Identification of Groundwater Potential Zone in Rural Sub … › Volume4 › Issue2 ›...

International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 4 Issue 2, Mar-Apr 2018

ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 578

Identification of Groundwater Potential Zone in

Rural Sub-watershed using RS and GIS Velayudha Das M

1 and Poongothai S

2

Research Scholar1 and Professor

2

Department of Civil Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608002

I. INTRODUCTION

Groundwater is a significant hidden popular natural resource of

water in many tropical countries [1]. Due to uneven distribution

of rainfall, the surface water resources are unevenly distributed

as well as increasing intensities of irrigation from surface water

resulted in increased emphasis on the development of ground

water resources, while the surface water is inadequate to meet

the demand for various purposes; groundwater is the only

alternate resource which will serve the purpose [2]. In hard rock

semi-arid terrain that occupies two third of India about 65% of

the country [3] groundwater is the largest fresh-water resource

and its use raised from 10-20 km3 for every prior year 1950 to

240-260 km3 by 2000 [4]. As a result, the groundwater potential

varies from place to place, sometimes within a few meters and

even within the same geological formation [5]. In the absence of

any planned groundwater withdrawal approach, many times

random drilling of bore wells results in failure. Further, this

indiscriminate exploitation has led to decrease in groundwater

potential, lowering of water level and deterioration in

groundwater quality. It is therefore necessary to develop a

sustainable groundwater management scheme to properly utilize

this vital resource, which in turn requires delineation of

groundwater potential zones. There are several methods such as

geological, hydro-geological, geophysical, remote sensing

techniques, etc., which are employed to delineate groundwater

potential zones. Remote sensing technique provides an

advantage of having access to large coverage, even in

inaccessible areas. Satellite pictures are widely being used for

groundwater exploration because of its ability to identify various

ground features, which may serve as an indicator of

groundwater’s presence. Geographical information system (GIS)

has become one of the leading tools in the field of groundwater

research, which helps in assessing, monitoring, and conserving

groundwater resources. Geology, geomorphology, lineaments,

soil, land use, drainage and slope all play an important role in

groundwater location [6]. Many researchers have come out with

procedures and techniques of generating the groundwater

potential zone maps by remote sensing, which helps in

surveying, checking, and rationing groundwater assets based on

groundwater controlling parameters using GIS [7-15]. The scope

of the study is to develop an action plan for the effective usage

of groundwater resource for agricultural and non agricultural

activities. The objective of this study is to identify groundwater

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Abstract: Groundwater is a dynamic and replenishment in natural resources, which support all environmental issues.

To understand groundwater prospects of an area, integration of different thematic layers is required. An attempt was

made to identify groundwater potential zones in the Muktha river (upper Manimuktha) sub-watershed (4C1A2e) of

Tamilnadu, India for effective usage of groundwater resource for agricultural and non-agricultural activities and for

sustainable groundwater management. Toposheet maps of SOI and IRS 1C satellite imageries are used for preparing

various thematic maps viz. geology, geomorphology, slope, land use/cover, lineament density, drainage density, soil

map, hydrologic soil groups and runoff. After transforming these thematic layers to raster format, assigned ranks and

weightage to the factors according to their influence of groundwater recharge. Based on the groundwater availability

a composite groundwater potential map has been generated as high, moderate, less and poor zones of covering

10.86%, 37.93%, 35.11% and 16.10% in the study area respectively. Agricultural oriented artificial groundwater

recharging methods are recommended to develop the poor and the less groundwater potential zones.

Keywords — Sub-watershed, Groundwater, Weighted overlay, Thematic maps, RS, GIS.

International Journal of Engineering

ISSN: 2395-1303

potential zones in the hard rock’s area of the Muktha river sub

watershed in Tamilnadu.

