Globalization and Globalization and TransnationalismTransnationalism

PS130 World PoliticsPS130 World Politics

Michael R. BaysdellMichael R. Baysdell

Globalization/International Globalization/International TradeTrade

Your pencil contains:Your pencil contains:Graphite from Sri LankaGraphite from Sri LankaMississippi mudMississippi mudMexican carnauba waxMexican carnauba waxCanadian woodCanadian woodLacquer made from Mexican castor beansLacquer made from Mexican castor beansAustralian zinc or Michigan copperAustralian zinc or Michigan copperRubber from MalaysiaRubber from MalaysiaPumice (derivative of rapeseed oil) from Pumice (derivative of rapeseed oil) from IndonesiaIndonesiaTrade isn’t very important, now, is it?Trade isn’t very important, now, is it?

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Changes in the International Changes in the International System That Lead to Globalization System That Lead to Globalization

and Transnationalism:and Transnationalism:

New realities and threats to international New realities and threats to international security (terrorism can’t be handled by 1 security (terrorism can’t be handled by 1 country alone)country alone)

Increased human interactionIncreased human interaction

Political identity transcending national bordersPolitical identity transcending national borders

Myriad of regional and global links—trade, Myriad of regional and global links—trade, militarymilitary

Recent Chinese-African relations a good Recent Chinese-African relations a good exampleexample

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GlobalizationGlobalization

Multifaceted concept representing the increasing Multifaceted concept representing the increasing international integration of economics, international integration of economics, communications, and culturecommunications, and culture

Creates opportunities and problemsCreates opportunities and problems

Opportunities: spread of technologies, marketsOpportunities: spread of technologies, markets

Problems/Challenges: Problems/Challenges:

Countries can’t handle content flowsCountries can’t handle content flows

Disproportionately empowers womenDisproportionately empowers women

India example as challenge of globalization: India example as challenge of globalization: Bangalore v. the ultrasound machinesBangalore v. the ultrasound machines

Accelerated by government policy & technologyAccelerated by government policy & technology

TransnationalismTransnationalism

Globalization a Globalization a processprocess; transnationalism ; transnationalism attitudinalattitudinal..

Attitudinal; human interactions that connect humans Attitudinal; human interactions that connect humans across nations and national boundaries.across nations and national boundaries.

Transnationalism preceded and has been spurred by Transnationalism preceded and has been spurred by globalizationglobalization

Substantially counternationalist—undermines Substantially counternationalist—undermines nationalism by internationalizing political loyalties nationalism by internationalizing political loyalties (Parties in the EU Parliament)(Parties in the EU Parliament)

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Globalization of Globalization of Communications & Communications &

TransportationTransportation

Advances in modern transportation for both Advances in modern transportation for both moving people and goodsmoving people and goods– Trade and tourism promote familiarityTrade and tourism promote familiarity– Growth in ocean-going transportation and Growth in ocean-going transportation and

declining cost of shippingdeclining cost of shippingGrowth in communication capabilities--telephone Growth in communication capabilities--telephone service booming, 24 hour news (CNN, FOX, Al-service booming, 24 hour news (CNN, FOX, Al-Jazeera)Jazeera)Instantaneous news and information available Instantaneous news and information available over the Internetover the Internet

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Impacts of Globalized Impacts of Globalized CommunicationsCommunications

Formation and growth of a multitude of Formation and growth of a multitude of transnational groupstransnational groups

Distant events become realities through Distant events become realities through media’s undermining of authoritarian media’s undermining of authoritarian governmentsgovernments

““Democratic Internationalism”Democratic Internationalism”

Access to alternative information and Access to alternative information and opinionsopinions

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Economic Globalization:Economic Globalization:Trade expands markedlyTrade expands markedlyMerchandise v. Services trade develops (LDCs and NICs provide Merchandise v. Services trade develops (LDCs and NICs provide merchandise; EDCs provide servicesmerchandise; EDCs provide servicesImpacts jobs, wages, and the costs of goods and servicesImpacts jobs, wages, and the costs of goods and servicesIncreased demand for raw and synthetic resources (not just oil, but Increased demand for raw and synthetic resources (not just oil, but lithium, gold, and diamonds)lithium, gold, and diamonds)Connections continue to grow more complex and comprehensive.Connections continue to grow more complex and comprehensive.Increased investment= financial interdependence (1998 Asian Increased investment= financial interdependence (1998 Asian currency crisis, 2007-09 world recession caused by U.S. subprime currency crisis, 2007-09 world recession caused by U.S. subprime mortgages)mortgages)MNCs contribute most Foreign Direct InvestmentMNCs contribute most Foreign Direct InvestmentFDI much preferable to foreign aid (Barnett)FDI much preferable to foreign aid (Barnett)Monetary exchange requires increased financial services Monetary exchange requires increased financial services worldwide, and very large banks (good?)worldwide, and very large banks (good?)Increased economic interchange bringing people and cultures Increased economic interchange bringing people and cultures togethertogether– Promotes global/cultural familiarity through tradePromotes global/cultural familiarity through trade

