ICT in China
Transcript of ICT in China
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Information and
Communication of China
Presented by: Nguyen Dinh Chien
Student ID: P0126557
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected] -
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Main content
BACKGROUND
OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMETON THE ICT INDUSTRY OF CHINA
COMPARE TO OTHER COUNTRY
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ICTIN CHINA AND TAIWAN
EDUCATION OF CHINA
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Main content
BACKGROUND
OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMETON THE ICT INDUSTRY OF CHINA
COMPARE TO OTHER COUNTRY
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ICTIN CHINA AND TAIWAN
EDUCATION OF CHINA
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BACKGROUND
The Peoples Republic of China is thelargest country in East Asia, with areaabout 9,640,821 million squarekilometres. The Chinas capital is Beijing. over twelty-two provinces
five autonomous regions,
four directly control municipalities and two mostly self-governing special
administrative regions are Hong Kong andMacau.
It is the most populous country with ao ulation about 1.3 billion.
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History of China (1)
Shang Dynasty 1766-1121 BC Zhou Dynasty 1122-211 BC
Qin Dynasty 200 BC
Han Dynasty 206 BC220 AD
The Kingdoms Periods 220-80; Jin dynasty265-420; Northern and Southern dynasty 304-589; Sui dynasty 581-617
Tang Dynasty 618-907
The Five dynasty and Ten dynasty (907-960)
Song Dynasty 960-1126
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History of China (2)
Yuan Dynasty 1279-1369 Ming Dynasty 1368-1644
Qing Dynasty 1644-1911
The Republic of China, founded in 1911
On 1 October 1949, Established the People'sRepublic of China in Beijing . The Kuomintangrelocated the ROC government to Taiwan,establishing its capital in Taipei.
Since 1949, the People's Republic of Chinaand the Republic of China (now widely knownas "Taiwan")
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History of China (3)
In 1971, the PRC gained admission to the UNand took the Chinese seat as a permanentmember of the U.N. Security Council. China isalso a member of numerous formal and
informal multilateral organizations, includingthe WTO, APEC, BRICS, the ShanghaiCooperation Organization, the BCIM and theG-20.
Since 1978, China has become the world'sfastest-growing major economy.
In 2011 and 2012, it is the world's second-largest economy, after the United States.
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Culture of China (1)
Since ancient times, Chinese culture has beenheavily influenced by Confucianism andconservative philosophies.
Chinese culture has long emphasized a sense
of deep history and a largely inward-lookingnational perspective.
A number of more authoritarian and rationalstrains of thought were also influential, with
Legalism being a prominent example. The first leaders of the People's Republic of
China sought to change some traditionalaspects of Chinese culture.
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Culture of China (2)
The Cultural Revolution of the 1960s, manyimportant aspects of traditional Chinesemorals and culture.
Today, the Chinese government has accepted
numerous elements of traditional Chineseculture as being integral to Chinese society.
Prior to the beginning of maritime Sino-European trade in the 16th century, medieval
China and the European West were linked bythe Silk Road, which was a key route ofcultural as well as economic exchange.
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Industrial development status (1)
From 1949 to 1959, China's technologicalrelied on the supports provided by the SovietUnion.
From 1960 to 1978, China was in the abyss of
political movements, economic stagnation,treachery, fractional fights, and ultimatelyhuman degradation.
From 1979 to 1999, after the Third Plenary of
the Eleventh Communist Party Congress atthe end of 1978, China's economic policy hasbecome pragmatic alongside with institutionalreforms and restoration.
The 1990s also witnessed a boom of China'sex ort of manufacturin oods.
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Industrial development status (2)
In 2005, Industry produced 53.7 percent of thePeople's Republic of Chinas gross domesticproduct (GDP).
China ranks second worldwide in industrial
output. It is expected to rank first sometime in2011.
China has become a preferred destination forthe relocation of global manufacturing
facilities. Overall industrial output has grown at an
average rate of more than 10 percent per year,having surpassed all other sectors in
economic growth and degree ofmodernization.