II. STUDY AREA

The present study area is Muktha river sub-

Manimuktha, 4CIA2e) of the Velar basin (Fig.1). It is a part of

Sankarapuram and Kallakurichi taluks of Villupuram district in

Tamilnadu, India. The study area extends between 78

78° 59’ 21.73” E and 11° 46’ 12.80’’- 11° 53’ 42.38’’ N with an

area of 251.151 km2. This rural sub-watershed falls in SOI

toposheets 58I/9 and 58I/13. The western part of the study area

is covered by a thick forest cover (85.761 km

almost plain terrain (165.390 km2). The Muktha river originates

in the western side of the Eastern Ghats hill range (Kalrayan

hill) and join in the Manimuktha dam. It is an ephemeral river

which is found almost to be dry throughout the year, excepting

the surface water flow for a few days in a year during rainy

season. Agriculture is the main economical activity of about

80% of the population. The main sources of water are tanks and

dug wells apart from rainfall. The average annual rainfall of the

study area is 1231.09mm during 1992-2017. The elevation

ranges from 130m to 987m above MSL with a gentle gradient

from west to east. The soil types are clay soil, red soil, alluvial

soil and red gravelly soil. A major part of the study area falls in

the agricultural activities, where sugarcane, paddy, and

groundnut are being cultivated and depends on groundwater for

their use. The area is mainly underlain by charnockite

depth of bore holes in the upper ranges of Manimuktha basin is

90-150 ft [16]. The depth of dug wells and the

15-20 m and 8-18 m respectively [17]. R

coupled with increase in groundwater exploitation results

declining of groundwater levels.

Fig.1 Index map of the study area

International Journal of Engineering and Techniques - Volume 4 Issue 2, Mar

1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org

potential zones in the hard rock’s area of the Muktha river sub-

-watershed (upper

, 4CIA2e) of the Velar basin (Fig.1). It is a part of

Sankarapuram and Kallakurichi taluks of Villupuram district in

Tamilnadu, India. The study area extends between 78°43’9.22’’-

53’ 42.38’’ N with an

watershed falls in SOI

toposheets 58I/9 and 58I/13. The western part of the study area

is covered by a thick forest cover (85.761 km2) and the rest is

). The Muktha river originates

de of the Eastern Ghats hill range (Kalrayan

hill) and join in the Manimuktha dam. It is an ephemeral river

which is found almost to be dry throughout the year, excepting

in a year during rainy

he main economical activity of about

The main sources of water are tanks and

dug wells apart from rainfall. The average annual rainfall of the

2017. The elevation

with a gentle gradient

from west to east. The soil types are clay soil, red soil, alluvial

A major part of the study area falls in

the agricultural activities, where sugarcane, paddy, and

nds on groundwater for

rnockite rock. The

depth of bore holes in the upper ranges of Manimuktha basin is

the water table range

Recurring drought

coupled with increase in groundwater exploitation results in

III. METHODOLOGY

A) Watershed Database:

In this study the following data are used (Fig.2)

• Base map of the study area (sub

SOI toposheets 58I/9 and 58I/13 (Source: IRS, Anna

University, Chennai).

• Remote sensing data (IRS 1C, LISS III) to study the land

use map of the year 2012 (Source: IRS, Anna University,

Chennai)

• Soil and Geology maps (Source: Geological Survey of

India)

• Hydrologic Soil Group and Runoff (Source: NRCS

method, Ministry of agriculture in India)

Various thematic maps (Geology, Geomorphology, Soil

Lineament, Land use/cover (LULC), Drainage, Slope, Runoff,

and Hydrologic Soil Group (HSG)) were converted into raster

format through GIS environment. The groundwater potential

zones were obtained by overlaying all these thematic maps in

terms of the weighted overlay method using the spatial analysis

tool in ArcGIS 10.5 software. During the weighted overlay

analysis, the ranking has been given for each individual

parameter and the weightage were assigned according to the

influence of the different parameters of each thematic map as

presented in the Table 1. It was validated throu

truthing.

Fig.2 Flow chart showing the methodology

B) Geology:

Occurrence of groundwater mainly depends by the underlined

rocks because the properties of porosity and permeability

variations by rocks to rocks. [18] pointed out that the type of

rock exposed to the surface significantly affects groundwater

recharge. A major portion of the study area is underlain by hard

rock (Archean group of rocks) of Charnockite and others are

Metaggabbro, Pyroxenite, Pyroxene granul

Hornblende-biotite gneiss (Fig.3).