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Cultural GlobalizationCultural Globalization

Existence of a global civil society?Existence of a global civil society?Spread of a common culture (McWorld)Spread of a common culture (McWorld)English: the common language of business, English: the common language of business, diplomacy, communications, etc.diplomacy, communications, etc.Interchange of popular consumer goods Interchange of popular consumer goods (movies, music, and clothing)(movies, music, and clothing)American culture dominance fuel for some American culture dominance fuel for some resentmentresentment

1010

Global Reactions to Cultural Global Reactions to Cultural HomogenizationHomogenization

Mixed–both ambivalence and resistanceMixed–both ambivalence and resistance

Threatens to erode traditions and cultural Threatens to erode traditions and cultural practicespractices

But, allows for more options and choicesBut, allows for more options and choices

France embodies this contradictory France embodies this contradictory reactionreaction to American cultural and to American cultural and linguistic influenceslinguistic influences

But that’s supposing you notice what’s But that’s supposing you notice what’s actually happening…most people DON’Tactually happening…most people DON’T

Thomas Friedman,Thomas Friedman,The Lexus and the Olive Tree” (1999)The Lexus and the Olive Tree” (1999)Thesis: Thesis: Globalization is the new international system that has Globalization is the new international system that has followed the Cold War and influences world geopolitics and followed the Cold War and influences world geopolitics and economicseconomics

The world is currently undergoing two struggles: the drive for The world is currently undergoing two struggles: the drive for prosperity and development, symbolized by the Lexus, and the prosperity and development, symbolized by the Lexus, and the desire to retain identity and traditions, symbolized by the olive desire to retain identity and traditions, symbolized by the olive tree. tree.

He says he came to this realization while eating a sushi box lunch He says he came to this realization while eating a sushi box lunch on a Japanese bullet train after visiting a Lexus factory and reading on a Japanese bullet train after visiting a Lexus factory and reading an article about conflict in the Middle Eastan article about conflict in the Middle East

Big concept (p.232) -If you can't see the world, and you can't see Big concept (p.232) -If you can't see the world, and you can't see the interactions that are shaping the world, you surely cannot the interactions that are shaping the world, you surely cannot strategize about the world." He states that, "you need a strategy strategize about the world." He states that, "you need a strategy for how to choose prosperity for your country or company.”for how to choose prosperity for your country or company.”

Introduces “Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention:” No two Introduces “Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention:” No two countries that both possess McDonald’s have ever gone to war countries that both possess McDonald’s have ever gone to war against each other.against each other.

Thomas Friedman,Thomas Friedman,“The World is Flat” (2006)“The World is Flat” (2006)

Thesis: Globalization has changed core economic concepts.Thesis: Globalization has changed core economic concepts.

This flattening is a product of a convergence of personal computer with This flattening is a product of a convergence of personal computer with fiber-optic micro cable with the rise of work flow software. fiber-optic micro cable with the rise of work flow software.

He termed this period as Globalization 3.0, differentiating this period from He termed this period as Globalization 3.0, differentiating this period from the previous Globalization 1.0 (in which countries and governments were the previous Globalization 1.0 (in which countries and governments were the main protagonists) and the Globalization 2.0 (in which multinational the main protagonists) and the Globalization 2.0 (in which multinational companies led the way in driving global integration).companies led the way in driving global integration).

To fight the quiet crisis of a flattening world, the United States work force To fight the quiet crisis of a flattening world, the United States work force should keep updating its work skills. Making the work force more should keep updating its work skills. Making the work force more adaptable, Friedman argues, will keep it more employable. He also adaptable, Friedman argues, will keep it more employable. He also suggests that the government should make it easier to switch jobs by suggests that the government should make it easier to switch jobs by making retirement benefits and health insurance less dependent on one's making retirement benefits and health insurance less dependent on one's employer and by providing insurance that would partly cover a possible employer and by providing insurance that would partly cover a possible drop in income when changing jobs. Friedman also believes there should be drop in income when changing jobs. Friedman also believes there should be more inspiration for youth to be scientists, engineers, and mathematicians more inspiration for youth to be scientists, engineers, and mathematicians due to a decrease in the percentage of these professionals being American.due to a decrease in the percentage of these professionals being American.

