I d (Po River) d?u$a84 . n"ou?l?olii rn; i~uu?iaolmr?'woon~~ud~~"~odw"ad yhdvindqmriumnlnd~i~q Genoa !dduam8a~riuoonu?1aoltio~ Ancona tla~d?u

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l ~ l l d V 0 4 Alexandre Dumas IlarlfIl:: Elba ~ d ~ l ~ ~ d l d ~ ~ Tuscany $qU~dt~UU#t~q~f%J

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I Richard Mayne, Western Europe. (Avon : Muller, Blond & White, 1986), p. 113.

2 John Clarke Adams and Paolo Barile, The Government of Republican Italy. (Boston :

Under the editorship of Dayton D. Mckean, University of Colorado, second edition, Houghton Mitlin, Houghton Mifflin

Company, 1966). p. 3.

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l l~uqf5d

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I Ibid.

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1 Richard Mayne, op.cit., p. 113.

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4' 1979 p l ~ ~ a " f l i € ) " ~ ~ i ~ l W d ~ u ~ ~ d ? ~ ~ i ~ d ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ l I ~ : n i ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ l ~ n i n ~ ~ (The Land '

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rouu6, n~mqqlwdn 1m:11iaiq8i~Iuni~qasinnssu r3u&w&fim4iIlmrliuu

1 Ibid., p. 119.

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2. q f l ~ f l ~ f 9 (fl. 10-14)

128 PS 130

1

6. yfl Risorgimento l l i 3 : t l l ~ ~ 1 ~ / j 7 d ~ l ~ n n l ~ (flff. 1815-1870)

A' 4s uilaww unocliZiil~~i(umurfl~ui~awoiwiinslsiud1~afi~s:uunis

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luiud 2 3 i h i n u nff.476 ~ j ~ ~ ~ u n ~ s t d i f ~ u ~ n ~ ~ d d o i w i ~ n s ~ s ~ w u i ~ ~ n n a i ~

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~ d ~ s 1 ~ 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ 5 : i o ' 7 1 Odoacre !6dflfl~@d~U$?9 flff .ddd-dbb $ ~ ~ ' 2 d i 0 0 ~ l # ~ d f i d

(Constantinople)

A d 4 B 9 s ., 4 ~ f luda~vauus laa . r i Lombardy l#iuidnnsod rdLaauiuun ju Germains

1 ~nlwdsrns~nlsurj.1qp101n Paul Guichonnet, Histoire de i ~ t a l i e (Paris : Que sais-je?

no. 286, Troisieme editions, Presses Universitaires de France, 1986).

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dardi5qii~ln~n"o o'm~niu~6nis~mnso~vo~w?n Frank imzsia?qd B

Carolingienne (nn. 774-887) ~ ~ u u ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ $ ~ I ~ L ~ u ~ z P I P I feudal ~4 wr-lh I Charlemagne vo~d~~inal&~wu1iws'oon1d ~dunirdnnsotkudiuiavoq Comptes

H?FJ DUCS ~u~?i?mn"lduR"uilRuvo9wan Lombardy

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pnuziiguhd nn. 467-751 ~SuJaqwoq Byzantine, fin. 568-888 l d ~ 4 i a ~ ~ 1 q s i ~ ? q d

Lombardy Lm:: Frank, nn. 888-1 100 idudaqsiaa-ad Carolingienne 11Piar4iat&nzii$b$ da o, -4'

a l i ~ s ~ u u ~ m ~ o i s u ~ ~ ~ u n u a n ~ ~ ~ i ~ w i ~ v o ~ a u v u u i l u o ' m i # ' I

4ia4naa55lmd 10-14 ~bl~uda~msdnnso~&aus~uu feudal lu5~gu 9 4

Commune imrsruulailuoc (Seigneurics) I ~ ' l l / i Y ~ f l 5 VflildUfl~UnR14U04q~3d

(Middle age) mu~uu?~a~o'mi~naiu~uaiu1n"m~in~zu~1diuiaw8~a,i0~diu n"o diuio

ainnn. 1400-1560 ~duun~u~?fid3numisluUT5dTmu~a1d Iuo'mBR

'Ettore A.Albertoni, Histoire des doctrines pollitiques en Italie. (Paris : Que sais-je? No.

1963, Presses Universitaires de France, 1981), p. 7.

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#

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f l ~ o u n 5 ~ t ~ ~ ~ ~ m l ~ l f l ~ d a ~ l H ~ (nn. 1560-1713)

Milan 1 ~ ~ ~ 0 l ~ 1 4 l # d i q ~ lh Naples, Sicily, Sardinia d ~ h d?ud84&73:: # a t 4 d l

donsotImutbilJoqdic1 YAld Savoy, Genoa Venice saun.r~miaaaunmc f o

lumdu (1700-1713) ~il(mmJuau~diui~nsou~so~8mi"a 1304 Milan I ~ ~ U U U I ~ U

1 Paul Guichonnet, op.cit., p. 47.

~8tWN?qrr' Lombardy iilh~Ot%~?U: i h Parrna iSu~oqsi~aa4 Bourbons s?ll&

iflo4 Naples imz Sicily h ~ , dauiUIw Sardinia. Venice, Gcnoa, Lucca tin: Piedmont Y Y

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clad (nn. 1805-1 872), Leopardi, Guemzi, Giusti, Silvio Pellico ( ~ ~ ~ ~ t d ~ I l ~ Y € t I ~ u t &I 4

Le rnie prigioni) Alessandro Manzoni ( l ~ ~ ~ t d ~ l f Q I promessi sposi 18-25) !~iii1finaiu~fi1uni5~au5m1~1f u # u ~ ~ a z ~~wiuuiuoon!d i laziivuquml

e A' mbou~w~do~iuni~dnn~ot~zuu1~16nf iuuwaiu~~~t ~d~t!~diban?ium#ou!wa a I a ~d~1ku~ninniiiuu11azn1~5auo'm1aul4unil~n Risorgimento

n i s ~ n # o u ~ a a i i m m ~ ~ ~ u ~ u a ~ i ~ ~ a r o t ~ ~ z n i ~ l o ni.rrio#iur-,uums

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oonLm?u

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tu'or Parma 1IR: Modena I ~ Q ~ J ~ I U ~ J I ~ U ~ U 1848 ~ 1 ~ d ~ i ~ ! 6 i V ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l d d

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w a?luol Piedmont (~%i#i binu Charles Albert). Giuseppe Mazzini ~lf l l884

Genoa ltas WS:#WI~I~I Pius IX lldq1511

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24 or 0 ~ n s : ~ b i ~ d u ~ ^ u ~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ i " a ~ ~ d ~ a . j u u ~ u i d i ~ ~ ~ ~ n u w u ' ~ u i ~ a u ~ i u # a u n'o Garibaldi I

t r io4 Parma, Modena lm:. Tuscany 1m~1~mffl~~n'n'l~~d~~'5ud'5zniffvun'u~88~

Piedmont nnuni5dnnssausssszlrm?tJ

qanadiCq8nnuh Camillo Benso Conte di Cavour (nn. 1810-1861) du

{~IiPhikyoqlBoq Piedmont l u n i r i ~ ~ i u d i u i r o o a ~ m ? ~ l ~ i d i u i i w k h n t u :

i l u iah t i i ouqa iau nn. 1852 riouwdiEu~uil#~i5~fii~1wi~i~uum?#iuni5in~m~

l u n t u r i ~ a u m r i u cavour l#uon?iui?uBoeind~q~na L ws:~biuldliiuu -

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~$ufiz%'nvolra~n~u ruRnaiqw?onm Bourgeoisie ?~~o4n l5~?1~ ld&u l lda9~ f i

1 Giuliano Procacci, op.cit.. p. 298.

134

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liion.j{qaunvPc:EuIliuqd5:ui6u 900,000 nuniot iur 2% u w d r t n n ~ & n u a