Mar-Apr 2018

Page 579

In this study the following data are used (Fig.2)

study area (sub-watershed 4CIA2e) from

SOI toposheets 58I/9 and 58I/13 (Source: IRS, Anna

Remote sensing data (IRS 1C, LISS III) to study the land

use map of the year 2012 (Source: IRS, Anna University,

(Source: Geological Survey of

Hydrologic Soil Group and Runoff (Source: NRCS-CN

method, Ministry of agriculture in India)

Various thematic maps (Geology, Geomorphology, Soil,

, Land use/cover (LULC), Drainage, Slope, Runoff,

Soil Group (HSG)) were converted into raster

format through GIS environment. The groundwater potential

zones were obtained by overlaying all these thematic maps in

terms of the weighted overlay method using the spatial analysis

. During the weighted overlay

analysis, the ranking has been given for each individual

parameter and the weightage were assigned according to the

influence of the different parameters of each thematic map as

Table 1. It was validated through ground

Fig.2 Flow chart showing the methodology

Occurrence of groundwater mainly depends by the underlined

rocks because the properties of porosity and permeability

pointed out that the type of

rock exposed to the surface significantly affects groundwater

major portion of the study area is underlain by hard

rock (Archean group of rocks) of Charnockite and others are

Pyroxenite, Pyroxene granulite, Ultrabasic, and



Fig.3 Geology map of the study area

Gneiss is a moderate recharge and potential of groundwater

source compare to Charnockite rock type. In the hard rock area,

groundwater occurrence mainly depends on secondary porosity

caused by fracturing of the underlying rocks [19, 20].

C) Geomorphology:

Geomorphology exhibits various landforms and structural

features. Geomorphologic units are extremely helpful for

selecting groundwater potential zones and artificial recharge

sites.The denudation land forms in the study area are subdivided

into various geomorphic units such as Dome type residual hills,

Linear ridge/dyke, Inselberg, Valley floor, Ridge type structural

hills, Upper piedmont slope, Shallow buried pediment and

weathered, Moderately weathered buried pediment, Pediplain

canal command and Water body mask (Fig 4).

Fig.4 Geomorphology map of the study area

The hydro-geomorphic units such as pediplain canal command,

valley floor, and buried pediment are good sources of

groundwater where as structural hills, pediment zone and gullied

land are poor recharge zones. Considering their behavior with

respect to groundwater control, the different classes are given

suitable values, according to their importance relative to other

classes are described in the Table1. The good groundwater

prospective zones are along the pediplain, and weathered zones.

The major portion of the study area falls under moderately

weathered and shallow buried pediment zones.

D) Soil:

Soil plays an important role in encouraging or discouraging the

recharge of groundwater, determining the quality parameters of

groundwater and direct impact on agricultural development.

Study area mainly underlined by Alfisols, Entisols, Hillsols,

Reserve Forest, Inceptisols, and Vertisols (Fig.5). Based on the

water holding capacity, Vertisols soil has more favor for

groundwater recharge and potential zone.

E) Hydrologic Soil Group: The initial infiltration and transmission of surface water into an

aquifer system is a function of soil type and its texture. From the

soil texture map, the hydrologic soil groups A (sand or gravel),

B (moderately coarse to fine, C (moderately fine to fine) and D

(clay) are identified in the study area (Fig. 6). Soil group A is a

high infiltration rate and good recharging zone, whereas D is

very low infiltration soil group. Field checks in the identified

soil units were conducted and confirmed.

Fig.5 Soil map of the study area

Fig.6 Hydrologic soil group map of the study area



F) Drainage Density: Drainage pattern reflects the characteristic of surface as well as

subsurface hydrological formation.