10 things/events “flattened” the world10 things/events “flattened” the world

10 Forces that Flattened the 10 Forces that Flattened the World (Friedman)World (Friedman)

#1: Collapse of the Berlin Wall#1: Collapse of the Berlin Wall– 11/9/89– 11/9/89: The event not only symbolized the end of the : The event not only symbolized the end of the Cold War, , it allowed people from other side of the wall to join the economic mainstream. "11/9/89" is a it allowed people from other side of the wall to join the economic mainstream. "11/9/89" is a discussion about the Berlin Wall coming down, the "fall" of communism, and the impact that Windows discussion about the Berlin Wall coming down, the "fall" of communism, and the impact that Windows powered PCs (personal computers) had on the ability of individuals to create their own content and powered PCs (personal computers) had on the ability of individuals to create their own content and connect to one another. At this point, the basic platform for the revolution to follow was created: IBM connect to one another. At this point, the basic platform for the revolution to follow was created: IBM PC, Windows, a standardized graphical interface for word processing, dial up modems, a standardized PC, Windows, a standardized graphical interface for word processing, dial up modems, a standardized tool for communication, and a global phone network.tool for communication, and a global phone network.

#2: #2: Netscape – 8/9/95 – 8/9/95: Netscape and the Web broadened the audience for the Internet from its roots : Netscape and the Web broadened the audience for the Internet from its roots as a communications medium used primarily by "early adopters and geeks" to something that made as a communications medium used primarily by "early adopters and geeks" to something that made the Internet accessible to everyone from five-year-olds to ninety-five-year olds. The digitization that the Internet accessible to everyone from five-year-olds to ninety-five-year olds. The digitization that took place meant that everyday occurrences such as words, files, films, music and pictures could be took place meant that everyday occurrences such as words, files, films, music and pictures could be accessed and manipulated on a computer screen by all people across the world.accessed and manipulated on a computer screen by all people across the world.

#3: #3: Workflow software: The ability of machines to talk to other machines with no humans involved, as : The ability of machines to talk to other machines with no humans involved, as stated by Friedman. Friedman believes these first three forces have become a "crude foundation of a stated by Friedman. Friedman believes these first three forces have become a "crude foundation of a whole new global platform for collaboration". There was an emergence of software protocols (SMTP – whole new global platform for collaboration". There was an emergence of software protocols (SMTP – simple mail transfer protocol; HTML – the language that enabled anyone to design and publish simple mail transfer protocol; HTML – the language that enabled anyone to design and publish documents that could be transmitted to and read on any computer anywhere) Standards on documents that could be transmitted to and read on any computer anywhere) Standards on Standards.Standards.

#4: #4: Uploading: Communities uploading and collaborating on online projects. Examples include open : Communities uploading and collaborating on online projects. Examples include open source software, blogs, and Wikipedia. Friedman considers the phenomenon "the most disruptive source software, blogs, and Wikipedia. Friedman considers the phenomenon "the most disruptive force of all".force of all".

#5: #5: Outsourcing: Friedman argues that outsourcing has allowed companies to split service and : Friedman argues that outsourcing has allowed companies to split service and manufacturing activities into components which can be subcontracted and performed in the most manufacturing activities into components which can be subcontracted and performed in the most efficient, cost-effective way. This process became easier with the mass distribution of fiber optic efficient, cost-effective way. This process became easier with the mass distribution of fiber optic cables during the introduction of the World Wide Web.cables during the introduction of the World Wide Web.

Friedman’s 10 Forces Friedman’s 10 Forces (Cont’d)(Cont’d)

#6: #6: Offshoring: The internal relocation of a company's manufacturing or other processes to a : The internal relocation of a company's manufacturing or other processes to a foreign land to take advantage of less costly operations there. China's entrance in the WTO foreign land to take advantage of less costly operations there. China's entrance in the WTO (World Trade Organization) allowed for greater competition in the playing field. Now countries (World Trade Organization) allowed for greater competition in the playing field. Now countries such as Malaysia, Mexico, Brazil must compete against China and each other to have such as Malaysia, Mexico, Brazil must compete against China and each other to have businesses offshore to them.businesses offshore to them.

