Identity Problems Of Turkish Cities: Will Public Education And Change Of Public Opinion Be...

7/29/2019 Identity Problems Of Turkish Cities: Will Public Education And Change Of Public Opinion Be Sufficient Enough To Sol

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Problems Of Turkish Cities,*Will Public Education And Change Of Public Opinion Be Sufficient Enough To Solve

The Problems?

igdem Berdi GKHAN, (Instructor)

ankaya UniversityFaculty of Architecture and EngineeringAnkara, TURKEY

The specific Urban Character of Turkish cities have been changed a lot in the past 100years and continue to change. Under this evolution, wether it is for the good or the bad,cities identify have changed so much that, one may say they have almost no reminders ofthe past . The worst part is, most of the new developing cities are getting similar and similarin character to each other and from various perspective they even did not improve. stanbul,Bursa and Amasya are few examples of cities which try to resist their original identity, while,Ankara, Konya and Izmir have changed a lot and lost their original character. There are

several factors or problems, which effect the change of these cities, where one may saythat, these problems are the very cause of the change of the identity of these cities.

So in this paper we try to analyze the elements that constitute urban character, and then tryto exemplify how these aspects give a city its character and in the mean time, problems ofTurkish cities, are tried to be evaluated over this evaluation canvas. We try to figure out acommon denominator affecting these problems, and wether by manipulating educationthese problems can be solved

1. Urban Identity

Urban identity constitutes of many aspects which characterizes the cities. These aspectscan be grouped into 4 in general: Tangible aspects; such as demographic character, climate,geographic, topographic, geologic, flora and fauna blanket, human factors; Intangibleaspects, social, economical, political, cultural, religious aspects; Technical aspects are, thecurrent level of science, production techniques and available materials; The environment oftodays and the past also characterizes the cities. (Ertrk, T.; Erton,M.; Rappaport, A.,1977)1

The grouping may differ from different approaches but the contents would be similar if oneuses these effecting factors for the evaluation of any settlements.

C U L T U R E&

S O C I A LV A L U E SS O C I A L

S T R U C T U R E

P O L I T I C A LS T R U C T U R E

E C O N O M I C A LS T R U C T U R E

U R B A N S E T T L E M E N T S

Fig: 1 Factors effecting urban settlements. (Gokhan, 2001)2

* This paper is presented and printed in the symposium of Our Intriguing Cities, Bucharest,2001


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Therefore we can assume that, these are the total effecting factors where urbansettlements thrive accordingly, which at the end characterizes the settlement. Fromthis perspective with these conditions one can conclude that another thing could notbe achieved, but this opinion will also give us the opportunity that by changing some

effecting factors we can control the final product.

Constituents Of Urban Identity:

1. Tangible constituents (Gokhan, 2001) 3:

a) Human geography - Demographic characterThe population and population per square meter, rate of women men in that demographicarea, age group distribution, level of education, distribution of educated groups on urbangeography, working groups, unemployment rate, power of purchasing, producing power,rate of domestic and international traveling, rate of attendance to cinema, rate of readingbooks, rate of reading news papers, rate of watching TV and specific programs, rate of dailytravel and interaction within the urban environment, and other similar demographicconstituents effect character of our cities.

b) Such as Geographical, Geological and Topographic environment:Old towns usually adopt themselves to the land on which they are seated on. These landsmay have steep slope, or streams or rivers passing through, hills all around, or surroundedby rocks or sand dunes. So the settlements may have similar basic organization but thephysical out come may show a quite different view at the end like ancient towns, Miletusand PrieneWether the land is susceptible to earthquakes and other disasters or not also affect theurban texture and building types, their production technique etc, and in time the general

layout sometimes may not reveal its past because of such reasons an in some examplesmany of the historical towns have been developed one on top of each others ruins. Almostall citadels, fortifications, towns like Urgup show this layered structure.Climate also affects our towns in many ways, the location on land and allocation of buildingson land , use of materials, and shape of buildings. As we see as in examples of Turkishvernacular: courtyard houses of Urfa , Obas of Antalya (raised wooden houses on seaside),and mud brick houses in central Anatolian villages.Flora and fauna also show their reflection on the settlements beneath. Serenders andwooden houses of Blacksea coast houses.Available materials which can be found in the near vicinity undoubtedly can be seen onbuildings and create the character of the building and the totality of the settlement.Starting from 20th century these factors seem to lose their importance because of the

tremendous change in technology and materials.

