not in the scope of EN 60555-3:1987 the genericstandards give presumption of conformity until 1.1.2001


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Generic Standards

Generic standards: Generic standards:residential, commercial industrial environment

and light industry

Emission EN 50081-1 (1992) EN 50081-2 (1993)

Immunity EN 50082-1 (1997) EN 50082-2 (1995)

* For apparatus directly connected to low-voltage public mains suppliesor to a dedicated DC source which is intended to interface between theapparatus and the low-voltage public mains supply

** For apparatus connected to a power network supplied from a high- ormedium-voltage transformer dedicated for the supply of an installationfeeding manufacturing or similar plant

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EN 50081-1 (1992)Port Phenomenon Frequency range Limits Basic standard Applicability note

Enclosure radiated 30 - 230 MHz 30 dB (µV/m) at 10 m EN 55022 See Note 1emission 230 - 1000 MHz 37 dB (µV/m) at 10 m Class B

AC main conducted 0 - 2 kHz EN 60555-2 See Note 2emission EN 60555-3

0.15 - 0.5 MHz 66 - 56 dB(µV) quasi-peak EN 5502256 - 46 dB(µV) average Class Blinearly decreased withlog of frequency

0.5 - 5 MHz 56 dB(µV) quasi-peak46 dB(µV) average

5 - 30 MHz 60 dB(µV) quasi-peak50 dB(µV) average

discontinuous 0.15 - 30 MHz ref. to EN 55014interference basic standard

Notes: 1 - Applicable only for apparatus containing processing devices, e.g. microprocessor, operating at frequency greater than 9 kHz2 - Applicable to apparatus covered within the scope of EN 60555-2 and EN 60555-3. Limits for apparatus not currently covered by EN 60555-2 and EN 60555-3 are under consideration

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EN 50082-1 (1997) (1)Example of immunity test: Enclosure Port

Phenomenon Test specification Units Basic standard Test setup Remarks Performance criteriaRadio-frequency 80 - 1000 MHz IEC 1000-4-3 IEC 1000-4-3 The test level Aelectromegnetic 3 V/m (unmodulated, rms) specified is the field 80 %AM (1 kHz) rms value of the

unmodulated carrierRadio-frequency 900 +/- 5 MHz ENV 50204 IEC 1000-4-3 The test shall be Aelectromegnetic 3 V/m (unmodulated, rms) carried out at onefield 50 Duty cycle % frequency within the

200 Rep. frequency Hz indicated rangePower-frequency 50 Hz EN 61000-4-8 EN 61000-4-8 See note 1 & 2. Amagnetic field 3 A(rms)/m

Electrostatic 4 Contact kV (charge voltage) EN 61000-4-2 EN 61000-4-2 See basic Bdischarge 8 Air discharge standard for

applicability ofcontact and/or air

discharge test.Notes: 1 - Applicable only to apparatus containing devices susceptible to magnetic fields,

e.g. Hall elements, electrodynamic microphones, etc.2 - For CTRs the acceptable jitter depends upon the character size and is computed for a test level of 1 A/m as follows:

jitter (mm) = (3 . character size (mm) + 1)/40. AS jitter is linearly proportional to the magnetic field strength tests can be carried out at other test levels extrapolating the maximum jitter level appropriately.

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EN 50082-1 (1997) (2)

Example of immunity test:Ports for signal lines and control lines

Phenomenon Test specification Units Basic standard Test setup RemarksRadio-frequency 0.15 - 80 MHz EN 61000-4-6 EN 61000-4-6 See note 1 & 2common mode. 3 V (unmodulated, rms) The test levelAmplitude 80 %AM (1 kHz) specified is priormodulated. to modulationFast transient 0.5 kV (peak) EN 61000-4-4 EN 61000-4-4 See note 2.

5, 50 Tr, Th ns (capacitive5 Rep. frequency kHz clamp)

Notes: 1 - The test level can also be defined as the equivalent current into a 150 Ω load.2 - Applicable only to ports interfacing with cables whose total lenght according to the manufacturers functional specification may exceed 3 m

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EN 50082-1 (1997) (3)Example of immunity test:

input and output AC power ports

Phenomenon Test specification Units Basic standard Test setup Remarks Performance criteriaRadio-frequency 0.15 - 80 MHz EN 61000-4-6 EN 61000-4-6 See note 1. Acommon mode. 3 V (unmodulated, rms) The test levelAmplitude 80 %AM (1 kHz) specified is priormodulated. to modulationFast transient 1 kV (charge voltage) EN 61000-4-4 EN 61000-4-4 B

5, 50 Tr, Th ns5 Rep. frequency kHz

Surges 1,2 / 50 (8/20) Tr/Th µs EN 61000-4-5 EN 61000-4-5 See note 2 Bline to earth 2 kV (charge voltage)line to line 1 kV (charge voltage)Voltage dips 30 % reduction EN 61000-4-11 EN 61000-4-11 Voltage shift at B

10 ms zero crossing60 % reduction See note 2 C100 ms

Voltage > 95% % reduction EN 61000-4-11 EN 61000-4-11 Voltage shift at Cinterruptios 5.000 ms zero crossing

See note 2Notes: 1 - The test level can also be defined as the equivalent current into a 150 Ω load.