#7: #7: Supply-chaining: Friedman compares the modern retail supply chain to a river, and points : Friedman compares the modern retail supply chain to a river, and points to to Wal-Mart as the best example of a company using technology to streamline item sales, as the best example of a company using technology to streamline item sales, distribution, and shipping.distribution, and shipping.

#8: #8: Insourcing: Friedman uses UPS as a prime example for insourcing, in which the company's : Friedman uses UPS as a prime example for insourcing, in which the company's employees perform services – beyond shipping – for another company. For example, UPS employees perform services – beyond shipping – for another company. For example, UPS repairs Toshiba computers on behalf of Toshiba. The work is done at the UPS hub, by UPS repairs Toshiba computers on behalf of Toshiba. The work is done at the UPS hub, by UPS employees.employees.

#9: In-forming#9: In-forming: Google and other search engines are the prime example. "Never before in the : Google and other search engines are the prime example. "Never before in the history of the planet have so many people – on their own – had the ability to find so much history of the planet have so many people – on their own – had the ability to find so much information about so many things and about so many other people," writes Friedman. The information about so many things and about so many other people," writes Friedman. The growth of search engines is tremendous; for example take Google, in which Friedman states growth of search engines is tremendous; for example take Google, in which Friedman states that it is "now processing roughly one billion searches per day, up from 150 million just three that it is "now processing roughly one billion searches per day, up from 150 million just three years ago".years ago".

#10: "The Steroids"#10: "The Steroids": : Personal digital devices like mobile phones, iPods, personal digital Personal digital devices like mobile phones, iPods, personal digital assistants, instant messaging, and voice over Internet Protocol (assistants, instant messaging, and voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). Digital, Mobile, Personal ). Digital, Mobile, Personal and Virtual – all analog content and processes (from entertainment to photography to word and Virtual – all analog content and processes (from entertainment to photography to word processing) can be digitized and therefore shaped, manipulated and transmitted; virtual – these processing) can be digitized and therefore shaped, manipulated and transmitted; virtual – these processes can be done at high speed with total ease; mobile – can be done anywhere, anytime processes can be done at high speed with total ease; mobile – can be done anywhere, anytime by anyone; and personal – can be done by you.by anyone; and personal – can be done by you.

These are multiplied by a triple convergenceThese are multiplied by a triple convergence

Triple Convergence Triple Convergence (Friedman)(Friedman)

In addition to the ten flatteners, Friedman offers "the triple convergence", three additional In addition to the ten flatteners, Friedman offers "the triple convergence", three additional components that acted on the flatteners to create a new, flatter global playing field.components that acted on the flatteners to create a new, flatter global playing field.

Up until the year 2000, the ten flatteners were semi-independent from one another. An Up until the year 2000, the ten flatteners were semi-independent from one another. An example of independence is the inability of one machine to perform multiple functions. example of independence is the inability of one machine to perform multiple functions.

When work-flow software and hardware converged, multiple functions such as e-mail, fax, When work-flow software and hardware converged, multiple functions such as e-mail, fax, printing, copying and communicating were able to be done from one machine. printing, copying and communicating were able to be done from one machine.

Around the year 2000, all the flatteners converged with one another. This convergence could Around the year 2000, all the flatteners converged with one another. This convergence could be compared to be compared to complementary goods, in that each flattener enhanced the other flatteners; , in that each flattener enhanced the other flatteners; the more one flattener developed, the more leveled the global playing field became.the more one flattener developed, the more leveled the global playing field became.

After the emergence of the ten flatteners, a new business model was required to succeed. After the emergence of the ten flatteners, a new business model was required to succeed. While the flatteners alone were significant, they would not enhance productivity without people While the flatteners alone were significant, they would not enhance productivity without people being able to use them together. being able to use them together.

Instead of collaborating vertically (the top-down method of collaboration, where innovation Instead of collaborating vertically (the top-down method of collaboration, where innovation comes from the top), businesses needed to begin collaborating horizontally. Horizontalization comes from the top), businesses needed to begin collaborating horizontally. Horizontalization means companies and people collaborate with other departments or companies to add value means companies and people collaborate with other departments or companies to add value creation or innovation. creation or innovation.

Friedman's Convergence II occurs when horizontalization and the ten flatteners begin to Friedman's Convergence II occurs when horizontalization and the ten flatteners begin to reinforce each other and people understand the capability of the technologies available.reinforce each other and people understand the capability of the technologies available.