c) Architectural and urban heritagei. Existing urban layout and texture:

Sizes of streets, their slopes, their forms, existing lots, and parcels, their size and ownership,distribution of urban services, schools, religious buildings, parks, commercial and industrialbuildings, all would show its impact on next generation settlement. We all now that if there isa big difference the new settlement flourishes just next to old settlement, as we call new city.In stanbul Beyolu district inherited its urban texture from Bizantium so a new developmentwas very difficult unless the old areas were to be demolished, which might have ended upwith a social incident. Some parts are demolished but Galata area shows its old fabric quitewell even if that part had also chaged a lot. (Pic.1)galata-ist, zmir alsancak


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ii. Architectural heritage:Past forms , shapes, color combinations and details usually show their effects on newbuildings and environment, as well as existing urban character before the latestdevelopment. These elements usually have meaning on social conscious and difficult toforget, or leave, for example big entrance gates of Seljuks had survived many years,( Orthodox Church in Urgup of 1860s show Seljuk type enterance gates and someornaments after more than 500 years. (pic-urgup-church) Arches, vaults, survive asreminders of slamic architecture, intricate ornamentation of Ottoman architecture alsosurvives in mosques. If one look into the details of the past buildings, one can easilyconclude that, post modernist historicism is not new but an old current as an architecturalstyle.

d) Available natural materialsThere is no doubt that available natural materials once effected the settlements, so that wehad marble columns of Ephesus, stone columns of Egypt and wooden posts of ancientJapan.

2. Technological level and available new materials

a) Level of industrializationWether in the bronze age or in the internet age, where the society stands, reveal its effect onbuilding types and their internal organization. In the last century, textiles for example wereproduced in small workshops which were usually located under the dwellings. So there wereno specified areas within the cities or towns, but today there are very few hand looms withinthe country, and since, almost all of the textiles are sewn in factories today we needindustrial districts, and with the transport problem created we need undergrounds wideavenues etc..

b) Available building materials and available building techniques

Known building techniques depends on available building materials. And available buildingtechniques depend on the available materials and known way of using them in constructionindustry. New high rise apartments are the result of technological development in steel andconcrete. Thus, accumulation of population have become a possibility therefore urbantexture urban land use with the increase in sizes of lots, and definitely urban transportsystems, directly effected,.

c) Character of workforce of building industryKnowledge of building is transfered through either by education or through practice as in therelation of master and apprentice. The quality of knowledge and how it is transfered througheffects the quality of the final product. It is very difficult to have buildings with high standardsin remote areas where this was not that important with naturally available materials incontrast with todays materials which need precision.

d) Socially accepted building standardsIt is accepted that, building standards are the subject of codes and regulations, but socialvalues regarding tolerances, therefore, socially accepted standards, show their effect on thefinal quality of the object. Precision seems a technical value, but how precise it should bedepends on the social values of the citizens.

3. Intangible Constituents:a) Economic structure and level

What are the economic activities, how these activities take place on urban layout, landuse,and type of economic activities and their proportions within the overall added value definesthe economic character of the cities.Accumulation of wealth within the hands of certaingroups, level of wealth of the City within the country and general characteristics ofdistribution of wealth, all effect this identity as well. Istanbuls rocks and soil is made of goldsaying, is translation of economic level of Istanbul which also made Anatolian small town


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citizens to migrate Istanbul in bulks, beside other reasons.( Gecekondu)4Once cities areknown what they produce, like pastrami city Kayseri, silk city Bursa. And silicon valley of LosAngeles.

b) Political structure and policy of the local governments and municipalityi. Type of government: One of the most important factors today which

make our cities as they are. Strong governments have big and prestigious buildings to showof their power, as in Hitlers Germany and SSCB. White House having the Palladian stylealso may try to give of a power of classizm, show they have strong roots. therefore eternalpower

ii. .Laws and regulations : Governments and policies make the law andthus regulations, codes and standards. These are difficult to change and we can see theeffect of previous political power and with the attitude of todays governments we may predictthe future by the new laws assigned, in terms of land uses, urban fabric, transport network,and buildings appearances.

iii. Budget of local governments or municipalities.Central governments with the aid of laws and other legislative aspects directly allocate someamount of central budget or give authority to the municipal level government to rais its own

budget., thus give municipality to invest on new or renewal of urban infrastructure, urbanservices and development of urban systems. quality of the city. Investment on new or oldurban transport means, new or renewal of urban infrastructure, new or renewal of urbanservices and facilities may sustain or restructure our cities.

