www.joanneum.at/life

IEA HEV “Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicles” and “Battery Electric Busses”

Strategies to Maximize Environmental Benefits

of Electric Vehicles Using Life Cycle

Assessment

Gerfried Jungmeier

International Conference on Electric Mobility and Public Transport

Santiago, Chile, May 10 – 11, 2017

Challenges for the Successful Market Introduction of Electric-Vehicles

Additional

renewable

electricity

Electric-vehicles

1) On the market available

2) Substituting gasoline&diesel

Charging infrastructure

The consumer

Monitoring:

Electricity, emissions

Statement on Environmental Assessment of Electric Vehicles

“There is international consensus that the

environmental effects of electric vehicles can

only be analyzed on the basis of

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

including the production, operation and the end

of life treatment of the vehicles”

“….and in comparison to conventional

vehicles”

Assessment of LCA-Aspects over Full Value Chain

Transportation service

„End of life management“

Dismantling of vehicle

Primary Energy

Electricity production

Electricity grid

Charging infrastructure

Electric vehicle

Production

of vehicle

Production

of battery

The 2 Keys: Renewable Energy &Energy Efficiency

0 300 200 100 900 400 500 600 700 800

Energy consumption of bus [kWh/100km]

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

Gre

en

ho

us

e g

as

em

iss

ion

s

[g C

O2-e

q/k

m]

Diesel,

incl.

biofuel

blending

Electricity hydro power

Electricity

natural gas

Source: LCA of busses, Joanneum Research

Internal combustion engine and battery electric bus

Electricity PV incl. storage

Electricity

coal

Electricity wind

Inventory Analysis

Solid waste

e.g. ash

Liquid emissions

e.g. waste water

Gaseous emissions

e.g. CO, CO2, NOx, PM

Others e.g. noise

odour, radiation

Area: agriculture,

forestry, industry, transport

Resources: renewable,

non renewable

Primery energy: re-

newable, non renewable

construct.

production

operation

use

dismantling

End of life

Products

services

INPUT OUTPUT

Sustainability in the Life Cycle based on Whole Value Chain

Environment Economy Society

Resources

&

raw materials

Products

&

services

Environmental, economic and social assessment of

sustainability based on scientific indicators

Examples of Sustainability Indicators in LCSA

Environment GHG emissions (t CO2-eq/a) Primary energy demand (GJ/a) (biomass, renewable, fossil, others) Area demand (ha/a)

Economy Production costs (€/a) Revenues from products (€/a) Value added (€/a) Employment (persons/a) Trade balance (€/a)

Society Workers Consumers Local community Society Value chain actors (excl. consumers)

Content

9

Introduction

Activities in IEA

HEV

Example Austria

Global EV Fleet

Conclusions

Overview

Introduction

Activities of Task 30 „Assessment of Environmental Effects of Electric Vehicles” (2016 – 2019)

Activities on Special IEA-HEV Project „Facts and Figures on Environmental benefits of EVs“ (2016)

Results of Task 19 „Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicles - From raw material resources to waste management of vehicles with an electric drivetrain” (2011 – 2015)

Task 30 “Assessment of Environmental Effects of

Electric Vehicles”

Water

Air

Land use - resource

consumption - waste

management

Overall environmental effects

and their assessment

Development of Impact Assessment 12

Source: JOANNEUM RESEARCH 2015

2015

> 2020

Results documented in Glossy Brochure

Assessment of

Environmental Effects

of Electric Vehicles

IEA HEV Task xx

2016 - 2018

F. Austria (eds) with contributions from: A. Belgium, M.

Canada, J. Denmark, J. Finland , F. France, H.

Germany, W. Ireland, O. Italy, T. Netherlands, K.

Portugal, S. Switzerland, U. Sweden, R. Turkey, U.