Gsribaldi (fin. 1807-1882) 1 ~ u ~ u n ~ i n d i C ~ ~ n n i ' ~ 9 u n i ~ s a u 6 i ~ i ~ n i ~ , Y

dnn5o~uoqs"miii bulawirilummnuivo.~l~u~n~.~'bsu di. r i~nl iu{dIunuin

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a f l l ~ ' l ~ ~ 8 ~ ? l J d ~ l 1~%4d 20 f h ~ l ~ ~ nfl. 1870 fl04dlt%&Ils!d;Ufl#091h'i,~ 1.i~ un:?Ailr:ninn~t~.iuliuldo~naa.~ ~u iud 2 qamu %.hlo4 liu?Ciii

d 2' $a~uw'q Risorgimento l l l :n l ' l l l?~~l l~?#l~5B~lda4l l#a~

ni.ilu"oqo'miSojniul~ni~ ~ ip~o~n~udn"ini~~aus"mi~?#uimuaom {Ji

niqni~ti io.airh$1"~iou 7 ~ ~ ' l d A l ~ ~ i 6 I J $8 Mazzini 1 ~ 3 1872, W5:18i victor Emmanuele I1 Lla: ws :#U011dldl Pius XI 3 1878 Lla: Garibaldi %I43 1882

~rr'ort.r:~umhh '1~i~filirnn~nuiuiu~oq3n~~~u~~1 13 wqvninu nn. d d

1871 ~ 4 j ~ S ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ : w ^ l ~ l l ~ 4 6 1 ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ d ! ~ ~ , ? ~ ~ ~ l l ~ ? i j n l W l l l l ~ ~ ~ M " f l ~ ~ ~ ~ n d a ~

3.5 #iuii$ 1~olmn~di/uuiiumtu8u~u1n~~u~iuun5haa9u89s"mi"a k&

n.i:#umhh pius IX kiBiiinuounmuo~muo~niuIuai5n'u 1m:w.r:rlirmlhlho.a6 d e & oio q u inumuu i iu iu io rnou~q~ 1929 urrninjnmnin~"nau~n~'iu~'~~~'nua~a~

d iiuni.ilu'oclla:ni~la"onR4dqnua ~adf fo njulluauaidoubikaq~5ou q im:#au

nia:~mvIiiauot d.r:lnn$~dia"~uini~ua~dau~hn'u

I Paul Guichonnet, op.cit., p. 95.

fiauini.r#iup~lmwnssu luucuzdu?riu 4 d 4' ~~~ua~an iwnssun i~~wuonuuin~u~J~~u ~difiv3ndrzni~wu4nnowav8,4 B c1.u I

2.4 B n~nsiuIanns~n~u4 l#i i l f l5~li~~~oulnsua4oti i4f4 ncuzi~uialuszuuignni e 4 1 u~z~uiin?iudoullo i l q l m ~ s v ~ n a n ~ u ~ ~ s ~ n f i ~ n ~ i u ~ ~ ~ n ~ u f i l # n " u a r ' ~ n u ~ ~ l ~ ~ ii 1

I P A' msdr:r~?4w~fi41un5'41Mqllnfi'U~~aiU~r'4 lI.43 1919 Benito Mussolini )1#$fii4

B 4 nq'un~irdiulnn ~'UWUW Milan 8un

odlunab~iiu?iiu n ~ m ~ d v o c Fascist &l~udiurna1ud5:mH1uiu~ 1930 !#vaiu

~ toon~ ldou~u t i i u Hitler ~ ~ ~ ~ 5 h h ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ d ~ o ~ i 90 cld ~ i u 1 o o i r u ? w i ~ ~ ~ w u m o ~ n i u 1 # n i 5 n a u ~ u v o ~ ~ u i u n i . Duce (tyi)

&19uiq

naiu~9uuivo~?gsrru~q~miZn3J"~~~psJ"u 27 fu'ainu npr. 1947)

dr~aunirPinaiu~uur~~~mi8!~?~iuniun~~ainnir!#?us^a~zniw~~azni~

rauti8 i;n"omrdnnro.rTfiurzuudia3ai llnzwarldqatnriu~anni'qiaoq~il~

Communist, Socialist, Liberal, Ation party Chistian Dcmocratic lla: The Labar d

Democratic ~~az!fidiuialurnr~~~~guiavulu~~ou3quiuu npr. 1944 I 81 IU%~C/ 25 fi'iJu1~u RR. 1944 ! # d r m i p r ~ i ~ n g n u i ~ ~ ~ ' i r u ~ ~ ~ a n r i a v u

u r

~~az!~lriiaufiliiij~ir~a"~n~~fl"a!dluniro"fiR~~~ani~~d~vi~miu~~~rruy~ns~'ulnd el 481 nazuvuriu8au uonoiniu ~~!#dinufi l~ianiwq~nfo3~ani$~?guiaaz~9u(

IleiqRainnrrnmr~oqaioani~udu 9 idi~qjdiuau 222 nu ~ ~ i n ~ ~ i i ~ i ~ u a n i i

d im1 ~inufi1~1~u(~'glla1uni'i~a"~ni~aui3n~gani ~mznirllafi~drzviusvoq w 4.9 4

drznvuii~zLnrzuun~~firuaroai~irm?g#au 4 3 ' 0 lu4aqkndia; yuiwrrnn~a~uu~fib~~nrnvwzEu n"o Alcide De Gasperi

~ilu$anIYi?guia 1~az14imuoii~ngnuiudiC~B~~uan"9~nir~a"on~~vu n'o n i r h

rzuun j~$dhr?uta"oniq , 1laznirlr~iin7am?lunir~a"onIi 19uh

isarruyqlhnrianfilnoJ !&Is-ni~lflulaaidow n"o iui la ijuinu I

riff. 1946 ? g ~ l ~ ~ f i $ d l ~ f i ~ Alcide De Gasperi !#dinufi$umounirdil~unir~fi

rzuunirdnnrcadu 3 ~ufiou~do!d~nirijrzuuC/niar Ro

Rurn dsznvuorl~u(1mfi~drzviu~lu~~o~anisJ"undm3~ n?o 01r~k-a

mairmf'g $.rwnuo.rdrzaiu8 n"onirla"onlduuuaisirmJg ~rdhunzuuul~qnd

Ixiiiqniduiniin n"o 12.7 #iunu do' 10.7 ibunu

Christian Democrat Qiuau 207 flu, QlflW99fl 'Socialist 4196396 115 flu Ll~zQln

W53n Communist b 1 ~ 3 ~ 104

iu in iu 1uvcuz~khi!#drznin14QIg~rrnyql 1flhgnuiuariu 16

iiuinu nn. 1946 itiungnuiuhn.na Qq!dfiinu~dsr~ull~qi~1anria frs'I#Qu

mruouiuainiguia1w'%~6iui~!#~n"ounuur6Md 1dnacz~ou~?rz6.r~uw"fi%ou~io Y

nsliiiG'garruyyvadu

miangnula ariud 16 iiuina nn. 1946 Mfiinu~18nniiiqig~rruqy d 2 g a l msanuni rznuinuui 24 quniriui nn. 1947 ttaz!klBoufiinu~~~~nau~q:u

i 31 fuainu in. 1947 namrruiimrii~~arru~~vo~i~nni 'I#lnuoiirilarruyq~#idnni

$u i i~a f i f iu~ i i Iu~u i 1 unrinu nn. 1948 ~lazlmiii~ilarruyqllwd~~%lt~aiu L B w d i'7fiaounirdi~u'uniriiq q aunrzntoqaun 31 nnrinn nn. 1948'

1 Jacques Blanc, Jean-Marc Virieux, Philippe Waguet, Grands reqimes politiques

etrangers (Paris : Sirey, 1988). pp. 29-30. ,

a s s 9) w ~uciauinriianqswatta:wiiiwatdoqEu luaio15i 2 ~~uvoucy~gplliur~u?

~ua&l~'uvoqr:uoud5:(11i~d1o1uha\ad .r:rlavourvmotvrr5nni~~ioqdfioq

mi.rw3w7lla:i"niqd5:(11i~dlamer~ $.r~ung~aiuignssay 1952 'I&mm~i%ni.r 9) w ~iabRwr5nv(ifisi~u1wni#au v o u q l ~ ~ w a i u o d i ~ k n ~ ~ a ' n v m z t d u ~ ~ u ~ a i u

9 w e d 4 iinvds"nvrC/!~ij~aluniqdguo1 116~~ifi~ll.r:ni~nu~nno iga.rrayt(lniTu nn.