c) Social structure ; Socio-cultural characteri. Family structure and family types

Social structure usually depends on the economic relations and economic strata take intoplace according to distribution of wealth. As in the rich neighborhoods of Hollywood and orbelief systems would not be same with the areas of Indias where cast system continues..Sometimes socially accepted values may change its reflection on urban texture like oldTurkish cities. Big families were living together as three generation within the same house.,

as in the example of Ankara citadel houses. Since the family structure is changed, thesebuildings now is divided into small dwelling units to provide space for more than one nucleusfamilies. ( Ankara research area plan)Size of the families, life styles and available technological means used in the household, alleffect the size and form of the dwellings therefore urban texture. Again the courtyards of theAnkara houses similar to many traditional Turkish house types were handling cooking,washing the clothes and drying and family and close neighbors gathering.. Solidarity amonggroups of families, kinship and others once reflected their reflection on our cities a lot.

ii. Ethnicity or cosmopolitan character of the societySocial groups of different national or religious backgrounds usually allocated at differentquarters of the cities and their cultural background and values show their reflection onbuilding plans and elevations of the buildings and on urban fabric as ethnic districts as in the

Ayvalk houses. ( Gonul, 2001)1 Old Ayvalk Rum districts and their housing character wasdifferent though they were effected by regional architectural style as well. On the otherhand, in none of the Turkish cities there were Kurdish districts, the reason probably beingthat, there was and is no discrimination at all, from both sides, or there is no culturaldistinction from either inhabitants of the settlements.

iii. Level of education of the societyBehavior of culturally educated people of society give their environment a style, namely theytry to give distinctive character to their buildings and kind of stylistic similarity to show theiridentity. ( Beysukent houses) One can understand the cultural values of people byexamining their environs; how do they cultivate their gardens, or how they hang their washedclothes on streets, taking care of the immediate environs, were giving these districts theircharacter.. Consideration of the borders of their environment is another cultural

1


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acceptances. Feeling of belonging to a certain place is a socio-cultural necessity, but takingcare of it, taking its responsibility is another thing and our city environs are effected from thisbehavior a lot We cannot see these differences anymore in our new environs, since, most ofthe families live together in apartment blocks, and there is almost no room for them to showtheir identity. Probably because of that nowadays in Ankara there is social segregation in away that similar cultural background families prefer to live in the similar districts. How itstarts, wether the city planning principle guide people in a way, or some other social reasonstrigger these incidences is a broad subject of research, but one can see the culturaldifferences of these districts by only wandering around streets.

d) Social values and belief systemsSocial values especially the religious belief systems effect the human behavior a lot, evenone might say the major factor which show its reflection on our built environment Fengshuiof Chinese may result in different orientation in and of building, thus layouts; and seclusion ofwomen in slamic societies ended up with kafes mashrabia, (wooden perforated elementsused in front of windows). High privacy considerations result in curtains of various sorts. Alsosocial behaviors like, waiting everything from authorities and doing nothing for their environsor doing everything as much as possible; taking the responsibility and warning authorities

and doing the rest by themselves are three different kind of approaches of citizens, if not all.So social behavior of the neighbors, and others and, positive or negative reaction toauthorities, reflect the behavior of the groups and show its reflection as a total social valuesystems towards their environs. Territoriality (Mehrabian, 1976; 108)

e) Written and visual mediaOne of the most effecting factors of today must be media, especially televisions. Theenvironments praised on TV.s, encourage people to have similar life style, which may resultin alien environment to the society. Having a dog within the boundary of the house is new inTurkey and encouraged through media, which is against basic Islamic belief of cleanness,and since the culture of having a dog is not settled, created problems resulted in conflictsamong people living in the same environment.

4. Impacts of other cultures and societies, international contacts

Other cultures and contact with them effected the built environment in the past, historiansalways try to find links between different cultures and their way of influence and try to find ofproofs for that. As claiming the effect of Egyptian column development on columns ofHellenistic style found in western Anatolia, or pottery ornaments found on Roman potteriesare accepted the Egyptian influence through trade among these ancient cultures. Wars wereother factors of influencing, especially for the development of technology thus other aftereffects of technological change. The way of influence is never one sided in the past, thoughthe powerful ones were dominating. In todays society international relations of all sortsaffect our life styles, our tastes and our life styles. That is what we call globalization ofsocieties, and the difference among countries, once were very strong are fadeing away.Their impact on our lives are tremendous, so much that, probably in the near future we canhardly mention the national or regional character. The following are the main factors of

change in societies in terms of interaction.a) Wars, terrorist actsb) International economic affairsc) International educational affairs and contactsd) Recent changes affecting todays society

i. Information Age1. Telephones- cell phones and other communication means2. Computer technology3. Internet as an interaction and source of information4. Satellites GIS technology, are important for technological

infrastructure of above as well as controlling device of thepowerful

ii. Tourism


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2. Common Problems Of Turkish Cities :