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Industrial development status (3)
GDP of Peoples Republic of China from 1952 to 2005
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Main content
BACKGROUND
OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMETON THE ICT INDUSTRY OF CHINA
COMPARE TO OTHER COUNTRY
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ICTIN CHINA AND TAIWAN
EDUCATION OF CHINA
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History of Science and
technology of China (1) The Four Great Inventions such as
papermaking, printing, the compass,and gunpowder contributed to theeconomic development in Asia and
Europe. Chinese activity started to decrease in
the fourteenth century. Chinese reformers began promoting
modern science and technology aspart of the Self-StrengtheningMovement.
After the Communist victory in 1949
science and technology research was
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History of Science and
technology of China (2) In 1976, Science and Technology (S&T)
was established as one of the FourModernizations.
In 1995, The State Council of the
People's Republic of China issued the"Decision on Accelerating S&TDevelopment".
State institutions joint ventures with
Chinese or foreign venture capital inorder for S&T developments.
The Chinese government has takenprompt action program as program 863,
973, 985 and 211.
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Information and Communication
of Technology in China. Since the late 1980s, China establishing
market economy, market demands in place ofcentralized planning were believed to be theonly driving force of ICT development in the
partys developmental theory. In 1984, theState Council put forth the DevelopmentStrategy for Our Countrys Electronics andInformation Industry.
In this part, we present four basic issues: The 863 program
Impo rt and export Hi-Tech
Character ist ics of ICT Development
Some companies o f China in ICT.
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The 863 program (1)
March 1986, the 863 Program wasproposed with state financing of around11 billion RMB and an output of around2000 patents (national and international).
Under the plan, about US $200 billionwas to be spent on information andcommunication technologies, of whichUS $150 billion was earmarked for
telecommunications. The following are some results of the
development of information andcommunication technology through the
863 program:
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The 863 program (2)
- The Shuguang and Legendsupercomputers have surpassed athreshold speed of a trillion times persecond. The Shuguang 4000A
supercomputer, with a speed of 11 trilliontimes per second, ranks the top tenamong the worlds top 500supercomputers.
- The building and development of thecore system software, computeroperating system, database system andthe high speed network system.
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The 863 program (3)
- The project computer farming underthe Program won the grand prize at aworld information summit sponsored bythe UN.
- China has also achieved an all-roundbreakthrough in superconductorapplications.
- Developed the application of artificial
intelligence and applications in areassuch as, machine translation, speech totext, information retrieval, Chinese textrecognition and human face detection
and recognition
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Import and export Hi-Tech
(1) The PRCs official statistics on high-tech
trade are divided into nine productcategories
Computers and telecommunications
Life science technologies Electronics
Computer-integrated manufacturing
Aerospace
optical-electronics
Biotechnology
materials, and others.
The high-tech category is comparable withthe US trade statistics on advanced
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The PRCs High-Tech Trade by Categories,2010
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Foreign-Invested Firms Contribution to thePRCs High-Tech Exports (%)
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Import and export Hi-Tech
(2) The large share and the surplus in the
Computers and Telecommunications categoryis consistent with the fact that the PRC ispositioned at the final stage of the ICT
production chain-assembly. In high-tech products, foreign-invested firms
have been playing an even more crucial role,dominating the PRCs high-tech exports.
In 2002, foreign-invested firms produced 79%and wholly-foreign-owned firms produced 55%of high-tech exports.
In 2004, the share of foreign-invested firms
grew to 86%; In 2006 the share of wholly
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Charac ter is t ics o f ICT
Development China fol lows w ishes to repeat thesuccess s tor ies o f Japan and theFour L itt le Tigers , i.e., Taiwan, HongKong, Singapo re and South Korea.
Internat ional Bus iness Environm ent Open-Door Industrial Policies
FDI Dom inance in ICT Produ ction and Expo rts
Indigenous Catch-up Process Am idst Global
Compet i t ion Select ive Impo rt Subs ti tut ing Measu res
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International Bus iness Environment
Chinas re-entry into global economy hastaken place in the context of unprecedentedconcentration of global business power: tradeliberalization, liberalization of capital flows,
deregulation of national financial systems,privatization
In 1998, the top 10 companies accounted for70% of the $334 billion global market in
computers and 86% of the $262 billion globalmarket in telecommunications.
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Open-Door Industrial Policies
In 1986, the Chinese government announcedthe Decision of Encouraging Foreigninvestments.
In the 1990s, the state cancelled most of its
tariff protections of indigenous ICTmanufacturers from foreign competitors. At theend of 1991, more than 2,600 foreign-investedenterprises were established
By 1997, utilized foreign capital made up 40%of the total industrial investment.