1947 &fiiwumLtuam~ni5n5:9ierdiui91uwiqni5dnn5~qlafotiiqnfiqvaiq#au

ludauC/nriiaiiriiniluwiq8qna 1~illrini51~an71udoqni50'mkqoqhnis

614 q Bniqkna riu&ldrrciulrqiiuwladoun"qsztu~#llrqqiod#alad2 nirriiwua

3n3lunim.rounzo~l~azni~a~gu6i~q a'nuol:~iitluawnvo~fi~nuw"uut~a:~s~Cua

i d r : s i u i i u o ~ l i u d n # i ~ ~ u ~ n ~ m ~ ~ g a 5 5 1 ~ ~ ~ v o ~ d ~ ~ ~ n a ~ 5 " ~ 1 n s i a ~ s i a i ~ m ~ g d d

1r~r&~oin~ilu~dawlw~lusni~dunda~1uavaiu0~11muo1aom ui.r~uuuaniqigaz5auq

~di~Cuo~~~'lddou1~u~~u~~dluwi~fi~naCuuo1ia~tuavo~ndafi~nuCuu uwGg@i

iga.r.ray qlwmudau3~~du~ffu~aiua"nvds'nu~o~t~1#nriiaai~~da h t o q

luwiin~nolpiniqu'~@$~Eu ngwuiudu q ~bll&iiunonaiu?pz5uyq

doaQnunliinlaflmuqain~5fga55ayq~du@naia ~dluwiqd~u%iilfia'nu~u:

i7qn'uoh~Clau ~ininiil#viaol8ini5w"oi5oli~naiulun~waiu~u q qaimrig-

a.r.ruyqflniiidiuia1muo1~~~ozG~fiul~d~iT~o1iuna'n~n~.n"~~nriia~~

dauC/soq ii#qun~wuiunw'tniai5gdig &e~l~ulultuani~Cio1~~Cu(v"iun'u Y Y

d 4 w 5:uoorvo~diaGnd ~ ~ u " ~ w s i ~ 1 # ~ w u n s o w m ~ i u ~ u ~ ~ m 0 i n ~ z p ~ p 1 ~ ~ ~ 0 n i ~ u i ~ 1 d a 9) a s f i ~ v o ~ ~ : o r p J m ~ d n n ~ ~ ~ u : ~ u u n ~ n i ~ ~ ~ n i ~ ~ ~ u n d i u i ~ l m u ~ ~ m v i m ~ ~ a z n ~ z ~ i u d i u i ~

l l ~ ~ ~ g o o n e i n ~ l E f 6 ~ 1 w " ~ i a i 5 n ~ a u d i u i 0 ~ ~ m ~ i m ~ ~ u ' l ~ ~ i a i ~ n o ~ n a u ~ u ~ 6 n

1 Stephane Rials, Textes constitutionels etrangers. (Paris : Que sais-je? no.2060, Presses

Universitaires de France, 1982), p. 90.

1 Jacques Blanc, op.cit., p. 31.

&dhnaz biuau$tmuttda:nmar11mndi~n"umiu4iuauds:'~inslu1~da:~p1mhiu Y

~rnm.rdisaads:nnsni~iiqfi

mmqnrttuu ~~i)nit~'onRa:fionfiiuniusiuPo (by list ) udoia5fi6iriu A d u .nuPoloq'lhiun~riu"~~an~aanod"M nir'l#?~tiionl#n:t~uut~k'u~~qfilu~tda:npju

riulo&tflumasi \

$iaiunniq.r fliian~t#onkqoiyoeiiqdi 25 3 uar@i)niaroJ'fir~dis'unir Y Y

tiioni?.roiyodi.rdi 40 '1, rmi?nnmq~iidiuau&i)u 315 nu (unt3nrbiruu8fidau aiutiuaudsrainr) mrliionkqar~#'luallva.r (Reqion) tflu~~mnistdonkq ttda:

lumiinln9nnmq~'ldiiuau!03~n"u 7 nu h~nol'nsfiukl#?un~~~uusau~iiu 65% 94 r ~ o q ~ u l ~ ~ i l n ~ l t o n R ~woon'l&?ui#on 81'lliii@fi'l#n:11uusau~n"u 65% !lop

A l~inavin:ltuula&~~aindu~intt6a~niusiuvo~'u 7

uonainh ~~iinui~nnmq~ui~rjau~!~!#uiainnir~~onk~ !kt6 oflm ~ r r a i u i ~ u ~ ~ ~ e : ' l ~ ~ ' ~ n i r 1 ~ ~ ~ k ~ ~ 6 ~ d ~ ~ n u i ~ n t ~ u ~ i 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ m a o f i ~ ~ m wio nioon

-. I 911~'51 60, Stephane Rials, op.cit., p. 92.

A d prol d L man' nrmdiq q aaiuwr~noiovi~~omnnaiu~o~uo~~~z ' Iaru~~~Iunni nrrn

1 Jacques Blanc, op.cit., p. 33.

- mslliqRnssui~nisniasiiq q lunm (115ru101 14 p ~ u n m g ~ ~ u s i ~ ~ s

Iln: 12 q[alulmiqq) ~~u~adnunturnrrlninismiu~fi.aisuvo~nrjulu?~nni ntur

iudiu n'o ignni , iyu ia , n n i r,

ncnlnaq 1mz.raufidrzaisflu~a7d8au

na'ian'o

I Jacques Blanc, op.cit., p. 37.

' ~ a c ~ u e s Blanc. op. cit., pp. 38-39.

' ~ a c ~ u e s Blanc, op. cit., p. 41

1 U l R % l 138, Stephane Rials, op.cit., p. 99.

1

9119l51 dcn . Stephane Rials. Op. Cit., p. 93. 2 Ibid., p. 94.

Y

~ laz ld tkno lz fzu ia ~uuicnRtqlfIu~~ilanizimiq~~uiallazniz~if.oum~m.aiau

uo~f3u laHsu Aau'

nturauicl (The Council of Ministers H ~ O Consiglio dei ministei)

1 Jacques Blanc. Op. Cit.m p. 46.

uiprlsi 92 d l ~ ~ ~ j l ~fjuialliqniai~aigdu~sznou~au uiunijuuprli (hsident B

of the Council) lKl:fj~u& (The Ministers) W ' I ~ U ~ U ~ W U (The Y Y

4- Y d B Council of ~inistcrs)"' oisdinua~jnn'iauv1ntnu~~g1uz9184f~uiadttun88nain

dsraiuqiufloditCtau t m z t m ~ I ~ i ~ u i i d s z a i u i Z u f l 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ I u g ~ u z w " a n ~ ~ w f ~ '4 ii~b;t~udau dsznoun"u6!azn'u1unazfguiaw~n6~zfguinazd8~~dszn8ut~wizd

1 Stephane Rials. Op. Cit., p. 95.

U I U A % $ Y ~ U U ~ (President of the Council of ~iniste*)

A ?p%rruyqlrr'?#fi1~~fi~~648991896a~i~n13?f ufdm? (Undersecretaries 1438

sotto~egretari) ~~3?d;l$uda~aUd.rua~n~~zs"~uum? ~~az?J?&bii?udszqurz~u 1

mcuzfguud un~.5irdii~mricmui3niruiunigaum~~~~#iui$indi~luBiuz~nvi~ni~ 1 a 4 0 1aui~ni r i~uum??~~6iu ia~di~1f iu~w~iz a.ruoiuien~~miud?&~'Uuouwui~~in

I

1 Jacques Blanc. Op. Cit., p. 49.

A

craxi oziifpusl?diwau 28 nueinn~mnirlioqrau 5 wrrn ~lardmviPnirig

uus l~~n 5s nu' I

I Jacques Blanc. Op. Cit., p. 50.

n~iuiuijmmulumtnpwuiu wuiu&mmdasQndlotfot~un~i~~uwiu!# 9, a d TmuGy nnn wfolmufl 1~~~i~:~~uni~d~Y'8t iu luwui~nf i iu

luniroiqli Ro !#funirdndot1u~:u:~aai1uni5~i~ia"un#oiqi~t1~~dn~ 9 - i 1 ~ ~ l m u ~ ~ ~ d i w i u n u i 3 n n n i 0 ~ 1 1 d ~ d?umznr:n'in?idm5u1n"meinni~d~p1fi

~ I I i d u o ~ ~ ~ u u s i i fiiuuifizi 96 u o t ~ a ~ 5 u y q ~ # ~ i w u m n i 5 ~ i ~ i a " u n i 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 n ' h i

Id~iimsdlo.jfo.jdiuoi~d'iz~u5'aun'uu~tnni~~~~ m~w'oisol~di~~ul~uqaini5fg-

nit ~~~8J'ua:niuisn1#ni~u0iu~oudiu6iu1e#?un~~ui~~6tfu d'it q do~#ni~

so, d ainddrzlranm 1dodu~d?u1n~uo~dd~z~ua~aarun~~nm4iinmz?~uua??~~'u

I Jacques Blanc. Op. Cit., p. 51.