Historical heritage and old identity: If we try to characterize the Anatolian cities of the 19th

century, which might have similarity with other Balkan cities, were centralized aroundmarket and bazaar area with djami or church next to it, and one or two storey houses

forming narrow streets and where in ground floors there were shops, workshops,whenever there was a necessity., These cities usually did not have industrial districtsrather small artisan shops scattered around the city. This urban fabric was not suitable forthe developments of the modern era, automobiles, high rise buildings, therefore, abovementioned urban identity components changed either by physical exertion or by thepressure of social, cultural and economical factors which have changed in time. OldAnkara and old zmir have converted into a different, totally new characters.

Physical damage done by 1st world war and terrorist acts in recent years: Some citieslike, zmir, Manisa, Gaziantep and others, had been destroyed and burnt just after 1st

World War, this damage was so big that very few vernacular examples survive, from theprevious centuries. And the terrorist acts, especially in southeastern part of Turkey

effected the rural settlements, and thus the sizes of towns and big cities, where thesecities became big villages in terms of social definition. Government and private sector takeinto several actions to develop the area as it should be and the government investmentsallocated for that purpose effected in less investment allocation of other cities.

Recent earthquakes: Turkey is on an earthquake region, we always have earthquakesbut the recent one in zmit and Adapazar area resulted in severe changes in those areas.In Duzce, Golyaka for instance all civic center and most of the houses were demolished.Not only the physical urban layout and character but also the social structure is effected.Most of the citizens migrate to other cities.

Rapid urbanization: After Republican Period, Ankarabecame the capital of Turkey and thepopulation has changed from 10 thousand to 3,5 million within less than 80 years. Manycities like Istanbul, Izmir and Bursa got more than 10-30 times bigger in size. This rapidurbanization was not backed up with industrialization thus the reflection exposes assquatter housing and unurbanized citizens who carry on their rural habits and values.After 1950s industrialization of agriculture had started with the introduction of tractorsthrough American aids, since then, in contrast with the previous period rapid migration tocities had begun.

Between Feb.1, 1985-1990, migration rate, migration to towards inside, towards exterior, net migration,and migration rate.Population Turkey Central Anatolia AnkaraMigration towards the city 4 065 173 671 609 326 301Percentage within the totalmigration 1000 165 80Percentage in 1990 population (o/oo ) 80 75 111Towards outside the city 4 065 173 821 715 256 790Percentage within the totalmigration 1 000 202 63Percentage in 1990 population 80 92 87Net migration (1) - -150 106 69 511Net migration speed o/oo (2) - -17 24

FIG. 2. Migration towards citiesIn the total numbers for Turkey, migration towards inside and outside is equal.Depends on the population census of 1990( Greater Ankara Municipality, ANKARA, Publication of Ankara Municipality,1994)


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Effect of rapid industrialization: Turkey had not completed industrialization duringthe Ottoman reign. Starting from 1920s an increase had been observed and governmentinstitutions started with great efforts as Sumerbank in textiles, Sugar factories, Cementfactories are all government establishments, since capitalization was not achieved. Small

06. ANKARA1.9 Population distribution according to economic affairs, 1990 (1)

Active working population Turkey-total Central Anatolia ANKARA

Total 23 381 893 3 871 817 1 103 325

.....Agriculture, forestry, fishing 12 547 796 (53.6%) 1 954 586 (50.4%) 200 191 (18.1%

.....Mining and aggregate mining 130 823 18 320 4 792

.....Production industry 2 781 717 (11%) 395 498 (10%) 142 966 (12%)

Electricity, gas and water 80 324 19 284 9888

.....Construction 1 184 242 ( 5%) 203 689 (5%) 79 612 (7%)

.....Wholesale and retail trade, restaurants and hotel industry 1 854 306 288 385 132 700

.....Transportation, communication and storage 775 427 144 958 61 991

Financial institutions, insurance sector 541 742 121 253 86088.....Social and private services sector 3 344 033 (14 %) 711 215 (18%) 381 907 ( 35%)

.....Undefined affairs 141 483 14 629 3190

(1) Population above 12 years of age

Not. Facts do not cover unemployed people.FG.3. Working population distribution according to sectors 1990

The above table shows how Ankara is a little more industrialized than total Turkey andCentral Anatolian towns, but at the same time how services sector is more than twice inAnkara, depending on the governmental institution, being as a capital of Turkey.

industry has begun to emerge and small and medium size industrial districts have beenestablished around the cities especially after 1950s. After 1950s industrialization ofagriculture had started with the introduction of tractors through American aids,since then,in contrast with the previous period rapid migration to cities had begun.