Fig.7 Drainage density map of the study area

Most of the drainage originates from the charnockite hills in the

western part of the study area and the drainage pattern is

generally dendritic to sub-dendritic (Fig.7). The extraction and

analysis of the drainage network were prepared from

topographic maps, field data and satellite images [18].

Drainage density = LWS/AWS

where LWS = total length of streams in the sub-watershed and

AWS = area of the sub-watershed. Drainage density indicates

closeness of spacing of channels as well as the nature of surface

material. More the drainage density, higher would be runoff.

Hence, lesser the drainage density, the higher is the probability

of recharge or potential groundwater zone. So the higher weight

was given to the low drainage density regions.

G) Lineament Density:

Lineaments are formed due to the movement of the earth

intersects. It is considered as good occurrence of groundwater

potential zones. These are manifestation of linear features that

are identified from remote sensing data. The prominent

directions of these are NW– SE and NE–SW as shown in the

Fig.8.

Fig.8 Lineament density map of the study area

Those across in the high-drainage density and high-slope area or

in the area occupied by clay zones are of less significance as

there could be a high runoff along them and these may act as the

only conduit to transmit infiltrated rain water. In the hard rock

terrains, lineaments represent areas or zones of faulting and

fracturing resulting in increased secondary porosity and

permeability and are good indicators of groundwater [21,

22].The lineament density maps were prepared using the line

density tool in ArcGIS 10.5 software. Lineament-length density

is the total length of all recorded lineaments divided by the area

under study. Groundwater potential is high near lineament

intersection zones. Therefore, high lineament densities are more

favored for groundwater potential. The most significant value of

ranking was designated to highest lineament density interval.

H) Slope:

Slope determines the rate of infiltration and runoff of surface

water, the flat surface areas can hold and drain the water inside

Fig.9 Slope map of the study area

of the ground, which can increase the ground water recharge

whereas the steep slopes increase the runoff and erosion rate and

decrease the infiltration of surface water into the ground. The

hilly region indicates more runoff and no infiltration of

groundwater. The gradient of slope is one of the factors that

directly influence the infiltration of rainfall [23].The slope map

of the study area has been prepared by adopting the widely used

Wentworth’s average slope method. It varies from 0 to more

than 55%. Most of the study area occupies very flat terrain slope

category of 0-5%, except the upper part which is a hilly terrain

with slope more than 5%.The various slope classes and their

spatial distribution are shown in the Fig.9.The higher weight has

been assigned to gentle slope and lesser weight to higher slopes.

I) Land use/cover:

Land use/cover plays a significant role in the development of

groundwater resources. It controls many hydro-geological

processes in the water cycle. [24] estimated the difference in the

amount of groundwater recharge due to changes of land


ISSN: 2395-1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org 82

utilization and vegetation from changes in the groundwater

level..

Fig.10 Land use/cover map of the study area

Different land use/cover classes (Fig.10) were weighted based

on their water requirement. The water bodies were given the

highest weight. Agriculture fields had more ground water

potential zones because of regular irrigation and infiltration

consequently they have also given a higher rank. The current

fallow land is a land which was periodically left idle. Scrub land

is a land that is covered with small bushes and tree. The lowest

priority was given to scrub and waste lands as it lacks a

vegetation cover. Evergreen forest was weighted higher than

deciduous forest.

J) Runoff:

The non-dimensional Curve Number (CN,1-100) is derived

from the tables, chapter 7, SCS handbook, section 4 (1972) for

catchment characteristics, such as soil type, land use, hydrologic

condition, and antecedent soil moisture conditions (AMC).

Curve Number map of the micro-watersheds in the study area

was made by integrating HSG and LULC maps by using

ArcGIS 10.5 software [25]. The weighted CN for AMC II

condition of the micro-watersheds ranged from 59 to 89 (Fig.11

and 12).

Fig.11 Micro-watersheds wise Curve Number map of the study area

Fig.12 Runoff potential zone map of the study area

A high curve number means high runoff and low infiltration,

whereas a low curve number means little runoff and high

infiltration.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

All the thematic maps were converted into raster format and

superimposed by weighted overlay analysis method and

integration of them through GIS environment (Table 1).