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nriusyusulotlw~~ie~~a"on~3udr:~iuiSu5~nnI~ A 54 Iunirdg'i'Z nirqunnirina:uiainnir~au~uo~dr:~iunni~wolamr

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mr~Riguia~nunaiq$iu mryusn1i1 1983 liimainmroougauotwrrn PSI i d B 4 lGnirnriuqu~~uia~~~anai~4iun1ulinir~~uo~wrrn DC aduuiu M.

FANFAN Igugiiumziu daui11972 I1a: nn. 1974 nniqqdijmmai~llj1fi .

eionmziguu~iuo~uiu ANDREOTTI &naqTm TI 1987 ~gu~lanai~lj~lltj~~(voq n+.Jl~d 2 nEjuluil~uwrm+aufguia n'o wrrn DC mwwrn PSI nwlinir ii~uoquiunisuud B.CRAXI niuw~qainnirlguipuiauili 34 I ~ Q U I I ~ ~

~okmquotnn~rieir6 NORBERTO BOBBIO i?iio n~rqunnimiim ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ d ~ i ~ i ~ f ; l ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ? ~ i ~ ~ i ~ s ' ~ ~ n ' ~ d 8 1 d ~ u ' i d d ~ ~ d ~ ~

oiarl8 ldoqainnir~nn~iau~uEwoiniu~ii:ou~v

8 4 Sicily. Sardinia. ~ a l d" Aosta. Trentino-Alto-Adige lmz Friuli-Venezia Giulia 'YqU

iinvtuzdiuiad?uhtdu~~ulnwiz nrinn"o !ani#oqdu (Consigfi regionali) a1 A ainms~~"onR11azani~'o~du~~ei~I~t~iuu~ni5 (Giunta regionale) ~ ~ U I V ~ I I U ~ ~ O U

an is 11i4 1~unmmru3wi.r~iudau#o~~u~55awi~lni~aniw'o~u uonainh dad 4 9 1 nu~a1~~i.riam.rCa~~wudaunai~dui~inni5~~ei~~~ Sunii commissario i iw6id qlloni.ru~i.rIud~u~o~~I~~azd5zni~~iun'uai~uw"o~du

8 4: lurzbeioai ~o~ziYuiYkw5~ (province) WUI)~(IUR 92 l l iwaz 8 4: 1dtoondu5zh.~ comuni ' Y ~ U W ~ M ~ I R 8,000 ildq n n i k w i ~ (Consigli

Rovinciafi) uiainm5donR Jqirz 4 TI Z~IC~WTR~~~O~~JIUIJ~MI~ to giunta provinciale l l ~ ~ ! ~ j ~ d l ~ l t l ~ ~ ~ 1 5 s ' ~ w " f i ~ ~ ~ n ~ 5 ~ ? ~ 1 5 dquGjlmud7unniqIu

rzuirrkal n"o &fen0 w~o~i i . r iani~ajwif i1~niui5~~'uE~ni5oonn~wuiu~o~ Y

anikwQ'lb s~u~qmm5nyunnikwa'mllazani Comuni I# imzbkntuz n.r.ram5hn5iqdoui!wi5~iullwu1u+aqni.rl~onkqani#oqdu~au

Y

nni.rzuiunouyu (Consigli Comunali) ~ 1 0 1 ~ ~ 5 l ~ ~ f l ~ ~ ! i 4 3 l i u h 9 40, 9

~~whdiuu7m~uornoagduGun~i Sindoco iiwviw5uw.Rvouiqdqu~oqdullaz I

ri~unrnt#wnquiiiu iq1uuounmn2iuill~"fivouvoqgi~unaiqEutoqvum5qei~

(iinam.r.rziTuajwiR (h feno) hul

1 Richard Mayne. Op. Cit., p. 11 7.

fio~#lut%.in'c 5 vl's'sn ;Q N's'sfl PC, w'sm PSI, W's'sn PSDI, W's'sfl Republican Ilaz

w'ssn ~iberals' aci 1 k d u ~ ~ ' n r r 6 u ~ d i ~ ~ ~ ~ ' s ~ ~ ~ n i 5 1 ~ 0 ~ 8 ~ i a ~ ~ i ~ n 1 1 1 ~ ~ ~ rzuum.rldoqnaiu

da ma nr'sfl sjuinwnununnvardou~~o llaz n l ' s ~ ~ n a q n ~ m ~ m ' s ~ ~ o ~ v o ~ w ~ ~ n n i ~ ~ ~ o ~ d w a' luaaiii luni5$nvinm~rmrldoq9aiZdu o i ~ ~ : % ~ i ' ~ w l # m i u d i ~ ~ ~ ~ q n i ~ a m ~ u

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ni's's?a~ai~l~unrzuauni'5~1$1aaiuiauiun~i1"o~dfl~i~ oinnirdij5Fi

d~~mmmzrn~dnn'so~~uno~'uvo~u~d~~uu f u u i l h i R 1 H i l X ~ J 1 1 ~ ~ igsiW llavld ~uul~un3iurr4biuoq~~ninl laud ni's's3a~aiiio~qri3u~duniu14ini'sdnn's6q

uo.rdk.rmnlbuiiu uBid~nli~uunn'sr~iuoon~inn'udnmiunu5#quifiuuui 4mY 9 w e na. 1828-1848 lSu~miijni's J ~ ~ A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Q ~ ' ~ ~ Q ~ ~ A Q ~ U ~ ~ B ~ ~ ~ I ~ Q ~ ~ ~ B ~ ~ O J ~ ~

~idqmsi'safg f mun$~cJihdiiirynoqniu 8onjuvo.r Mazzini ~lazniauo~ Garibaldi

1 Jacques blanc, op.cit., pp. 63-68.

1 ldhd?~ Risorgimento ~ ~ ~ ? l ~ # ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d i ~ ~ ~ i 5 ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ! # 6 ~ f i d ~ 9 ~ 1 9 ~ # iiun7n~a'nrl#tmmnutn5l~nfi~v~~~~~ 1 ~ a ~ n r : c T u ~ r h d i ~ f l u d ~ ~ s i u ~ ~ i ~ n n -

cr d u iunig lug n h 1849 pdn~~nqmXiuuo~ni55au~mia nno n.r:rtirlilhh pius IX

n juioKiiiarynnan judivl 'I#i#ir'?ut%~ Carnillo Benxo Di Cavour 4.1 - 4 4 . dd l$ufl~¶J$lll~ln ldo4 Piedmont ~ ~ ~ ~ B n d ~ u n u ~ n ~ n ~ u m Victor-Emmanuel I I !flu

i a o r 2 Qlii msJrzmnitdsPit Victor Ernmanuel I~UW~YI$I~I~J?U~.I~?UM 27 IUYIUU n.(l.

A 1 8 6 1 1 f i u i j r m i i l ~ ~ n ~ ~ d o ~ Turin ~m-luono.sfii&dw Piedmont I ~ ~ I R ~ ~ ~ T ~ u I u ? ~ ~

. 20 huiuu 1870 BolCiiini~~~u3miiil#uiG~pmnuiuqfifiiaii#a

i~s.i~uycyiiirriaoi~1itn5~mi~1u~ mn. 1848 dl~driouu~ihlot Y

pld4 o maluipsruyqaliuii w.r:~diuduiiuflo qnuoiui~~3ni'iImuii~uia

od rnulAjiu:A;ndn dauilnni~~ud~uio~RIJ'~~Rdui~inn~~~a"onk~luvou~v~d

i441tYmoi 4 d a nn. 1861 & 1913 ~jnni~i~lBuu0in~~~n~~'uu'~mumaofic11~nno

n~u~~?u8mi~'lb;l6a:~8un~u$dnn58i6~i~uiotii~d~~do~lilaofin~~nlila55~ udd& * 3 2 : a% 1Ju'uiiii-i-~un~-inni~ido~~nfiuuluda~~ n~unm-ii-ds-duihri~di 3 dr-n1.i

d-irmrll.in 'lullinalnuoJ.rruuni56a"onkq snungnuiunvriionkqd14o~

adidun'ongnuiuuo~lu"o9 Piedmont (~IJ'uhd 17 ~uw'lu nn. 1848 ~I%?tI~i&fl&

cg 3 nn. 1912 npauiuaih Giolitti !#l#d~~6r~d~mn5nii~vu 3 nn 1919 ngnuiu

1 A 2 - 9 Risorgimento SEI ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ O U ~ ~ ~ I U ~ ~ Y T U = : ' I I I ~ U " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ W V U I U ' ~ Y ~ ~ ~ Q I ~ ~ T Y ~ 19 uneu'i