Increase of Environmental Pollution: Rapid urbanization and other factors writtenabove and below resulted in water, air and other types of environmental pollution.(Malatya, 1992)2

Technological developments of the 20th Century: These developments can be groupedinto five, which are capitalization which lead individualization of the citizens,technological developments in transport means-trains and automobiles;technological development in construction industry-possibility to construct high risebuildings; new materials, such as plastics, glass, aluminum etc.; and new life style

dictated by new technology; interactive world-globalization.These Problems Could Not Be Solved Because Of The Following Facts According TheAuthors Point Of View:

Loss of common values of public opinion:: In the past century citizens were living in theneighborhood and interaction was high among citizens, opposite to todays society,opinionized by mass media, which are ruled by the industry giants.

Low rate of GNP and GNIPC: Terminologically, Turkey and Turks are in the group of thirdworld countries. The income per capita never exceeded 3500 $. So it was very difficult tokeep and repair old buildings by inhabitants. And at the same time government has nofinancial capability to subsidize of all the upgrading of the environment; either by repairing

or by resolving the problems or providing healthy solutions.2


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Increase of criminal activities within the society: The crime rate especially in trafficaccidents, and bribery seem are the major problems. Especially the bribery causes thesocietys misbelieve in authorities, which results in social detoriation.

Lack of appropriate city planning goals: City planning efforts have begun since 30s whichincreased in pace in time, but the goals of the city planners has economical base ratherthan social and especially physical/aesthetical values. Thus the recent developmentsaccording to planned development also ruin the existing character of the cities as well.

Lack of appropriate laws and codes: The change was so rapid that there were no existingcodes and laws which were built up in centuries. Then there is always this question: whichto keep and how to keep?

Lack of public education: Educating the society starts from elementary level to highereducation and it must continue afterwards as well. Unfortunately in Turkey, creating publicconsciousness in saving the built and natural environment and value systems, are notsatisfactory. Neither organized education in schools nor enlightenment through media aresufficient because of the lack of commonly accepted and adopted goals and objectivesrelated to keep and develop our cities for the 21st century and onwards.

Lack of funds: Probably this is the most important constituent which effects the properdevelopment of cities. This is stated in almost all of the sites of municipalities, like,stanbul, zmir, Ankara and others and in Malatya book.

3. Character Of Change And Effect Of Education On Change To The BetterSide

No one claim the societies and their settlements are unchanged or should not change .If thedynamics of societies do not change abruptly, the environment would not change either. Wecan see some of these examples at the remote areas of countries, like villages of Anatolianremote areas even towns. Even in Ankara, citadel area and its life style had not beenchanged since recent times. (old Ankara picture, old Malatya).

C H A N G E

T I M

L IFE -S

TYL E

C HA N

G E

T

E

C

H

N

.

C

H

.

C 1

t 1 t 2 t 3

C 2

C 3

Fig. 4. Change of Technology, Life Style and Built Environment, and their adaptationin time

With the pressure of economical development and improvement in scientific knowledgetechnological changes are achieved. This change is fast and general lifestyle cannot catchthe change that fast and there is a gap between because of its nature. Change in human lifestyle follows the change in technology. more closely. Information technology has knownsince 1950s but now we can talk about information society. In the Fig.6 we can follow it


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graphically. The built environment is static and cannot follow up this rapid change because ofits physical character. Therefore the gap increases with the rapid development of technology.Above factors also increases the gap. Thus, to cope with the problems created, one of thetools we can use is education. Of course there are other means, like new laws, appropriatefunding from governments etc, but we will try to discuss will education be effective to controlsuch a chaotic environment.

C O N T I N U O U S A D A

R E N O V A T I O N

R E N O V A T I O N ( C A S

a

C H A N G E

T I M E

Fig. 5. Renovation is more difficult to adopt change because of the gap seen in a.