Geology + Geomorphology + Soil + Hydrological soil group+

Drainage density+Lineament density+ Slope+ Land use/cover+

Runoff = Groundwater Potential

Based on the groundwater potentiality, all thematic layers were

quantitatively and qualitatively placed together and categorized

into high, moderate, less and poor. This high weight value

means that the factor significantly influences the groundwater

recharge and potential. Thus, the entire study area was divided

into four groundwater potential zones (Table 2 and Fig.13). The

study reveals that high potential zones cover an area of 27.271

km2 (10.86%) of the study area. The high groundwater potential

zones are found in plain areas due to the presence of highly

fractured and weathered rocks. Moderate potential zones occupy

95.256 km2 (37.93%) of the study area which are mostly in the

plain region. Less potential zones spread over an area of 88.172

km2 (35.11%) and fall in the hilly and plain regions. Poor

groundwater potential zones are confined to mostly hilly terrain

which acts as high runoff zone. It occupies an area of 40.452

km2 (16.10 %) of the study area. The poor prospective zones fall

under denuded hills and the region where more withdrawal of

groundwater takes place for agricultural purposes. It shows that

high potential zones occur within very low drainage density. So

the proper prediction is needed to maximize infiltration and

obstruction of water for groundwater recharge.



Fig.13 Groundwater Potential Zone map of the study area

Table 1 Rank and weightage of different parameters for groundwater potential zones

Criteria Classes Weightage Rank Groundwater Prospects

Geology

Charnockite, Metaggabbro, Pyroxenite,

Pyroxene granulite 18

1 Poor

Ultrabasic rocks 2 Less

Hornblende-biotite gneiss 3 Moderate

Geomorphology

Residual hills, Linear ridge, Inselberg, Valley

floor, Structural hills, Upper piedmont slope

13

1 Poor

Shallow buried pediment, weathered 2 Less

Moderate buried pediment, weathered 3 Moderate

Water body mask, Pediplain canal command 4 High

Soil

Hill soils

12

1 Poor

Inceptisols, Reserve Forest 2 Less

Alfisols, Entisols 3 Moderate

Vertisols 4 High

Hydrologic Soil Group

A

7

4 High

B 3 Moderate

C 2 Less

D 1 Poor

Drainage density

6.60-8.80

8

1 Poor

4.40-6.60 2 Less

2.20-4.40 3 Moderate

0.00-2.20 4 High

Lineament density

0.00-0.96

10

1 Poor

0.96-1.92 2 Less

1.92-2.88 3 Moderate

2.88-3.84 4 High

Slope in %

>15

14

1 Poor

10-15 2 Less

5-10 3 Moderate

0-5 4 High

Land use/cover

Scrub, Waste, Barren lands

8

1 Poor

Deciduous forest, Tree clad area 2 Less

Plantation, Fallow lands 3 Moderate

Water bodies, Agricultural lands 4 High

Runoff

<66 Poor runoff

10

4 High

66-70 Less runoff 3 Moderate

71-75 Moderate runoff 2 Less

>75 High runoff 1 Poor

. Table 2 Spatial Distribution of Groundwater Potential Zone



V. CONCLUSION

The study area falls in four groundwater potential zones

ranging from poor to high. In order to maintain the water

table condition in balance, and to restrict the surface

runoff going waste, various measures for artificial

groundwater recharge can be implemented in such zones.

Percolation pits, recharge basin, recharge wells, ridges

and furrows, check dams, gully control/stone wall

structures, contour bund, trenching and land flooding are

some of the agricultural oriented artificial

groundwater recharging methods, are recommended in

poor and less groundwater potential zones of the sub-

watershed after conducting proper hydro-geological

investigations and site suitability analysis. It is

recommended that it is necessary to harvest the rainfall

during monsoon season. The groundwater potential zone

map could be used for various purposes like irrigation,

drinking and to plan for sustainable groundwater

management, etc. It is concluded that the RS and GIS

techniques are very efficient and useful for the

identification of groundwater potential zones.