Iddnirrau5m"nutanid~ui ~~u~uXunntiiorrn~slio qiiiirunuinclnd iio c m u r lm:: d

ib;l'IIlu Victor Emmanuel I 19~181nIUd6-~ Piedmont, Garibaldi 0lnlUd6P Nice, 66nY Mazzini ~lnlUd84

Genoa.

a~uubc Nitti ldisn3uridrznn.rviu~a!d ttazaun.r:~~nZlnuiun~u~u~ 1

quniriub nn. 1945 $q!fl%38qnri~al~n'w~q#au

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Y

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u~nunrdiu8iu vln&rlnod1~t~udo~uo~niste501~8s09 niwarnririo~$qtdunirwi

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1~izuud~wrztbii~du8uui~ou8miu nir dn~ro~rzbiu&~buriaz#~nu~o.jn~ud

1 Francois Borella, Les partis politiques en Europe (Paris : Seuil, 1984), pp. 150-151

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n juldiiaa HPFJ Liberal &l~uwUdqlun~jui~~u~"mi~1#Eutgu~fi5ou~i : A A sf

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--

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" Y

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B 01 iiuawi~nirdfil Juo~nq'ulriGuaa"a~#wuiuiupl~~~~wuuindiul~iGua8adt~i~iiau

~ '~UIP ~ia~&1&au0diit~wU'~s'guu~14I#n'uui~ TURATI h~~di j lA iYVm~d$ia~

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~ u m r ~ r z ~ u a 0 ~ " v v i ~ ~ o . r FLORENCE 3 p L 1908 nq'uiiua$~uiia~~i~~q imzuaiQEn~aiun ju'lOj1#i4iuiiauIuws5n#au

lu'1 nn. 1914 ~ s s n l r t G u a ~ ~ d ~ m ~ i G u ~ w ~ s n ~ ~ u a I u ~ l s d d 1 # a ~ u Z 1 ~ 2 2 d u o u ~ u i i ~ t u ~ ~ z u i m i d u a ~ u n i s a ~ n s i u t i a z n i . r ~ ~ i ~ t i o n i s a ~ i ~ v i ~ f i ~ u wqun

nsizh~rns~#iflu~daiuiiuawi-a mA-f~ii (NATION-PROLETARY) mrdod'iu A t r w a 4 .rzuum~iiuu~uu'uufd'uiiidu~4n1s~mom1usz~u'~u~ua~IwOj~ui~~ Mussolini vq

1 u u m z i f u i ~ u a u i ~ n n ~ ' 5 n t t a z ~ # a ~ u ~ s ' ~ l ~ i ~ ~ ~ d s : u i 8 1 n i ~ : a ~ n ~ i u ~ ~ n d i a # ~ ~ ~ n

tleufiaoof~"dqmwssn

168 PS 130

mrl~oniqnfqqmjriufioufionriu~an iio lug nn. 1913 mrl i j~q~~ii iot j malli~Jiuo~n~u~a~w"uu~~rau~~~tuu~3u01fl# 55.6 % i~a:ihhlunrn 55%

fliu Radical Q ~ ~ u & ~ ~ J ~ u s Q . I I ~ u ~ &I !Arllllulilu4 13% fl4a.J Republican i 3% n@J socialist ~ g ' ~ 3 ~ 5.2% n+ma % nrmoondr:uiol A c r d 7.3% duntjuuua om41 dau%ntju~~uauai~

Y Y Y Y Y

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i

9s s 44 nirmrmi mslnanataon~Crn~ituai~u~luuol:~n~u~iz~a"nuim~iu1du'oua:~~u 9 '

Ord 9 lomaluwaiubaq hu"u mraquiulu Gentiloni Pact ~ ~ ~ ~ u m r Z u u o u l n u ~ a o ~ ' ~ 3 ~ ~ ~

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s. dwasqaqnriu : ~amh#iuioau~qqn~ia3msi

S a i ' l d ~ & u ~ ~ i ~ a t n ~ i u I a n ~ u ~ nn 1915 1mrnouha~nn~nriuotiiq131#

dr:lu.a6~~luhu~'u~tmy~~a:6iuialu~i.jni3~0i

h $ a d AIL. 1918-1922 ~ n n ~ m ~ o i m ~ n i r t d o o ~ ~ 1 u u ~ ~ ~ a ~ 1 ~ L~~A'IYUU

nrm1un~ju1w~i/fii1~n~u~a~w"uu6~udo~~~uo1~d 1ldii~~n~rnuimir:n3op1nro~

6iuia~unimisldoq1#o~ f

litonrjumno~'nda#iuiiuwpI~n~uwionirldo.j~pIiqllm~ nh 1913 i J i

ni~simnlimuirn~i~ump1np1i~u~~npju~in~a"nlu~i0ni~~d~~1&i lla:I#ini3 '

~&n3mni3liioq7munduuoQiliuaoauu jirgo ~3:anadoq Sicily Poi1 Luigi stun0 kRrrrrn PPI (The Italian Popular Party) ~Sun~rnuo~n~umaoBn ldldl$

I Francois Borella, op.cit., pp. 153-154.

d r r & . ns.snni8o?n ~wsizi3~k;ll.szninmu~~u6a~~wuvoddiun~~~5ovun'udiod"nai~n'ulld

odi-alm ~~u~~ ido i~ lXn~ io~~ i iudon 'u78 I ad

v i m PPI 1 j ~ a i ~ ~ l f i ~ ~ d u d w " u o ~ ~ ~ a z ~ ~ u ~ z u u ~ ' ~ 5 n ~ ~ u ~ ~ u a n ' u w ~ 5 n d kn~w"uoJ5mia (PSI) nrsn PPI flunuinlaneii~ainwr~nniuninuinrjo~~u qlu

1.idd.r~oz~dun~~n~~n~n"d~znou8au~~i1u~i.jni1oa"n~~az~m~u1undnn1nui Y

odiqmidniR lldn5sn PPI riuldun~ium8ou~nauo~nrjo~uaa'11uni~oa"nd~uwuiw A Y ~no~liincium.mi~~d~~~~inn

miu~yulXn jurt~cciuGun9~iilunirnauqun"onirXa tdonrrm PCI i4idmrtdon-

&luq mnn. 1921 liar 1924 ~ fumz l tuu~uu 3.5% liar 3.8% a iu i i i ~u

drruiat 60,000 muluq nnn. 1922' A'

6oud Fascists O Z U U ~ S O U F I ~ B ~ ~ ~ U I O ~ ~ ~ 3 3 n PSI I l i i j l i ~ 3 ~ l a n l 3

doafkm'ullau naian'o w5sn PSI dflmrnQoziaa~lluani~n'uwrrn PPI dq.rtSuniu

ni~oiindillu?niqdfi~~drzvi3d1au nrrn PSI eioiYiurruuvpQuu iicIriiaullua

n1tn'unrju~diiuuuo.a Giolitti #a" lulia.rnir~don&nnn.~d~Q BqGnni~naiunrzc

nrzaiuvotniunirliiojo~Eu Mattwtti IXnuiuiu~nmfqdozrauniu'6vt~uaa"ni

5aii?lN*ISuSnlld~ I I P ~ ~ ~ Y d11Xaldoq01n Mussolini ~8~&uinrounro~6 iu io1~~a

I I R ~ G R H ~ R ~ I U U ~ ~ ~ ~ U ~ L ~ ~ ~ I ~ T R ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ Mussolini I ~ i R k q n i U Fascists iilntaailuu

ido4~iaia~w'ol#idriudriun~u~~r~~iudinirdrz~a.j lu~R"ouwqdniuu n.a. 1921 Y # .