2 - Applicable only to input port

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EN 50082-1 (1992) (1)

Phenomenon Test specification Units Basic standard Test setup Remarks Performance criteriaRadio-frequency 27 - 500 MHz IEC 801-3 IEC 801-3 Aelectromegnetic 3 V/m (unmodulated)fieldElectrostatic 8 Air discharge kV (charge voltage) IEC 801-2 IEC 801-2 Bdischarge

Enclosure Port

Ports for signal lines and control lines

Phenomenon Test specification Units Basic standard Test setup Remarks Performance criteriaFast transient 0.5 kV (peak) IEC 801-4 IEC 801-4 See note Bcommon mode 5, 50 Tr, Th ns (capacitive

5 Rep. frequency kHz clamp)Note: Applicable only to ports interfacing with cables whose total lenght

according to the manufacturers functional specification may exceed 3 m

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EN 50082-1 (1992) (2)

input and output AC power ports

input and output DC power ports

Phenomenon Test specification Units Basic standard Test setup Remarks Performance criteriaFast transient 0.5 kV (peak) IEC 801-4 IEC 801-4 See note Bcommon mode 5, 50 Tr, Th ns (capacitive

5 Rep. frequency kHz clamp)Note: Not applicable to input ports intended for connection to dedicated non-rechargeable power supplies

Phenomenon Test specification Units Basic standard Test setup Remarks Performance criteriaFast transient 1 kV (peak) IEC 801-4 IEC 801-4 Bcommon mode 5, 50 Tr, Th ns (capacitive

5 Rep. frequency kHz clamp)

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EN 50081-2 (1993)

Port Phenomenon Frequency range Limits Basic standard Applicability noteEnclosure radiated 30 - 230 MHz 40 dB (µV/m) at 10 m EN 55011 See Note 1

emission 230 - 1000 MHz 47 dB (µV/m) at 10 mAC main conducted 0.15 - 0.5 MHz 79 dB(µV) quasi-peak EN 55011 See Note 2

emission 66 dB(µV) average See Note 30.5 - 5 MHz 73 dB(µV) quasi-peak

60 dB(µV) average5 - 30 MHz 73 dB(µV) quasi-peak

60 dB(µV) averageNotes: 1 - In situ measurements are excluded from this standard.

2 - Impulsive noise (clicks) which occurs less than 5 times per minute is not considered. For clicks appearing more often than 30 times per minute the limits of item 1.2 apply. For clicks appearing between 5 and 30 times per minute, a relaxation of the limits of item 1.2 is allowed of 20 log 30/N dB (where N is the number of clicks per minute). Criteria for separated clicks may be found in EN 55014.3 - Applies only to apparatus operating at less than 1000 Vrms AC.

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EN 50082-2 (1995) (1)Enclosure Port

Phenomenon Test specification Units Basic standard Test setup Remarks Performance criteriaRadio-frequency 80 - 1000 MHz ENV 50140 ENV 50140 See note 1. Aelectromegnetic 10 V/m (unmodulated, rms) The test levelfield 80 %AM (1 kHz) specified is prior

to modulationRadio-frequency 900 +/- 5 MHz ENV 50204 ENV 50140 Spot frequency Aelectromegnetic 10 V/m (unmodulated, rms) within the field 50 Duty cycle % indicated range

200 Rep. frequency HzPower-frequency 50 Hz EN 61000-4-8 EN 61000-4-8 See note 2. Amagnetic field 30 A(rms)/m CTR display

interference isallowed above

3 A/mElectrostatic 4 Contact kV (charge voltage) EN 61000-4-2 EN 61000-4-2 See basic Bdischarge 8 Air discharge standard for

applicability ofcontact and/or air

discharge test.Notes: 1 - Except for the ITU broadcast frequency bands: 87 MHz - 108 MHz, 174 MHz - 230 MHz,

and 470 MHz - 790 MHz where the level shall be 3 V/m2 - Applicable only to apparatus containing devices susceptible to magnetic fields, e.g. Hall elements, electrodynamic microphones, etc.