After the fall of the Berlin Wall, countries that had followed the After the fall of the Berlin Wall, countries that had followed the Soviet economic model – economic model – including including India, , China, , Russia, and the nations of , and the nations of Eastern Europe, , Latin America, and , and Central Asia – began to open up their economies to the world. When these new players – began to open up their economies to the world. When these new players converged with the rest of the globalized marketplace, they added new brain power to the converged with the rest of the globalized marketplace, they added new brain power to the whole playing field and enhanced horizontal collaboration across the globe. In turn, whole playing field and enhanced horizontal collaboration across the globe. In turn, Convergence III is the most important force shaping politics and economics in the early 21st Convergence III is the most important force shaping politics and economics in the early 21st century.century.

Evaluating GlobalizationEvaluating Globalization

The GoodThe Good

Open economies will lead Open economies will lead to more prosperity, more to more prosperity, more evenly distributedevenly distributed

Longer, more fulfilling Longer, more fulfilling lives for more people lives for more people around the globearound the globe

More democraciesMore democracies

Decreasing sense of Decreasing sense of difference among peopledifference among people

The BadThe Bad

Prosperity may not lead Prosperity may not lead to peaceto peace

Benefits not distributed Benefits not distributed evenly nowevenly now

Wealthy EDCs exploit Wealthy EDCs exploit NICs/LDCs cheap laborNICs/LDCs cheap labor

Virtual colonializationVirtual colonialization

Undermines diversity, Undermines diversity, creates 1 culture through creates 1 culture through cultural importscultural imports

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TransnationalismTransnationalism

Both preceded and spurred by globalizationBoth preceded and spurred by globalization

Phenomena connecting humans across nations and bordersPhenomena connecting humans across nations and borders

Sources of transnationalism: Sources of transnationalism: – Gglobal interactionGglobal interaction– Human thought: Stoicism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Human thought: Stoicism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Hinduism,

Roman Catholic Church: universalisticRoman Catholic Church: universalistic– Thomas Paine (Rights of Man, 1791)Thomas Paine (Rights of Man, 1791)– Immanuel KantImmanuel Kant– Karl Marx/Friedrich EngelsKarl Marx/Friedrich Engels

Undermines nationalism and promotes cross-national political Undermines nationalism and promotes cross-national political activity and even political loyaltiesactivity and even political loyalties

Both action and identification elementsBoth action and identification elements

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Contemporary Transnational Contemporary Transnational Thought:Thought:

Postmodernism: A radically critical approach Postmodernism: A radically critical approach that seeks to deconstruct the practice of that seeks to deconstruct the practice of international politicsinternational politicsConstructivism: Attempts to redefine Constructivism: Attempts to redefine international politics as a social process in international politics as a social process in terms of “agents” and “structures”terms of “agents” and “structures”Feminism: Focuses on socially defined relations Feminism: Focuses on socially defined relations in order to transform how we conceptualize in order to transform how we conceptualize gender and international politicsgender and international politics

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Transnationalism in Action:Transnationalism in Action:Nongovernmental Organizations Nongovernmental Organizations

(NGOs)(NGOs)

Growth of NGOs:Growth of NGOs:– Over 47,000 worldwideOver 47,000 worldwide– Representing a diversity of interestsRepresenting a diversity of interests WHY?WHY?– Disenchantment with existing political organizationsDisenchantment with existing political organizations– Response to transnational nature of many issues Response to transnational nature of many issues

(e.g., climate change and human rights)(e.g., climate change and human rights)– Advances in transportation and communicationAdvances in transportation and communication

2020

Activities of NGOsActivities of NGOs

Gaining legitimacy—increased funding (private)Gaining legitimacy—increased funding (private)

Advance many causes, moving them to the Advance many causes, moving them to the center of the political stagecenter of the political stage– Examples: gender issues, human rights, and climate Examples: gender issues, human rights, and climate

changechange– Facilitate networks of contacts and interactionFacilitate networks of contacts and interaction– Domestic lobbyingDomestic lobbying– Participation in Multinational conferences Participation in Multinational conferences

(Copenhagen 2009)(Copenhagen 2009)

Pressure governments to support their causesPressure governments to support their causes– Women's Environment and Development Women's Environment and Development

Organization (WEDO)Organization (WEDO)

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Regional TransnationalismRegional Transnationalism