1~~mRnsrn~ar~n6du~lazaqao~"mr~'ul~onBq l l a z n r r n $ ~ # f u l ~ o n ~ q ~ i ~ q ~ u

%Jnd 27 34Mlfl¶J fl.ff, 1922 Mussolini I ~ l l u l ~ ~ ~ ~ l V l ~ ~ f l ~ 9 ~ 5 ~ h%Jd 29 plw w w

qP1nl.J f7.n. 1922 ~ 3 z l b i Victor-Emrnanucl IktTu~ld Mussolini laUY OR6kIIU11

n jumniwlarqiuiiaznju1v~Guaa"ni81'iq IdiwuiuiuiiR#iuuazin~~uaiauio#iu Y Y I

9 s d a vhaGni~dundw-i-innouuaunmdginnni~~U"is'aoJns'~~

Lg odi.rlsifmio~ MUSSOLINI inluirn~niqs'~uin~mil5qvuIflnuni53au

n juiiuau~uiu~uu~iw~~ndin8n68~u"~n~i~ui~u~u'i~w"~ulunaii~1iu~lu~ffou Y

d.4 4 Y

unmu n.q. 1923 Mussolini ia8~no~6i~~did8nma~u5zuu~(liui~uaiiuni5o'm~~nss

Kia'Jwvis

~tiou~uainu n n. 1923 1#ini~ai~uim~m~1u~nindgiii1.n"ini5oonng- 9 ,

vlnuiiionk~l9uwa1~~iuaudG.j 2 Iu 3 vo~~rnnaiutdun~o~iinz~iuu~~u~iM'i i iu ,

1 l u 4 iM'i$u jund 6 i u~ iuu n.n. 1924 ~#inni~ooRu~znrjun'1~~uni5n~"un~u

ainwrrnvhnJnm?4;sunziiuui3~.jdq 66.4%, n5m PPI YM 9%, n~uwrrn1viGun ~nho~nr ju rauf iuv 10.7% iiazw5rnnouiaQn6 I# 3.8%' uiu Matteofti qnolim- n - i r u ~ k a i n d r ~ r n a ~ ~ u ~ u s ' u w a n i ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ n~unui%nnni 127 nu8~do8iurn.ri~i

uivoqvhnJnR"18~a MUSSOLINI drzniffdanainR'iiit1d~nui?narai~iiwod~i~~5 I

~ u % i 3 uminu n.n. 1925 MUSSOLINI dllrzmnlv?6imsnirrhn3nm'

hllszmn nrinn'o nvninlir.r.riuuarw55nni51io~qnnrj~~nqu1a"nIdvunun~fu Y Y

wr~nrhn3ni 1daiu"J.n. 1925 51iiiodniul#5zuuw55niiua ni-ii%nnkni.rqm-

riiululZouiuinu ns. 1929 igumriiionR1u5zuuw55ni~ualiazi3uni5a~u~lW'a

?ll%~ln'€l DUCE 6$ lh 9 019

n r r n d i n ~ n i l ~ u n r r n t i r n n r r ~ ~ ~ ~ U - J ~ ~ F J ~ ~ u ~ : : u u I J ~ 3 ~ 1 LI~IYUUVOJ '4' vhn3na"lui5zuuwr5nni51doq gmuoiraivhn~nm'iu Mussolini h(6ivuavu

i4u naiuvuiuvoti3l~uko4vo~naiu2ntmla iiirainqnnuluad wrmn'on ju%a'a.r d 4 9 d 9 9 inn'nleio&.iiwunuim 2 dram3 n'o iu uazciiunomimm~oond~naiuZmiiazd~n~ui

9 9 9 0 1 uo~$Ch w ~ r n e . - 4 0 a t ~ u ~ n - ~ u ~ u ~ 1 ~ a l w m n - ~ u u l u n ~ u u a n a u nuiGnwrrn~.riiun

r n m m d o u i i ~ a ~ i m z ~ v i ~ ~ a z ~ a ~ ~ ~ i a d n f l ~ ~ ~ z u u ~ ~ a z ~ ~ i .

1 Franqois Borella, op.cit., p. 158.

8~u~d~q~nrhn~n6Eu~oi16iau Ja~wqmd~~o~d~:a'5nina5"n~~ani~

iiioduq iilun'lua n o j a n ~ ~ n ~ i u ~ i u e i i ~ u ' ~ n ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ i a 6 i i 3 u n i ~ o u ' i ~ a ' u ~ i i a ~ d ~ i ~ ~ ~ Y

W'sfiiulurra~fiiuuond5:1nn

uonoiniu Mussolini iia:ih~naiSfi~l#fiu'oana~n'ud~un4i m e Lateran -4 or Pacts ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ $ ~ 6 ~ ~ f l l 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 5 ' ~ ~ ~ 5 ~ U ~ ~ d 1 ~ ~ ~ 6 i ~ 1 ~ 1 f i

unuinmi4oniigiu:wo~ainoa'a ii1~nojamnou'nui~dau!naiau'miiu"~n'u

Mussolini #?u

ludauuorn j d u iJu n jsin?iiclu iiagnojaknaû ua d1qiiu'qn.riini.i

tadoiiulu-i:wiiq$ii55ali'qfiiulutia:fiiuuond5:inniJun'u \

5. (i~~?~lndus4mi3ni~1n~~qgldia9glB; d a A' m5eiohuiia~m~eio~n'urra~adin3nauuuodi~3mi~ulu~ n.n. 1943

Mussolini ~ ~ ~ d l u l Q ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ 5 n ~ l ~ 1 ~ n.n. 1943 ~ J ~ ~ ~ ~ P ~ u A P U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ W U ~ U ~ O J ~ Q ~

T dd go, ii~unoiumrdXaam5Cmk~5'guia1u~muiu Badoglio udnojadoii in4nanlmru

1

~.au:ihnau~anniuni5w?flflua.n.1944 Y

nxu a u n ~ s d a ~ d d e u G a i ~ l w ~ ~ a i ~ i n n i ~ ~ a a ~ a v ~ ~ n ~ ~ n n i ~ i ~ ~ ~ d i ~ q " A '

~aakw.rmn3ntuuim1aiin5n4~i;~~tm~quu1u~ n.n. 1943 Tmuii~ingiuai~innOjU

mnui1dudau8iiity n~mnoai ia i in6~~a~alwoi i~u i~~~n 'un~~n4~n~u'~a~~tmk~

lwlj~nnhlu'~ n.n 1963 iuiau -

luiiiouu'quiuu n . . 1944 ns5nmsirjoqi;aaaqidiuluni54mkqiiua5'aa d B n eio4iiuvhnC~iuoda.n. 1942 &14;1iri n.rznnouri?w'd n.i.inlviGuaa'n6 n.r.inii

iiuu w5rn Action Party ~ ' l ' l f l n ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ 6 ~ f ~ i i f I 5 ~

wrrniwdid?bilaunojaCmb4~guia ~uiR'ou$unnu nn.dda uiu Alcidc De Gasperi

flawu'iwrmdn~uuim~aiia5n!6i~uir'aw~i5'guia

kndn'lf ~ ~ P i ~ ~ q d a u b ~ % ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ a u ~ i ~ ~ ~ u " o 11azninnairl~i~qa81dduu1du

niairwil Xaunzl~uuliiu.r 55.3% Pio 44.7% 09miii~q1diuu7dd5zuounin15~1i~ A Y 9 0 1 01 01 d a u m . r a ~ u ~ l ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ n n i ~ w ~ i i ~ i ~ n ~ ~ u ~ q ~ ~ w ' ~ n i n i ~ w i ~ u ' u n.rsnn3aluuaTu-

~ ~ n s w l & ; ~ u n z u u u ~ ~ u ~ u i n ~ d u ~ u ~ p I ~ ~ ~ ~ %muGwssnnou~a~n611azw~5nTo1113uaa"n6

tdu6u~irno.rCfi~iw~nIw'iI~uun'u d.auwssnduq~dugu~u50-a q addl

i3nr.iuyqnliuiud 24 fuainu n.n. 1947 l&;fiiwum~ d~~uui~nnilldr

niaircliz d5znouXauno.mm n'onmq~imrnnidic ~qno.mmuiain.rzuunIr

IiionR~muGlwiiionkqdlImnPiiqn'u iZuiaar~q'l&;~unaiu7faiQIooiniqnoqnni

~~.ndumidiio.rcill~znouvo~~ui~nlua'n~16uz1Guan'u uimsid 49 votizn.rsuyql ~iauml#d~znrurlnnu3dn~Cfoz~Iiiau~6~~~~3n~~az~~u'~u'ulmu3dni~d~zriSd-