Kingdom, U. States

December 20189

Content 1. Methodologies on assessment on environmental

effects

2. Frequently asked questions

3. Overview on international studies/literature

4. Analyses of current knowledge and future challenges

5. Communication strategies to stakeholders

6. Analyses of necessary and available data

7. Overview & involvement of key actors & stakeholders

8. R&D demand

9. State of current knowledge and future challenges -

methodologies and case studies

Effects of electric vehicles on water

Effects of electric vehicles on Land use –

resources – waste

Effects of electric vehicles on air

Conclusions and outlook “…from LCA to

LCSA…”

Overall environmental effects and their

assessment of EVs

Documentation: proceedings, reports, papers, notes,

presentations

Time Planing of next steps: 2016 – 2019

2016 2017 2018

Kick-off meeting

WS I: „Effects of EVs

on water“, Graz/AUSTRIA 01/2017

WS II: „Effects of EVs on air“,

Stuttgart/GERMANY, 01/2018

WS III: „Effects of EVs on land

use/resources/waste“, Washington/USA 06/2018

Final Results

of Task

2019

WS IV:“Overall environmental assessment

of EVs”, Barcelona/Spain 05/2019

As decided in 2nd internal meeting Graz, January 13, 2017

Activities 2016

Kick-off meeting detailled specification of aims and role of partners

Expert Workshop “Water”

Basis existing methodology&data&case studies

Identification of main issues

Identification of “hot spots” on water issues in process chain of EVs, PHEVs and conventional ICEs

Findings and Recommendations on e.g. Methodology

“Blue & Green Water”: water consumption, water as resource

“Grey Water”: emissions to water and waste water

“Water Footprint” of Evs

Place&date: to be decided – and invitations?

Water Issues of EVs&ICE – Main Issues?

1. Where in the value chain of EVs and ICE are water issues most relevant?

2. What are these most relevant water issues?

3. What are main methodological aspects to judge on water issues?

4. What are main relevant water impact categories? E.g. blue, green?

5. What is the “Water footprint”? And its relevance compared to “Carbon Footprint”?

6. Which data on water do we need to asses these main issues?

7. What are the main research questions on water issues of EVs and ICE?

8. What are main institutions and publications on water issues of EVs and ICE?

9. What could be a common activity on water issues in IEA HEV Task 30?

Cooling water consumption of thermoelectric generation by utility regions in the USA

Source: Elgowainy 2017

Water Consumption of Main Power Production Technologies

Source: Pfister et al. 2011

Water Issues in Value Chain of EVs and ICE

1. ICE (incl. blending of biofuels)

Fossil fuel extraction and refining(e.g. Tar sands, oil shale or traditional oil)

Cultivation of feedstock for biodiesel and bioethanol (e.g. for B5, E10)

Vehicle production

2. EV (only BEV and PHEV):

Electricity generation (e.g. thermal open cycle, closed cycle, or hydro power)

Battery production (specifically due to of pollutants for mineral extraction)

3. Comparison of water issues: EV and ICE

life cycle based water consumption of EV might be higher than from ICE, due to electricity production from hydropower and thermal power plants.

For ICE the most relevant influence on water consumption depends on the amount of biofuel blended (biodiesel in diesel or bioethanol in gasoline)

water withdrawal and consumption for fuel supply show that

ICE about 50% of the water withdrawal and about 80% of the water consumption is needed for the fuel supply

EV about 90% of the water withdrawal and about 80% of the water consumption is needed for the electricity supply.

Results of Task 19 „Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicles” (2011 – 2015) 20

5 documented Workshops:

1.LCA Methodology and Case Studies of Electric Vehicles,

Braunschweig, Germany, December 7, 2012

2.LCA of Vehicle and Battery Production, Chicago, Illinois, United

States, April 26, 2013.

3.Recovery of Critical Metals from Vehicles with an Electric

Drivetrain, Davos, Switzerland, 9–10, 2013

4.LCA Aspects of Electricity Production, Distribution and

Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles, Barcelona, Spain,

October 15 - 16, 2014.

5.LCA of Electric Vehicles – Current Status and Future

Perspectives, Vienna, Austria, November 11, 2015

The 7 Key Issues in LCA of EVs

Broad AGREEMENT on methodology

1) General issues: state of technology, heating&cooling of vehicle

2) Life cycle modeling: end of life, data quality, allocation, life time

3) Vehicle Cycle: production–use–end of life e.g. energy demand of vehicle

4) Fuel Cycle (electricity production): PV with storage

5) Inventory analysis: CO2, MJ, kg <-> CSB5 waste water, heavy metals

6) Impact assessment: GHG, primary energy <-> biodiversity, toxicity

7) Reference system: vehicle size, driving range, ≤ 100% substitution?