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EN 50082-2 (1995) (2)Ports for signal lines and data buses not involved in process control

Ports for process (measurements and control) lines

Phenomenon Test specification Units Basic standard Test setup Remarks Performance criteriaRadio-frequency 0.15 - 80 MHz ENV 50141 ENV 50141 See note 1, 2 & 3 Acommon mode. 10 V (unmodulated, rms) The test levelAmplitude 80 %AM (1 kHz) specified is priormodulated. 150 Source impedance Ω to modulationFast transient 1 kV (peak) EN 61000-4-4 EN 61000-4-4 See note 3. B


Notes: 1 - The test level can be defined as the equivalent current into a 150 Ω load.2 - Except for the ITU broadcast frequency band: 47 MHz - 68 MHz where the test shall be 3 V.3 - Applicable only to ports interfacing with cables whose total lenght according to the manufacturers functional specification may exceed 3 m

Phenomenon Test specification Units Basic standard Test setup Remarks Performance criteriaRadio-frequency 0.15 - 80 MHz ENV 50141 ENV 50141 See note 1 & 2 Acommon mode. 10 V (unmodulated, rms) The test levelAmplitude 80 %AM (1 kHz) specified is priormodulated. 150 Source impedance Ω to modulationFast transient 2 kV (peak) EN 61000-4-4 EN 61000-4-4 B


Notes: 1 - The test level can be defined as the equivalent current into a 150 Ω load.2 - Except for the ITU broadcast frequency band: 47 MHz - 68 MHz where the test shall be 3 V.

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EN 50082-2 (1995) (3)DC input and DC output power ports

AC input and AC output power ports

Phenomenon Test specification Units Basic standard Test setup Remarks Performance criteriaRadio-frequency 0.15 - 80 MHz ENV 50141 ENV 50141 See note 1, 2 & 3 Acommon mode. 10 V (unmodulated, rms) The test levelAmplitude 80 %AM (1 kHz) specified is priormodulated. 150 Source impedance Ω to modulationFast transient 2 kV (peak) EN 61000-4-4 EN 61000-4-4 See note 3. B

5, 50 Tr, Th ns (Direct5 Rep. frequency kHz injection)

Notes: 1 - The test level can be defined as the equivalent current into a 150 Ω load.2 - Except for the ITU broadcast frequency band: 47 MHz - 68 MHz where the test shall be 3 V.3 - Not applicable to input ports intended for connection to a battery or a rechargeable battery which must be removed or disconnected from the apparatus for recharging

Phenomenon Test specification Units Basic standard Test setup Remarks Performance criteriaRadio-frequency 0.15 - 80 MHz ENV 50141 ENV 50141 See note 1 & 2 Acommon mode. 10 V (unmodulated, rms) The test levelAmplitude 80 %AM (1 kHz) specified is priormodulated. 150 Source impedance Ω to modulationFast transient 2 kV (peak) EN 61000-4-4 EN 61000-4-4 B

5, 50 Tr, Th ns (Direct5 Rep. frequency kHz injection)


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EN 50082-2 (1995) (4)

Earth port

Phenomenon Test specification Units Basic standard Test setup Remarks Performance criteriaRadio-frequency 0.15 - 80 MHz ENV 50141 ENV 50141 See note 1 & 2 Acommon mode. 10 V (unmodulated, rms) The test levelAmplitude 80 %AM (1 kHz) specified is priormodulated. 150 Source impedance Ω to modulation


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EN 61000-6-2:1999

New generic immunity standard forheavy industrial environment

The following two tests have been added:• IEC 1000-4-5 (Surge test on power lines and

signal lines)• IEC 1000-4-11 (Voltage Dips and Short

Interruptions)

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a - without output EMI filterf = 1,115 MHz, QP = 57.24 dBµV

Status: Fail

b - with output EMI filterStatus: Pass

Conducted Emission Test

Example of standards application• Synchronous generator: three-phase, 400V, 6.5kVA, 50Hz, 2

poles, 3.000 r.p.m.• Reference standards: EN 50081-1, EN 50082-1• No electronic control, only diodes rectifying the field generating

current

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75b - soft-recovery diodesa - normal diodes

Example of standards application

Conducted Emission Test

• Sincronous generator: single-phase, 230V, 4.5kVA, 50Hz, 2 poles,3.000 r.p.m.

• Reference standards: EN 50081-1, EN 50082-1• No electronic control, only diodes rectifying the field generating

current

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Remarks on Test Results• Often the most critical test is conducted emission (for

residential environment)• Reducing radiated emission requires much stronger

efforts than reducing conducted emission• The cost penalty to achieve compliance with

harmonics/flicker requirements can be very high• Immunity tests to radiated and conducted noises are

critical for analog electronics (i.e., A/D converters)• Immunity test to voltage bursts is critical for

microprocessor systems• In power electronics applications it is often difficult to

comply with light industry emission limits• Preliminary in-factory tests are recommended;

otherwise, most EUT’s fail to pass acceptance tests• Solving for compliance problems during final

acceptance tests can be much more difficult andexpensive than finding solutions in the design stage

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