REFERENCES:

[1] P.Ramamoorthy, A.Arjun, K.Gobinath,

V.Senthilkumar and D.Sudhakar, “Geo-Spatial

analysis of Groundwater potential zone using Remote

Sensing and GIS techniques in Varahanadhi Sub

Basin, Tamilnadu”, International Journal of Science,

Engineering and Technology,Vol.2(4), pp.273-285,

2014.

[2] K.Subramanya, Engineering Hydrology, Third edition,

The McGraw-Hill Companies, New Delhi, 2008.

[3] A.K.Saraf and P.R.Choudhary,“Integrated remote

sensing and GIS for groundwater exploration and

identification of artificial recharge sites”, International

Journal Remote Sensing, Vol.19,pp1825-1841,1998.

[4] T.Shah, A.S.DebRoy, Qureshi and J.Wang.

“Sustaining Asia’s Groundwater Boom: An Overview

of Issues and Evidence”, Natural Resources Forum,

Vol. 27 (2), pp.130–140, 2003.,

[5] I.A.Dar, K.Sankar and M.A.Dar, “Deciphering

groundwater potential zones in hard rock terrain

using geospatial technology”, Environmental

Monitoring and Assessment, Vol.17(3), pp. 597- 610,

2010.

[6] P.K.Srivastava and A.K.Bhattacharya, “Groundwater

assessment through an integrated approach using

remote sensing, GIS and resistivity techniques: a case

study from a hard rock terrain”, International Journal

of Remote Sensing, Vol. 27 (20), pp.4599-4620, 2006.

[7] G.R.Senthil Kumar and K.Shankar, “Assessment of

Groundwater Potential Zones Using GIS”, Frontiers in

Geosciences, Vol. 2 (1), pp.1-10, 2014.

[8] I.M.Bahuguna, S.Nayak, V.Tamilarasan and J.Moses,

“Groundwater prospective zones in basaltic terrain

using remote sensing”, Journal of Indian Society of

Remote Sensing, Vol. 31 (2), pp.101-105, 2003.

[9] H.Vijith, “Groundwater Potential in the Hard Rock

Terrain of Western Ghats-a Case Study from

Kottayam District, Kerala Using Resource

Sat(IRS-P6) Data and GIS Techniques”, Journal of the

Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol. 35(2), pp.

171-179, 2007.

[10] R.S.Suja Rose and N.Krishnan, “Spatial Analysis

of Groundwater Potential Using Remote Sensing and

GIS in the Kanyakumari and Nambiyar Basins, India”,

Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol. 37,

pp. 681-692, 2009.

[11] G.N.Pradeep Kumar, P.Srinivas, K.Jaya Chandra

and S.P.Sujatha, “Delineation of Groundwater

Potential Zones Using Remote Sensing and GIS

Techniques: A Case Study of Kurmapalli Vagu

Basin in Andhra Pradesh,India”, International Journal

of Water Resources and Environmental

Engineering, Vol. 2 (3), pp. 70-78, 2010.

[12] M.Vasanthavigar, K.Srinivasamoorthy,

K.Vijayaragavan, S.Gopinath and S.Sarma,

“Groundwater Potential Zoning in

Thirumanimuttar Sub- Basin Tamilnadu, India-A GIS

and Remote Sensing Approach”, Geo-Spatial

Information Science, Vol. 14 (1), pp. 17-26, 2011

Groundwater Potential Area in km2 Area in %

High 27.271 10.86

Moderate 95.256 37.93

Less 88.172 35.11

Poor 40.452 16.10



[13] K.R.Preeja, S.Joseph, J.Thomas and H.Vijith,

“Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones of a

Tropical River Basin (Kerala, India) Using Remote

Sensing and GIS Techniques”, Journal of Indian

Society of Remote Sensing, Vol. 39 (1), pp. 83-94,

2011.