Y Y

7~u%uni~fiiwum,"misnisdosvo~~i8 ~of i iwum~~na' iaGa'n~az~i1~nf i~uin w'su" d A 9 d nao1uun~naiudin'qvo~w~~nni~1io~lu5zuou1n~u"u11a'11z#i~1ni53~zup1w~~n

m~~io~uuuwrm~Guaynvim Iu3n.n. 1974 'IXiinQnrnuiH'u~u~uI:oqni5~ljvoq

w.rsnms1i io~~murz~l~w~~nni~1u"o~~~&; iu~~~lunnin iu i~n1&;s 'u~u~mw~uoi~

ill# ~mu~m1a~umiunz11uu18u.jdl&;iu ~dnir~i~u'umrmungwuiuaY"uddouIiq

1 Francois Borella, op.cit., p. 160.

8. ~anrmuainaniazrn.r~~a~1~"n~~~az3.r~1~

lull&flrugn'a n iunf inmsiu~nnn 2 id? ~mi?l!#idduuldaq!dd~d- ~~uulwdodi.ruinuiu munkm~dur~d5rmnwa'~n~nsiu ' , +?dn.cr. 1360 ~butfuui

&i8~~uhdynln~ugSoynl~d ~un"oynld.rqmninnssa luuolz~lu#iumm5n55u

lunmLtluuniilqaiou'i~~u~~5~ ffiulawizu~l?olni~ltfvo~dsz~nn iaq3n.n. 1960 i iq d dn.a 1972 wnw5mm~ni~mum'11~4.~~tli~ao1a~n~in~~ d5zvinsluninmmsn55u

Bai?l~uii~iu?u~qk 15.3% uo~dsznnsluninm~m5n55uuo~ EEC nfod.rzn- 8'

nulcnugn^ayl.rd &nu01

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B 4- A d 4 wjlo Institute of Industrial Reconstruction vq~buus~nn~~~unqqu~fiu~ugud 14

Wt4fmdugn.~. 1974 L(ilfiuufiu IBM lmz General Electric UolSlfu) odl~!'ffimiu

Gmsinu~i~~iuf iu '~!ol~nua01a~~~azu'~1dniui~~~~~v!#ni~owuw~n~~~5~~ius"mi~~uu

a a dd4 iinuarzdulnd~zni~~u~lodwi08~nuvo~5fiia nno ~nlnnliazrnrmR'ou

W ~ Q CGIL (Confederazione Gcnerale Italiana dei Lavoratori) $ 4 ~ ~~u~;?u€I~T~u w 3 'In , 4 4 d nouuauai (Catholic trade union organization) iirmiqnnii 1.5 Riunu ~laznrjunsiu

n'o mrnwwqrnubiii nfo a Zunione Italiana del hvoro) ~ $ U I ~ U T ? U ~ J ~ Y 4 w 4 w w .r.rnlvl$ualmlulln5nllaz w 55 f t511~15f l~ (Trade union association of the Center-Left,

including Socialists, Social Democrats and Republicans) Bnui9ndr:uiar 800,000

4 4

n.ai947 ~rmnouuaua6~niiRoonoin~r5nia?g~ia~mvo~ui Gasperi naiu

mboulaaaintiioq Salem0 ifi~rYwrm PCI 1diuuuil$unr5naao(~u1u~zg~'~i~

njunssn Socialiste ~imnsi?l.iutu $8 nrjutiu~dij;idJiImouiu Saragat Y

nu 'Yt fy~~~iEiv84~1~ Gasperi ~ I R , ' ~ ~ ~ W S S ~ I Italian Social Democratic Party

(PSD1,Partito Socialista Democratico Italiano) I / ? U ~ ~ $ U ~ G ~ I R U Nermi a