Between 1999 and 2002, the total industrialinvestment in the ICT sector by the government
and domestic enterprises was around $180
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FDI Dom inance in ICT Produc t ion and Expo rts
(1)
Competitiveness of indigenous firms, Chinasgrowing ICT exports have rather enriched andstrengthened foreign-invested firms.
The Chinese state used foreign direct
investment to jump-start the export-led ICTdevelopment. In particular, preferential tradepolicies have created an unequal play groundfor foreign and domestic players.
Since 1998, the rate of refunding taxes forexported commodities has been raised from6% to 15%, and 10 electronic and informationcommodities even enjoyed a 17% tax refund
rate.
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FDI Dom inance in ICT Product ion and Expo rts
(2) By 2005, a total of 6,480 foreign-invested ICT
enterprises were established, which made up 40.4%
of the total number of all ICT enterprises in China.
Domestic firms confronted these entry barriers, foreign-
invested enterprises would continue to be the majoragent of export-led industrial growth.
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Indigenous Catch-up Process Am idst Global
Competi t ion (1)
Between 1986 and 1994, the state providedsubsidies for domestic manufacturers insoftware, IC, computer..., and exemption of thevalued-added tax, deduction by half of the
income tax, retention of 10% of the salesincome for R&D funds, and exemption of importtariffs for crucial manufacturing equipments.
In the reform era, China transformed from
planned economy to market-orientedproduction, and to foster and strengthenmarket-oriented domestic firms. Besides, thestate also expected domestic firms to achieve
economies of scale by being the originale ui ment manufacturers for multinationals.
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Indigenous Catch-up Process Am idst Global
Competi t ion (2)
Chinas fledging domestic firms have beencompelled to enter global market competition,which shapes the modes of capitalaccumulation of indigenous firms. After
accumulating some production and businesscapacities, domestic firms use thecompetences they have already accumulated inOEM exports as a springboard to start their
brand names in the domestic market. Chinas low position of final product assembly
is largely defined by the global chain ofproduction controlled by multinationals. In the
domestic market, Chinese firms strive to makebreakthrou hs in consumer electronics
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Indigenous Catch-up Process Am idst Global
Competi t ion (3)
From 1990, the state no longer required importpermits and lowered tariffs for computerproducts.
In 1996, domestic PC producers initiated four
price wars, which won them a major marketshare.
On the demand side, apart from the relativelysmall size of affluent urban residents, the
majority of the Chinese population in thecountryside cannot afford ICT products.
On the supply side, the majority of domestic PCmanufacturers are only capable of semi knock-
down (SKD) or complete knock-down (CKD)
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Select ive Impo rt Substi tu t ing Measu res (1)
In the 1990s, the state heavily invested in aseries of Golden projects to expand domesticmarkets for computer and telecommunicationtechnology. These government-initiated projectsforcefully drove infrastructure construction and
technological updates. In 2002, the state passed the Government
Procurement Law, which decrees thatgovernment procurement should be confined to
indigenous products, services and projects. In 2006, as high as 50% of the servers
purchased by government and educationalinstitutions were still foreign brands.
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Select ive Impo rt Substi tu t ing Measu res (2)
China is also implementing the Go Outstrategy in the Global South and particularly isaiming to explore markets in Southern Asia,Eastern Asia, Africa and Latin America.
By 2003, several Chinese enterprises haveestablished manufacturing facilities, Chinese-controlled shareholding corporations, tradingfirms and R&D centers in developing countries.Developing and promoting indigenous
corporate power is an integral part of Chinasglobalization scheme.
In contrast to South Korea and Taiwan, Chinaintroduced foreign direct investment to jump
start export-led industrial growth in the early
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Select ive Impo rt Substi tu t ing Measu res (3)
More recent state interventions are meant toredress the vulnerable position domesticindustries have been placed.
Although China is facing the challenge ofpracticing catch-up efforts amidst dominanttransnational market forces, the process ofshaping Chinas ICT development is by nomeans complete.
Chinas unified and powerful state power andits potentially largest domestic market provideeffective leverage to invigorate progressiveindustrial policy.