European Union (EU):European Union (EU):– Most politically and economically integrated Most politically and economically integrated

region in the world. Identity increasing (ex:EU region in the world. Identity increasing (ex:EU CFSP)CFSP)

– Still tension between national and EU identity Still tension between national and EU identity formationformation

– Economic integration began, 1951, 1957Economic integration began, 1951, 1957– Political integration since Maastricht Treaty, 1991Political integration since Maastricht Treaty, 1991– European constitution rejected by voters in European constitution rejected by voters in

France and the Netherlands in 2005France and the Netherlands in 2005– Treaty of Lisbon ratified by all members, 2009, Treaty of Lisbon ratified by all members, 2009,

puts process back on trackputs process back on track

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Transnational CultureTransnational Culture

Could be path towards greater harmonyCould be path towards greater harmony

Could be path towards greater conflictCould be path towards greater conflict

Common culture:Common culture:– LanguageLanguage– Modern communicationsModern communications– Consumer productsThe Culture of McWorld:Consumer productsThe Culture of McWorld:– Macro-level approachMacro-level approach– Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations

Samuel Huntington,Samuel Huntington,“Clash of Civilizations” “Clash of Civilizations”

(1992)(1992)World politics is entering a new phase, in which the great divisions among World politics is entering a new phase, in which the great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural.

Civilizations-the highest cultural groupings of people-are differentiated from Civilizations-the highest cultural groupings of people-are differentiated from each other by religion, history, language and tradition. These divisions are each other by religion, history, language and tradition. These divisions are deep and increasing in importance.deep and increasing in importance.The fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. The clash of civilizations will dominate global politics. The fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future.

In this emerging era of cultural conflict the United States must forge alliances In this emerging era of cultural conflict the United States must forge alliances with similar cultures and spread its values wherever possible. With alien with similar cultures and spread its values wherever possible. With alien civilizations the West must be accommodating if possible, but confrontational civilizations the West must be accommodating if possible, but confrontational if necessary. if necessary.

In the final analysis, however, all civilizations will have to learn to tolerate In the final analysis, however, all civilizations will have to learn to tolerate each other.each other.

Huntington’s CivilizationsHuntington’s Civilizations

Analysis of HuntingtonAnalysis of Huntington

Rejected by most scholars in the 1990sRejected by most scholars in the 1990s

After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Huntington has been After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Huntington has been increasingly regarded as having been prescient in light of:increasingly regarded as having been prescient in light of:

The United States invasion of Afghanistan.The United States invasion of Afghanistan.

The 2002 Bali Bombings.The 2002 Bali Bombings.

The 2003 Invasion of Iraq.The 2003 Invasion of Iraq.

The 2004 Madrid train bombings.The 2004 Madrid train bombings.

The 2006 cartoon crisis.The 2006 cartoon crisis.

The 2005 London bombings.The 2005 London bombings.

The ongoing Iranian nuclear crisis.The ongoing Iranian nuclear crisis.

The 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict.The 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict.

The 2008-09 Israel-Gaza conflict.The 2008-09 Israel-Gaza conflict.

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Transnational Religion: Transnational Religion: Religion and World PoliticsReligion and World Politics

Ancient force in international politicsAncient force in international politics

Could be a force for good: Peace, justice, Could be a force for good: Peace, justice, humanitarianism, but rarely ishumanitarianism, but rarely is

Can ignite or exacerbate conflictsCan ignite or exacerbate conflicts

Source of bloody conflict, subjugation of peoplesSource of bloody conflict, subjugation of peoples

Crusades, Thirty Years' War, imperial era, Israel, Crusades, Thirty Years' War, imperial era, Israel, India/Pakistan, Yugoslavia, Ireland, IraqIndia/Pakistan, Yugoslavia, Ireland, Iraq

Exerts influence through IGOs and NGOs:Exerts influence through IGOs and NGOs:– Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church