Source: G. Jungmeier, J. B. Dunn, A. Elgowainy, L. Gaines, S. Ehrenberger, E. D. Özdemir, H. J. Althaus, R.

Widmer: Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles – Key issues of Task 19 of the International Energy

Agency (IEA) on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (HEV), TRA 2014 – Transport Research Arena 2014, Paris,

France, April 14-17, 2014.

Example: 66,000 BEV in Norway (Norsk elbil forening 2015)

85% substitute „fossil driven“ ICE

kilometres“

15% substitute walking, bicycling, public

transport and additional mobility

9,000 additional vehicles?

Additional Renewable Electricity Production and Electric Vehicles

1. „Direct connection“

2. „Via storage“

3. „Stored in Grid“

4. „Real time charging“

How to

connect?

Charging of EVs with Additional Renewable Electricity

“Direct connection”

“Real time charging” “Stored in grid“

“Via storage”

Emissions for Different Loading Strategies with Additional

Renewable Electricity

24

13

28

73

100

GHG Emissions of Electric Vehicles - Renewable Electricity 25

Source: own calculations using data of ecoinvent

diesel & gasoline

ICE

Average significant GHG reduction

(CO2, CH4, N2O): 74 - 81%

Intermediate

battery storage

assumed

1) PV 20%

2) Wind 10% Ele

ctr

icity c

on

sum

ption E

V a

t cha

rgin

g p

oin

t

for

real dri

vin

g c

ycle

(e.g

. he

ating/c

oo

ling):

15

– 3

0 k

Wh/1

00

km

PM (< 10 µm)-Emissions of Electric Vehicles – Renewable Electricity

Source: own calculations using data of ecoinvent

diesel & gasoline

ICE

Average significant reduction

PM-emissions (< 10 µm): 75 - 87%

Intermediate

battery storage

assumed

1) PV 20%

2) Wind 10%

Ele

ctr

icity c

on

sum

ption E

V a

t cha

rgin

g p

oin

t

for

real dri

vin

g c

ycle

(e.g

. he

ating/c

oo

ling):

15

– 3

0 k

Wh/1

00

km

The 2 Keys: Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency

0 30 20 10 90 40 50 60 70 80

Fuel consumption [kWh/100km]

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Gre

en

ho

us

e g

as

em

iss

ion

s

[g C

O2-e

q/k

m]

FT-Biodiesel

wood

Biodiesel

rape*)

Diesel

Ren-H2

hydro power Electricity

hydro power

Electricity

natural gas

Electricity

UCTE mix

Source: LCA of passenger vehicles, Joanneum Research, *) without iLUC

Internal combustion engine and battery electric passenger cars

Electricity PV incl. storage

The 2 Keys: Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency

0 30 20 10 90 40 50 60 70 80

Fuel consumption [kWh/100km]

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Gre

en

ho

us

e g

as

em

iss

ion

s

[g C

O2-e

q/k

m]

FT-Biodiesel

wood

Biodiesel

rape*)

Diesel

Ren-H2

hydro power Electricity

hydro power

Electricity

natural gas

Electricity

UCTE mix

Internal combustion engine and battery electric passenger cars

Increase +30%

Source: LCA of passenger vehicles, Joanneum Research, *) without iLUC

Electricity PV incl. storage

Content

29

Introduction

Activities in IEA

HEV

Example Austria

Global EV Fleet

Conclusions

Background

Task 19 “Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Vehicles“ (2011 –

2015) and Task 30 “Assessment of Environmental Effects of

Electric Vehicle” (2016 – 2019) worked on and published

“Estimated Environmental Effects of the

Worldwide Electric Vehicle Fleet in 2014”

using

a harmonized methodology

actual LCA data for electricity&vehicles

actual vehicle performance data

accepted necessary assumptions

Aim of special Project “FACTS&FIGURES”

Provide annually FACTS&FIGURES on life cycle based environmental benefits of EVs worldwide and country specific in

comparison to conventional vehicles

Based on achievements of Task 19 „LCA of EVs“

Objective, Scope&Approach

Objectives

Analyse and document current*) environmental benefits of EVs compared to substituted conventional ICE vehicles

Apply harmonized LCA methodology of finished Task 19 “LCA of EVs” (2011 – 2015)