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Some companies of China in
ICT
Founded in Beijing in 1984 andincorporated in Hong Kong in 1988
Tsinghua Holdings Company Limited of
Tsinghua University in Beijing
Headquartered in Beijing, Beyondsoftpossesses nationwide branches and
research centers. 2000, ChinaSoft International Limited is a
listed company in the Hong Kong Stock
Exchange Neusoft was founded by Northeastern
University in 1988
HiSoft was founded in 1996. In 2002, the
company established a Japan-based
subsidiary.
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Main content
BACKGROUND
OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMETON THE ICT INDUSTRY OF CHINA
COMPARE TO OTHER COUNTRY
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ICTIN CHINA AND TAIWAN
EDUCATION OF CHINA
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COMPARE TO OTHER COUNTRY (1)
Between 1998 and 2007, the volume ofimports from China toward Brazil grew atan "exorbitant" four digit rate (over2000%) with an average annual increase
of 46.60%. China is not the worlds factory as often
stressed, raising all kind of fears aboutpotential lost of industries, but rather the
worlds assembler. In January 2011, China Mobile, Japans
NTT Docomo and South Koreas KTstruck an alliance to exploit opportunities
in the mobile market in their home
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COMPARE TO OTHER COUNTRY (2)
Indian operator RelianceCommunications is set to secure US$1.93 billion of funding from the ChinaDevelopment Bank Corporation (CDBC).
The agreement also includes up to US$600 million towards the purchase ofequipment from Huawei and ZTE, on topof an existing US$ 750 million facility for
hardware and services from the Chinesevendors. This exemplifies the major roleof China.
During the last decade Brazil, India and
China went through majortransformations that ielded im ressive
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Emerging economies trade in ICT goods, 1997
(US$ million)
National
China
Brazil
Russia
India
South
Africa
ICT Exports
Communication equipment
2685
214
98
63
119
Computer equipment
7513
257
53
249
133
Electronic components
4922
174
153
112
33
Audio & Video equipment
7168
400
267
77
32
Other ICT goods
906
131
346
44
77
Total ICT exports
2453
1176
917
545
394
ICT Imports
Communication equipment
2453
2027
1492
280
1211
Computer equipment
3864
1516
373
637
1075
Electronic components
9664
2748
238
598
440
Audio & Video equipment
1989
987
321
103
358
Other ICT goods
1618
1217
907
378
433
Total ICT imports
19588
8495
3332
1997
3516
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Emerging economies trade in ICT goods, 2007
(US$ million)
National
China
Brazil
Russia
India
SouthAfrica
ICT Exports
Communication equipment
82035
2332
476
355
274
Computer equipment 144514 229 115 347 193
Electronic components
60841
245
385
692
191
Audio & Video equipment
59570
178
38
140
212
Other ICT goods
8608
397
666
344
271
Total ICT exports
355568
3380
1680
1877
1142
ICT Imports
Communication equipment
19618
3187
7035
8320
2785
Computer equipment
38066
2457
3971
4075
2221
Electronic components
173473
5404
1359
2291
790
Audio & Video equipment
12418
1146
4051
1436
939
Other ICT goods
11891
2122
2887
1968
972
Total ICT imports
255195
14315
19303
18091
7707
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COMPARE TO OTHER COUNTRY (3)
The regional trade seem to be now more tiltedtoward Latin America much to the detriment ofthe EU and the US.
Notwithstanding Chinas tremendous economic
success, about 208 million Chinese still livedbelow the international poverty line of US$1.25per day of consumption in 2005.
Overcoming the remaining rural poverty
required innovative approaches and continuedstrong support.
Rapid industrialization, population growth, andlax environmental oversight have caused many
environmental issues and large-scale pollutionin China.
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Main content
BACKGROUND
OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMETON THE ICT INDUSTRY OF CHINA
COMPARE TO OTHER COUNTRY
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ICTIN CHINA AND TAIWAN
EDUCATION OF CHINA
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ICT
IN CHINA AND TAIWAN (1)
Over the past 20 years, Taiwan has becomethe worlds fourth largest ICT hardwareproducer with more than 10 particular products.75% of PCs installed in the world with Windows
OS are produced by Taiwanese IT companies. Today, the entire production base has mostly
migrated to mainland China due to low cost inlabor and land factors.