History of Yugoslavia and IsraelHistory of Yugoslavia and Israel

YugoslaviaYugoslaviaFormerly part of Austro-Hungarian Empire; “Versailles State”Formerly part of Austro-Hungarian Empire; “Versailles State”1918: Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes; name change 19291918: Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes; name change 1929King Alexander I curbs nationalismKing Alexander I curbs nationalismAttacked 1941 by Axis PowersAttacked 1941 by Axis PowersHeld together after 1945 by Josip Broz Tito and Soviet influenceHeld together after 1945 by Josip Broz Tito and Soviet influenceTito dies in 1980, no charismatic leader replaces himTito dies in 1980, no charismatic leader replaces him3-4 leaders control Consul of Leadership3-4 leaders control Consul of LeadershipBreak up in 1989-90Break up in 1989-90Slovenia & Croatia—”We’re prosperous, we want independence”Slovenia & Croatia—”We’re prosperous, we want independence”Germany 1Germany 1stst to recognize Croatia (no surprise there—formet puppet) to recognize Croatia (no surprise there—formet puppet)Serbia claims rest of Yugoslavia is under their control , 1992Serbia claims rest of Yugoslavia is under their control , 1992Bosnia-Herzegovina: hotbed of diversity. 3 ethnic groups, all hate each Bosnia-Herzegovina: hotbed of diversity. 3 ethnic groups, all hate each other and none dominant (31% Serb 45% Muslim 16% Croat). other and none dominant (31% Serb 45% Muslim 16% Croat). 1995 Dayton Accord leads to peace1995 Dayton Accord leads to peaceMacedonia: IndependentMacedonia: IndependentKosovo, Vojvodina: autonomous (Kosovo ethnically composed of Kosovo, Vojvodina: autonomous (Kosovo ethnically composed of Albanians)Albanians)

Finally, Montenegro votes to split from Serbia, 2008Finally, Montenegro votes to split from Serbia, 2008

Yugoslavia gone.Yugoslavia gone.

The Breakup of Yugoslavia: The Breakup of Yugoslavia: The AftermathThe Aftermath

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The Strength of Religious The Strength of Religious FundamentalismFundamentalism

Fundamentalism-refers to a belief in a strict Fundamentalism-refers to a belief in a strict adherence to a set of basic principles (often adherence to a set of basic principles (often religious in nature), sometimes as a reaction to religious in nature), sometimes as a reaction to perceived doctrinal compromises with modern perceived doctrinal compromises with modern social and political life.social and political life.

Religion defines political identityReligion defines political identity

Can be found in:Can be found in:

India and Pakistan—Hindu v. Muslim, Kashmir India and Pakistan—Hindu v. Muslim, Kashmir conflictconflict

Iraq and Iran—Sunni v. ShiaIraq and Iran—Sunni v. Shia

Israel—United JerusalemIsrael—United Jerusalem

United States—Conservative movementUnited States—Conservative movement

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Islam and the WorldIslam and the World

Over 1 billion Muslims worldwideOver 1 billion Muslims worldwide

Only one of four Muslims is an ArabOnly one of four Muslims is an Arab

Muhammad: prophet who received Allah’s Muhammad: prophet who received Allah’s teachingsteachings

Koran: divine instructions and written word of Koran: divine instructions and written word of MuhammadMuhammad

Multiple interpretations of “jihad”Multiple interpretations of “jihad”

Triumphant beginningTriumphant beginning

Conflict with Christian powersConflict with Christian powers

Domination of Muslims by othersDomination of Muslims by others

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Islam and NationalismIslam and Nationalism

““Muslim pride”Muslim pride”– Pan-Arab (ummah) sentimentPan-Arab (ummah) sentiment– Palestinian Liberation OrganizationPalestinian Liberation OrganizationYet much diversity within Islam—ummah Yet much diversity within Islam—ummah unlikelyunlikely– Iraq-Iran war (conflict between countries)Iraq-Iran war (conflict between countries)– Nationalism still prevalentNationalism still prevalent– Sectarianism: Shiites versus SunnisSectarianism: Shiites versus Sunnis– Traditionalists (Iran) versus secularists Traditionalists (Iran) versus secularists

(Morocco)(Morocco)– Ethnic differences within IslamEthnic differences within Islam

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Islam and the Non-Islamic Islam and the Non-Islamic WorldWorld

Deep-seated anti-Western sentimentsDeep-seated anti-Western sentiments

Ex: Iran Friday Prayers ChantEx: Iran Friday Prayers Chant

Fueled by Iraq war, Western support of Fueled by Iraq war, Western support of autocratic and repressive regimes in the Middle autocratic and repressive regimes in the Middle East, and Israeli-Palestinian conflictEast, and Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Perceptions of Western secular threats to Perceptions of Western secular threats to Islamic cultural traditions and moresIslamic cultural traditions and mores

People more open to Western culture than People more open to Western culture than leaders (rural Iran)leaders (rural Iran)

3333

Transnational Movements: Transnational Movements: Women in the WorldWomen in the World