Use broad set of available country specific (default) LCA data

Scope&Approach

LCA of (inter)national EV&PHEV-Fleets

Emissions to air: CO2, CH4, N2O, SO2, NOx, PM, NMVOC, CO

Cumulated primary energy demand: fossil, renewable, others and nuclear

Strong interaction with IEA HEV countries

Dissemination & Reporting

*) and future (optional: scenario based for policy makers)

World EV-Fleet (2015): 1,234,999 BEV&PHEV of which

684,700 in IEA HEV countries 33

EV-Fleet in 2015: 1,234,999 vehicles (I) 34

EV-Fleet in 2015: 1,234,999 vehicles (II) 35

Country FACT

SHEET 36

Explanation Sheet

System boundaries

Vehicle data

Emissions and environmental effects

Assumptions

Main data sources

Main references

Aknowledgement

Contact

37

Content

38

Introduction

Activities in IEA

HEV

Example Austria

Global EV Fleet

Conclusions

Country FACT

SHEET 39

BASIC DATA: Share of National Electricity Production 40

Source: IEA statistics http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=ITALY&product=electricityandheat&year=201x

Austria

BASIC DATA: National Electricity Market 41

Austria

Source: IEA statistics http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=ITALY&product=electricityandheat&year=201x

BASIC DATA Estimated Environ. Effects of Electricity (I) 42

Source: own calculations using data from ecoinvent and GEMIS

(1) CO2-equivalent: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O)

(2) SO2-equivalen: sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx)

(3) C2H4 (ethylene)-eq: non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), CH4, NOx, carbon monoxide (CO)

(4) sum: raw oil, raw natural gas, coal

(5) sum: raw oil, raw natural gas, coal, uranium, biomass, solar, wind, water, waste, residues, geothermal

(6) energy share of coproduced electricity/heat in CHP plants: 57%/43%

2014 2015

global warming (g CO2eq/kWh) (1) 210 to 262 236 to 294

acidification (g SO2eq/kWh) (2) 0.5 to 0.62 0.56 to 0.7

ozone formation (g C2H4eq/kWh) (3) 0.36 to 0.45 0.4 to 0.5

particles (g/kWh) 0.06 to 0.07 0.06 to 0.08

fossil primary energy (kWh/kWh) (4) 0.86 to 1.1 0.96 to 1.2

nuclear primary energy (kWh/kWh) 0.02 to 0.02 0.02 to 0.02

total primary energy (kWh/kWh) (5) 1.6 to 2 1.7 to 2.1

estimated environmental effects of

electricity at charging point Austria

BASIC DATA: Estimated Environ. Effects of Electricity (II) 43

Source: own calculations using data from ecoinvent and GEMIS

Austria

BASIC DATA: Number of Electric Vehicle 44

Source: IEA HEV annual report, EVI, ExCo members

Austria total number of passenger vehicles in Mio. (2015): 4.7

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Estimated Annual Change of national EV Fleet 45

Source: own calculations

Austria

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Estimated Change of national EV Fleet 46

So

urc

e: o

wn

ca

lcu

latio

ns

Austria 2014 2015

global warming (kt CO2eq/a) -5.6 to -6.9 -8.2 to -10

acidification (t SO2eq/a) -24 to -29 -35 to -44

ozone formation (t C2H4eq/a) -25 to -31 -38 to -47

particles (t/a) -4.7 to -5.9 -7.2 to -8.9

fossil primary energy (GWh/a) -13 to -16 -18 to -22

nuclear primary energy (GWh/a) <0.01 0.02 to 0.03

total primary energy (GWh/a) -5.5 to -6.8 -7.1 to -8.8

2014 2015

global warming -48 to -60% -45 to -56%

acidification -62 to -77% -59 to -74%

ozone formation -68 to -85% -66 to -82%

particles -71 to -89% -69 to -86%

fossil primary energy -39 to -48% -34 to -43%

nuclear primary energy -1.7 to -2.1% 4.8 to 5.9%

total primary energy -15 to -19% -12 to -16%(1) of national EV fleet subsituting conventional ICE vehicles

(2) reduction is negative value; increase is positive value

estimated annual change of

environmental effects (1), (2)

estimated change of environmental

effects (1), (2)

Main Conclusions Communication strategies are essential: Interaction with stakeholders, show database, explain assumption, communication&thinking in ranges