[12] M.Vasanthavigar, K.Srinivasamoorthy,

K.Vijayaragavan, S.Gopinath and S.Sarma,

“Groundwater Potential Zoning in

Thirumanimuttar Sub-Basin Tamilnadu, India-A GIS

and Remote Sensing Approach”, Geo-Spatial

Information Science, Vol. 14 (1), pp. 17-26, 2011.

[13] K.R.Preeja, S.Joseph, J.Thomas and H.Vijith,

“Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones of a

Tropical River Basin (Kerala, India) Using Remote

Sensing and GIS Techniques”, Journal of Indian

Society of Remote Sensing, Vol. 39 (1), pp. 83-94,

2011.

[14] S.Venkateswaran and R.Ayyandurai,

“Groundwater potential zoning in upper Gadilam river

basin Tamil Nadu”. Aquatic Procedia, Vol.4, pp.1275-

1282, 2015.

[15] M.Vijay Prabhu, S.Venkateswaran and R.Kannan,

“Identification of potential groundwater recharge

zones in Sarabanga subbasin, Tamil Nadu, using GIS-

based analytical hierarchical process (AHP)

technique”, Indian Journal of Applied Research, Vol.

6 (2), pp.355-360, 2016.

[16]S.Krishna Kumar, V.Rammohan, J.Dajkumar

Sahayam and M.Jeevanandam, “Assessment of

groundwater quality and hydro-geochemistry of

Manimuktha River basin, Tamil Nadu, India”,

Environmental Monitoring Assessment, Vol. 159,

pp.341-351, 2008.

[17] S.Venkateswaran and S.Deepa, “Evaluation of

groundwater quality for drinking purpose in part of

Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu”, Indian Journal

of Applied Research, Vol. 6 (2), pp.318-321, 2016.

[18] A.Shaban, M.Khawlie and C.Abdallah, “Use of

remote sensing and GIS to determine recharge

potential zones: the case of Occidental Lebanon”,

Hydrogeological Journal, Vol. 14, pp.433-443, 2006.

[19] Shivaji Govind Patil and Nitin Mahadeo Mohite,

“Identification of groundwater recharge potential

zones for a watershed using remote sensing and GIS”,

International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences,

Vol. 4 (3), pp.485-498, 2014.

[20] S.Chandra, V.A.Rao, N.S.Krishnamurthy, S.Dutta

and S.Ahmed, “Integrated studies for characterization

of lineaments used to locate groundwater potential

zones in a hard rock region of Karnataka, India”,

Hydro-geological Journal, Vol.14, pp.1042-1051,

2006.

[21] Y.Srinivasa Rao and D,K.Jugran, “Delineation of

groundwater potential zones and zones of groundwater

quality suitable for domestic purpose using remote

sensing and GIS”, Journal of Hydrological Sciences,

Vol.48 (5), pp.821- 833, 2003.

[22] P.K.Dinesh Kumar, G.Gopinath and P.Seralathan,

“Application of remote sensing and GIS for the

demarcation of groundwater potential zones of a river

basin in Kerala, southwest coast of India”,

International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 28 (24),

pp.5583-5601, 2007.

[23] S.Selvam and P.Sivasubramanian, “Groundwater

potential zone identification using geoelectrical

survey: a case study from Medak district, Andhra

Pradesh, India”, International Journal of Geomatics

and Geosciences, Vol.3 (1), pp.55-62, 2012.

[24] C.Leduc, G.Favreau and P.Schroeter, “Long-term

rise in a Sahelian water-table: the Continental

Terminal in south-west Niger”,Journal of Hydrology,

Vol.24(3), pp43-54, 2001.

[25] M.Velayudha Das and S.Poongothai,“Micro-level

Assessment of CN Based Runoff in an ungauged

Subwatershed of Tamilnadu, India”, International

Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering &

Research (IJRTER), Vol. 04(03), pp.297-310, 2018.

Identification of Groundwater Potential Zone in Rural Sub … › Volume4 › Issue2 ›...

Documents

Transcript of Identification of Groundwater Potential Zone in Rural Sub … › Volume4 › Issue2 ›...