- n.a. 1947-1963 6 f l u i ? ~ n i i ~ n n s ~ ~ n i u ~ ~ 6 6 n u ~ i a ~ i ~ ~ v o ~ w ~ s n DCI Imu

~~~?i?OJ'U~4nj¶JnRlrv?l nt$J Social Democratic, Republican IlR: Liberal unlfun@~

h u h n'a PC1 uR: PSI I~:fl~~111'I-b R'Q fl@ Monarchostes IIR: Neo-Fascistes - n.a. 1963-1976 f ui~~nisnlnnso~niuI~nisGiua.jwssn DCI I~UIAU i ~ d

-" i i l Iu?r'?OJ~otnj~nRl4#1~ 60 W33fl PSI, Social Democratic flR: Republican u n ~ h

njunouii?u'n6, niu Liberal 11a:nduv7itm

- ain3n.a. 1976 I S U ~ ~ . I V Q ~ ~ ~ U ~ A W S ~ A DCI wssnliiuq udAiun:lluulf ~irlacinwssn PCI 11~~wssndu~~n~fu~ssnn~u4iuo"m~~a:vaitm nisWnuflniu

4 9 d p l smii~n4uwssnnouu?una~viu~luniun?ar~~uu1mIu~~nsnEulXQno"n~m?uudu~~a:

iibana-ai?uriuldoiund 6 nsnQinu ~ .n . 1977 d~dunisan~ti?uriuvoqi?nnwssn t ~~iioRniaisruigvu (nduwssni?uki?qignssuqq) ~m:l#~uiiun~iu~uuouIunni ii

nisanari~uriuIuuIuuiu~nni'q~uTud 7 iiuinu A.R: 1978l

nrju13utd~ulw~nsjudnlsznun"il~~~ini~l4n~iu~u11s.jainnl~nSuin~u

h u h nfonotniui~mq iuzo mrtu;~&iwrrn DCI ~ ' o u i o ~ l d o Moro AlRzQnwia

nrsuluiui 9 wquninu n. n. 1978 oiouih ~ l s r n i u i ~ u ~ l ~ f i i o o n ~ i o ~ o i n ~ o n a i i a Y Y

niqa?a i~uia lm~~~uqf in~dowssnn~uCa~~~~o. jno~~aaan~innisaroa"uac1$u

iguia nisA~'onitnui~nnni~11nusiu~s1u~ud 3 iquiuu n.n. 1979 wrsn PCI !A. nzuuuiiuu8oua.r huwarn DCI t-an.rlAirii~ku buiin~~um"ru'uv~ua~n'i~u"iuiuin CP a, e do, vu nzlluuda~d!#?uu"uuanu~1:~0i$m~au msk$q?2uiaa.ru~nuru:6~d do

w~m DCI 6~uwr m~RiYumplnrr i7un"u Social-Democratic,LiberaI, Republican C1 w

IIP: Socialist ~ Q J ~ u ~ I I I I U ? ~ R ~ ~ ~ ? ~ ~ " ~ ~ R ~ ~ # ~ U

1 Francois Borella, op.cit., p. 164.

~iiouliiuluv n.n 1981 wrm DCI dr:nuiiuflty~~n:lluu~3uqmndiaq5n

~oio.mou~ie1nnl~l~u~0'mk~~yuia~f luni '~~~rn~uk~~~m~n.a 1945 ifluCuui&dilluoq 9 w w w

wrrn Republican iii) G.Spadolini ~ ~ ~ # l f l U Y Q ~ ~ ~ y U l f i W ~ O J q n d l U Q l n n ~ ~ W 5 5 ~ ~ A'

i~r i iar ruyql ml3uwrrn PCI ciil$~fluiyuiawnu 5 nrmtEmuuluBmld f lu la

prnu 5 wrrndalulsn~riiudo~doq!d'I# 3 qm tuazdr:awwad~ffelunirfn~ifiaiu

~ u ~ q u o a ' ; l ~ o b ; ~ ~ n i r l 4 n a ~ u 4 u ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ n n ~ u 4 ~ u o " m ~ ~ a : ~ a ~ ~ m ~ld luu innb lurz~u

wrrnr~a:rzuunni~t~a8~ui1~flurzuud!niIun~ wrm PSI driimui~mmrrnnu

dlgql do Bettim Craxi ! h ~ 1 ~ l ~ l ~ 1 ~ l ~ u M ~ 1 ~ l f l ~ ~ ~ 1 l l a ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 5 6 1 ~ 1 ~ $ 6 6 9 ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 1

ludqm Y Y Y

w d 4 iud 2 Gquiau ~ .n . 1983 wamrl8onknrtu no wrrn DCI 'Ib:lluu

mnhdqa~uRitmin.n. 194s rfludiuul nrrn PCI A'I#n:ttuuamn~lbuiiuu lwvol rd A'

PSI 'I#~:UUUUI~VU {qdu fZ~1~qmd 44 I ~ ~ ~ ~ I T I ~ P I T ~ B A I ~ ~ ' a ~ a ~ ~ u ~ s ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ l o i n w ~ ~ n ' b c 1 1 ~ ~ ~ a a " ~ ~ ~ f l ~ n f ~ r n a v o ad h 6 d ~ Bettino craxi n l r ~ k q igu~awnu$kn~~flufyulawau 5 wrrn~dulh -ciauwrrndmKiun'o PCI, ndu

Padicil, niuua1O'n ~~a:nrju#iuL

o(iidr6~1u m~O'~n~uwrrnn1r1do~9189'Ifloiuin~n ~~rir l lun'IAif lum~ 9 u iluaTuunollua$l'la~~a:~~uauai ~ n $ ~ u k o u ~ . r u a l k lu'3n.a. 1976 ~ ~ a u l u r m i

4 W dC1 dr:nouhu 9 wrmrziiualt6lar ~utnrrnr:@qiimn m.r;no nrrn Rolitarian

Democra&, Communist Party, Socialist Party, Radical, Social Democratic, Republican,

Christian Democratic, Liberal, Extreme Fight !La: Monarchist 2 4 4 1~'Jfl.n 1946 n i~ l l~?d l~d iU j jn~ l l~~ I8~9d9~~11P I 40% IU(~U?UU fl5PHU.I

d d 4 4 u~e~nnsmnouiiau'am onnr~nu.rlnoinnrs'bc11~3uaa"ni 1u'Jn.s. 1976 n ~ u ~ ~ u a # ~ u d d I d

diUjjnr~tuu~#u.rdr:wo1 4a% 1~dn:r~uut~ute1nw~rnfc11~3u~a"a~1uo~~wu~~d~lu~~1a:

~ iaudmf iowrranou~a~"n~~ iu~ iuu i~nu~nn i 70% 1uiai?Jt~uaiiuijwrrnn3a,-

~uu~m~uunrn' I8funz~~uu~~u~~~uein 65.2% u~rflu 38.7% ~ I ~ ~ Q I ~ R ~ I ~ ~ ~ U ~ S L I U U

~3u.rlu'Jn.n. 1946 6erAfuiinzju PC, PS llaz DC iin:~~uuiilu.rrauiiu'I&i'n".a 7546 I I ~

2 uoneiniu ~ m r i z ~ d r l l s - m n ~ r m n i ~ ~ d ~ ~ e i n w ~ d g i ~ l u ~ i ~ d ~ z a ' Z ~ ~ i n m ~

uazlluannun'ah 8szdu;iiinotndu iioniuninok nionrjudnui $nzjuuon

a~mrmnui nju*iauilklti w55n Italian Cllristian Democratic, Monarchist (MSI-

DN) I I Z South Tyrolian d a ~ n i ~ P d ~ n ? ~ f l l l ~ ~ l a ~ l ~ # l l f i fl ju#iub, PCI, PSI, PSDI,

PRI. PLI, llarniu Radicals ~ ~ S S ? U ~ ~ ~ S W P I O J ~ ~ U ~ ~ P ~ ~ ~ ~ P ~ I # ~ ~ ~ I P ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . B I . 1946

i%dn.~.i972 ~ u d r z ~ ~ ~ l f f ~ a n ' u i ~ i l ~ m n i r ~ d i ? i ~ ~ ~ a z n i ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ngnuiuduaku'umr 9 8 wdiri~rclSublnuouoqw'irn D ~ I ~fiuiilauiinirwrra % A.Farifani '1#iiuilnuo

aodrz.aiuZlutiiouwq~ninu n.s. 1974 ~ ~ n ~ u u o n a c n i r m a u i ~ # a ~ u ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ a z

l#fuazlluuilu~Uiquin~fi~ou iio 49.1% do 40.9% duwn~~s'~$u~uuzCi~mto~duo~

W I S n PC1 l l~zn~ul lu?~~~~on?9nl~f l l f fPd1 (Anti-clericalism) A u uicwr5n~#wuiuiu~A~~~da~au~o~n~u~don~1inui~womiu~uwrrn1w~

asswrrn Go wrrn DCI llaz PCI ~~djflninwwadilte 48 401

1fiunldld? rzuunaiuw~muo~5miar~uan~mzni~imniu11ua~~u, ii .a8 w

fguio~lni~un.r ~ m z n m ~ ~ u w m s ~ ~ u n e z ~ S u n u ~ ~ u I u n ~ u t ~ u u ~ ~ ~ ~ i a z w ~ ~ n nir

t~udiuauwsrnnirldo~d~di~6ii~~ua~od'u~Qii~a~~~~nulw~ l o wrrnnou9aGaci

l~azwrsnn?a$uutfilu~~n~w lldwr~n~qnoqnn'uu'!#~a"npIaznirlhdq

d nis~usi?ni.rasupiiolu5mi3~du~anszwuwunoinszfiu~zw4i~dsz~wfi

~flwdih ~~ l i~ i f luds: in f i~~#~aua~uiu1tda~~8y~is :w~i~d~:6~81~di~y~

n'o n i . r ~ R o q h i s a u ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ o n ~ a u ~ n ~ w ~ " o (NO& Atlantic Treatyr

Organization NATO) i6~lfl~j#fJql ~4~fi~4d5~VlnU6ffSYIn'Otd'b3d (European

Economic Community - EEC) nisism~Y8ifiuwu"q1uds:ip1~iauaquiufiokq nui~~~i~jnzii?&noqw~uiinfiq~w"ldua'i~midEuY&i'funisuouS'ua'iifiud~u

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9 91 d s S'guia~rauodhu iibiiu?hus:~uniu1ud"i:ip1fi~z~~~uiawnu~dou11ofl~s~

iidluszfiuszwiiqds:~wfiii#3 tmiii~iuisoiiilu3iauwiqni5idoqn'un~udsz~wfi

notciiulwi 60 1lu3i?ulunq'udr:~wfi~ZawS'~o~u?ni~8uiii imzntjudsamfi

diinwniw~gn'iunlfluiii a CL

~ ' b ~ ~ 1 u ~ l ~ l ~ # 1 V ~ 4 ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 i ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ # 1 ~ ~ ~ (free trade) 66g:

dmn%qIuiiuuoru?m 1i~~ioz~wssnnoufia~apl"~~azwssn8~nuia"uu~fii~~#~flu

y~rdm:iumnrla:rrouoru?n~rnw"~ tifotain~u~ijn~nbuq fh16~5nq:rguuoc v

dr:mn8uq Ado'niwnnsou~iuikrrdoiiimrrda riu n+ua-3uordni krdurvm

~uhums~iioardwldi i rJiininunumu'ouaziinumi~l~~aiui~?f;~ P C;

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ln~szKu4iuait l u a m : ~ r n ~ l ~ i l f l u n m i n v ~ ~ n ~ s u i i ~ ~ ~ ~ i u l # v o ~ d s z v i n s ~ ~ 1 1

lus :~u~6 in~ i~ i~ inu 'oo i i~u in

IukiiuknudduL num~~u"erilroinn~~T~u~uldi~unajunulua"mu-

assuuuuy7sdmzium Iuusuzdnraniq~iiguncj%~n~~u~wuassuiinuiu~iaais d ud u 4 4 s

iiuu diiiua i l a : n i u i ~ I v n 1 i ~ 1 ~ ~ i q 6 ~ w 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ 9 1 a ~ n a i u i ~ u ~ ~ i d ~ ~ d ~ ~ u

iu"ortduri2uIn J 1u.utu-AmtIk3u8~nuvu~)~uinn~~ naiuiianPiiawiq8qnut.' i i iaainnmw~iq~~~~if lm~i~udi

er f f O l u ' ~ ~ ~ d q P l m ~ n 7 3 ~ (Institut per la Recostruzione Industriale - IRI) !!a::

9 4r I W . a i u i s n b n i s ~ t f l u ~ ~ ~ ~ i x u i ~ i - i a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ p ~ ~ i i o ~ u a : m u ! n uuairguinaffanis A' vha3a66u'l ~ ~ i i ~ v u l n o i n n a i v d o u u o v o ~ r z ~ u w s s n n i s ~ i l o c l l u ~ t d ~ u u ~ ~ a ~

~ l u ~ ~ i u i 1 ~ i o ~ ~ o u w ~ i y n ~ i n ~ . a 6 E u ~ o ~

I

Ya%alPgn%ru

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Princeton University Press, 1964. I

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9. Pierre Milza, Serge Berstein. ~'1talie la Papaut6 (1870-1970). Paris : Premier

cycle Histoire, Collection " ~ n siecle d' histoir;', Masson et Cie, 1970. <

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2060, Presses Universitaires de France, 1982.