Environmental effects depend on the national framework condition, e.g., national electricity generation. In most of the countries, a significant reduction of these LCA based emissions of up to 90% is reached

Estimated broad ranges are mainly due to variation in:

Emissions of national electricity production

Electricity consumption of EVs at charging point

Fuel consumption of substituted conventional ICEs

Data availability, uncertainty and consistency, e.g., PM

Maximizes environmental benefits with additional renewable electricity

Adequate loading strategies to optimize the use of renewable electricity are essential for further significant reductions

47

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Comparison ICE and BEV&PHEV 48

Source: own calculations

Austria Conventional ICE

EV (BEV & PHEV)

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Comparison ICE and BEV&PHEV 49

Source: own calculations

Norway Conventional ICE

EV (BEV & PHEV)

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Comparison ICE and BEV&PHEV 50

Source:

USA Conventional ICE

EV (BEV & PHEV)

Content

51

Introduction

Activities in IEA

HEV

Example Austria

Global EV Fleet

Conclusions

BASIC DATA: Number of Electric Vehicle 52

Source: IEA HEV annual report, EVI, ExCo members

Total:

716,908 EV&PHEV (2015) IEA HEV Countries

Total: 684,700

BASIC DATA: Estimated Environ. Effects of Electricity (I) 53

Source: own calculations using data from ecoinvent and GEMIS

BASIC DATA: Estimated Environ.Effects of Electricity (II) 54

Source: own calculations using data from ecoinvent and GEMIS

IEA HEV Countries

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Estimated Annual Change of EV Fleet (I) 55

Source: calculated by JOANNEUM RESEARCH and ARGONNE

IEA HEV Countries

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Estimated Annual Change of EV Fleet (II) 56

World

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Estimated Annual Change of EV Fleet (III) 57

Source: own calculations

IEA HEV Countries

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Estimated Annual Change of EV Fleet (IV) 58

Source: own calculations

World

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Estimated Change (I) 59

Source: own calculations

IEA HEV Countries

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: Estimated Change (II) 60

Source: own calculations

IEA HEV Countries

Total Results

Estimation of the average environmental benefits of BEVs and PHEVs substituting diesel and gasoline globally shows

GHG-reduction: - 25% to - 30%

PM < 10 reduction: - 40% to - 50%

Acidification: 0% to - 5%

Ozone reduction: - 50% to - 60%

Fossil primary energy reduction - 25% to - 30%

Renewable primary energy increase + 10% to + 15%

Nuclear primary energy increase + 600% to + 800%

Total primary energy reduction - 15% to - 20%

61

Main Conclusions Communication strategies are essential: Interaction with stakeholders, show database, explain assumption, communication&thinking in ranges

Environmental effects depend on the national framework condition, e.g., national electricity generation. In most of the countries, a significant reduction of these LCA based emissions of up to 90% is reached

Estimated broad ranges are mainly due to variation in:

Emissions of national electricity production

Electricity consumption of EVs at charging point

Fuel consumption of substituted conventional ICEs

Data availability, uncertainty and consistency, e.g., PM

Maximizes environmental benefits with additional renewable electricity

Adequate loading strategies to optimize the use of renewable electricity are essential for further significant reductions

62

Summary

about 1.3 Mio. EVs worldwide (end of 2015):

Main countries US, JP, CN, F, DE, NO

Environmental Assessment of EVs only possible on

Life Cycle Assessment compared to conventional vehicles

Estimation of environmental effects substituting diesel/gasoline

positive environmental effcts

Broad estimated ranges mainly due to

- Emissions of national electricity production

- Electricity consumption of EVs at charging point

- Fuel consumption of substituted conventional ICEs

- Data availability, uncertainty and consistency, e.g. PM

Additional renewable electricity with adequate charging

strategies is essential for further significant reductions

Your Contact Gerfried Jungmeier

JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH.

LIFE – Centre for Climate, Energy and Society

Future Energy Systems and Lifestyles

Elisabethstraße 18

A-8010 Graz

AUSTRIA

+43 316 876-1313

www.joanneum.at/eng

gerfried.jungmeier@joanneum.at

www.ieahev.org/tasks/task-30-assessment-of-environmental-effects-of-

electric-vehicles/

www.ieahev.org/tasks/task-19-life-cycle-assessment-of-evs