Women are underrepresented in every country. Women are underrepresented in every country. In NO country are women socioeconomically or In NO country are women socioeconomically or politically equalpolitically equal

Gap greater in LDCsGap greater in LDCs

Differing worldviews and conceptions of peace Differing worldviews and conceptions of peace and securityand security

Agenda for changeAgenda for change– Increase women's political participationIncrease women's political participation– Improve women's realityImprove women's reality

Education: Impact of women's illiteracy on entire societyEducation: Impact of women's illiteracy on entire society

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Women are underrepresented Women are underrepresented in world politicsin world politics

Conceptual differences between male and Conceptual differences between male and female points of viewfemale points of view

Differing views of politicsDiffering views of politics– PeacePeace– SecuritySecurity

Agenda for changeAgenda for change– Increase women's political participation.Increase women's political participation.– Improve women's realityImprove women's reality

Education: Impact of women's illiteracy on entire Education: Impact of women's illiteracy on entire societysociety

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Goals of the Transnational Goals of the Transnational Women’s MovementWomen’s Movement

Transformation nationally and Transformation nationally and internationallyinternationally

More than simply a drive for powerMore than simply a drive for power

Gender equality benefits society as a Gender equality benefits society as a wholewhole

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Programs and Organization of Programs and Organization of the Transnational Women’s the Transnational Women’s

MovementMovementExplosion of information and Explosion of information and coordination efforts on the Internetcoordination efforts on the Internet

Global conferences:Global conferences:– UN Conference on Population and UN Conference on Population and

Development (UNCPD)Development (UNCPD)– Fourth World Conference on Women, Fourth World Conference on Women,

Beijing (WCW)Beijing (WCW)– Beijing+5 ConferenceBeijing+5 Conference

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Impact of Women in PoliticsImpact of Women in Politics

Cultural differences among women narrowingCultural differences among women narrowing

Advancement of women in politicsAdvancement of women in politics

UN Security Council Resolution 1325: UN Security Council Resolution 1325: UrgesUrges Member States to ensure increased Member States to ensure increased representation of women at all decision-making representation of women at all decision-making levels in national, regional and international levels in national, regional and international institutions and mechanisms for the institutions and mechanisms for the prevention, management, and resolution of prevention, management, and resolution of conflictconflict

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Transnationalism TomorrowTransnationalism Tomorrow

Common culture versus nationalismCommon culture versus nationalism

English predominantEnglish predominant

Lasting impacts of globalization and Lasting impacts of globalization and transnational movements on efforts to transnational movements on efforts to address climate change, protecting human address climate change, protecting human rights, and promoting public health.rights, and promoting public health.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVESCHAPTER OBJECTIVES

After reading this chapter, students should be able to:After reading this chapter, students should be able to:

1. Explain the evolution of transnational thought 1. Explain the evolution of transnational thought 2. Define the concepts of globalization and transnationalism. 2. Define the concepts of globalization and transnationalism. 3. Identify the various aspects of globalization and indicate how they relate to 3. Identify the various aspects of globalization and indicate how they relate to

transnationalism.transnationalism. 4. Analyze the changes in transportation, communications, international economic 4. Analyze the changes in transportation, communications, international economic

exchange, and cultural amalgamation, which have promoted globalization.exchange, and cultural amalgamation, which have promoted globalization. 5. Explain the arguments for economic and cultural globalization as well as the 5. Explain the arguments for economic and cultural globalization as well as the

concerns about economic and cultural globalization.concerns about economic and cultural globalization. 6. Comment knowledgably on the growth, activity, and transnational impact of 6. Comment knowledgably on the growth, activity, and transnational impact of

nongovernmental organizations.nongovernmental organizations. 7. Indicate the progress of regional transnationalism in Europe.7. Indicate the progress of regional transnationalism in Europe. 8. Examine the cohesive and divisive effects of transnational culture.8. Examine the cohesive and divisive effects of transnational culture. 9. Discuss the transnational elements of religion.9. Discuss the transnational elements of religion. 10. Examine both the positive and negative roles of religion in world politics.10. Examine both the positive and negative roles of religion in world politics. 11. Analyze, as a case study, the role of Islam in world politics.11. Analyze, as a case study, the role of Islam in world politics. 12. Identify transnational activity of the women’s movement and trace its progress.12. Identify transnational activity of the women’s movement and trace its progress. 13. Identify barriers to transnationalism in the future.13. Identify barriers to transnationalism in the future.

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