Analysis For ConclusionIn the table Fig.4, how can we educate people through which means and by these means of

education what can we teach, is analyzed. The table actually needs a keen study which maylast quite a long time. So one cannot consider it as a complete one, but rather a kind of a toolof beginning thoughts in this respect.Social behaviorists state that the human being learns through what he experiences and whathe sees as well. as the he learns through formal education. ( social learning) 5 When weanalyze what he experiences, we must state natural forces as well. Through natural forces,such as earthquakes and flood, like we experience in our Balkan cities, the citizens mightexperience distress and despair during these times, of course only a thorough researchwould show after affects of these natural traumaEducation within the family,. depends on the family structure and how strong the ties offamilies of that particular society. Most of the psychologists claim that the behavioral basicsstructured within the first 2-5 years of the childhood, therefore education in family holds great

impact on future of human being. Religious education starts with family education, thereforewe can consider it as an informal education, formal religious education continues in schoolsor in outside religious bodies.Formal education structured according to governmental and political decisions instead ofideal education principles as we see in the change of curricula change of high schools inTurkey. In USA structuring the society through formal education has started in the beginningof 1990s and develop continuously. ( Negp)6

Education through media is undoubtedly have great impact on our behavior, Consciosly orunconsciously we are putting in a format, having similar values which we do not haveoriginally in our culture, therefore with the aid of media a society can be socially educated ormanipulated,Laws and regulations and their results in terms of punishment or sanctions, arre taught

through above mentioned means as well.


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Social learning according to behaviorists, and social learner theorists, is just passive learningphenomena just by seeing it. If a governmental person behaves undependable citizen wouldfeel free to do the same thing. Through sample behavior masses can be effected positivelyor negatively. What we should teach is another problem in the table a set of titles are putforward. Through the education media impacting on these subjects a nation can be build inevery terms

.Fig 6: Factors Effecting The Behavior Of A Person As A citizen In Terms Of Various

Education Means

SUBJECTS

MEANS OFEDUCATION

Moralvalues

Socialvalues

Aestheticalvalues

Behavioralpatterns

Consciousness

historicalbackground

Conscio

usnessofnationality-

regionalism

Scientificknowledgeand

thinking

Technicalknowledge

Natural

forces

Climatic changes Topography Flora and fauna Earthquakes and other

natural disasters

Informa

l

education

Educationwithin the familyReligious education

Formal

education Elementary school

High school

University

Education

through

media

News papers andmagazinesTelevisions

Books

Lawsand

regulations Laws, rules, codes and

regulations

Degree or level of penaltiesagainst crimes

Socialbehaviorof

others

Behaviors of neighborsfriends and superiorsBehaviors of governmentaland administrativeauthoritiesBehaviors of security forces

Behaviors of jurisdictionauthorities

Degree of affect: 3 : high 2 : Medium 1 :fair0 : none -1 : fairly negative -2 : totally negative -


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Actors of the society and conflicting resistance:Actors of the society can be considered as citizens, nongovernmental social groups,municipality, government, political parties and groups, capital owners, landowners, andproducer groups, universities, legislature, juridical bodies These decisive actors of thesociety have certain powers in their hand and would never give up their power unless theyare convinced. Only with consensus among these actors, a solution can be achieved.Education of the society including all actors, who are acting on formation of our cities, shouldnot confined with regular scientific knowledge but must also cover social consciousness,human rights, non aggressive nationality or regionality, citizenship and other social values.Within the scope of this paper it is not claimed that education can solely solve the problem ofour cities but it seems that it is quite a part of it

Setting problems and putting them in order; goals and objectives and Strategicplanning; fund raise; public education; consensus on problems of different parties;consensus on taking appropriate and coordinated action to solve the problems in accordancewith strategic planning; action plan, creating legal base and action, and solidarity among

Balkan Cities which have similar problems and common efforts would be some of thesolutions and precautions to be taken.

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1 fghfghgh2 GOKHAN, C.B., Urban identity and effecting factors for the emergence of settlements are discussed in authorsvarious papers of the author, and also in Hugh.s, Rapaports, Ertrks, Ertons Ilgns and others related worksvMalatya Municipality; Malatya, from the point of city planning and municipal actions, Malatya,19933GOKHAN, C.B., Urban identity and effecting factors for the emergence of settlements are discussed in authorsvarious papers of the author, and also in Hugh.s, Rapaports, Ertrks, Ertons Ilgns and others related works4 ggggg5 Social behaviorists6 NEGP reports

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