The Taiwanese entrepreneurs are dominatingat least 75% of the ICT hardware productionvalue produced in the PRC. Taiwan is also thefourth largest semiconductor industry in the
world.
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ICT
IN CHINA AND TAIWAN (2)
Taipei-approved investments in China nearlytripled to $5.7 billion in the first half of 2010.
Taiwanese companies employ an estimated14.4 million workers on the Chinese mainland.
Foxconn employs an estimated 800,000workers in China compared with just 20,000 inTaiwan.
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. is
the world's largest contract chipmaker with a45% share of the market, according to theGartner Group.
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ICT
IN CHINA AND TAIWAN (3)
Some pundits call Taiwan'ssemiconductors its "silicon shield"against an attack from China, arguingthat the United States would move to
prevent any such strike to safeguardU.S. access to the precious chips. Taiwanese industry entered China in the
1980s to take advantage of the
inexpensive labor, land and constructioncosts there. Investment soared in the1990s as the demand for IT productsboomed around the world.
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ICT
IN CHINA AND TAIWAN (4)
Taiwanese companies have beenstronger than their Chinese counterpartsin hardware though less successful insoftware. Acer was the world's No. 2 PC
maker in the first half of 2010, whileLenovo ranked No. 4. Taiwan dominates the worldwide market
for portable computers through contract
manufacturers whose names are littleknown to the general public. However,China has been winning businessagainst Taiwan in the field of software
services.
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Main content
BACKGROUND
OVERVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMETON THE ICT INDUSTRY OF CHINA
COMPARE TO OTHER COUNTRY
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ICTIN CHINA AND TAIWAN
EDUCATION OF CHINA
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EDUCATION OF CHINA (1)
Many scholars believe the history of educationin China can be traced back at far as the 16thcentury BC. Confucianism probably is thebiggest influence in education of Chinathroughout the entire Chinese history. In Handynasty, a form of public education systemwas established.
Changes had been made throughoutthousands years of history, more Westerninfluence were bought in to the Chineseeducation system during the Qing dynasty.
From 1940, Scholars and government officialssuggested a major restructure of educationsystem, developing new areas such as foreign
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EDUCATION OF CHINA (2)
In 1985, the National Peoples Congresspromulgates the Compulsory Education Lawof the Peoples Republic of China, thusplacing basic education in the country on afirm legal basis.
Project 211 and Project 985 was born topromote the education and R&D of China'sscience and technology with the intent ofraising the research standards of high-leveluniversities and cultivating strategies for socio-economic development. During the first phaseof the project, from 1996 to 2000,approximately US$2.2 billion was distributed.
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EDUCATION OF CHINA (3)
211 Project schools take on the responsibility oftraining four-fifths of doctoral students, two-thirds of graduate students, half of studentsfrom abroad and one-third of undergraduates.They offer 85% of the state's key subjects, hold96 percent of the state's key laboratories, andutilize 70% of scientific research funding.
For International Student Assessment, 15-years-old students from Shanghai ranked firstin all of the three categories: mathematics,science, and reading in 2009.
n erna ona u en ssessmen
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n erna ona u en ssessmen2009 results for the top 10nationsRank Maths Sciences Reading
1. Shanghai, China 600 Shanghai, China 575 Shanghai, China 556
2. Singapore 562 Finland 554 South Korea 539
3. Hong Kong, China 555Hong
Kong, China549 Finland 536
4. South Korea 546 Singapore 542Hong
Kong, China533
5. Taiwan 543 Japan 539 Singapore 526
6. Finland 541 South Korea 538 Canada 524
7. Liechtenstein 536 New Zealand 532 New Zealand 521
8. Switzerland 534 Canada 529 Japan 520
9. Japan 529 Estonia 528 Australia 515
10.
Canada 527
Australia 527
Netherlands 508
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List of 9 universities
University
Location
Year
Founded
QS Rankings
2012/13
Fudan University Shanghai 1905 90
Harbin Institute of
TechnologyHarbin, Heilongjiang1920 401-450
Nanjing University
Nanjing, Jiangsu
1902
168
Peking University Beijing 1898 44
Shanghai Jiao Tong
UniversityShanghai 1896 125
Tsinghua University Beijing 1911 48
University of Science and
Technology of ChinaHefei, Anhui 1958 186
Xi'an Jiao Tong University Xi'an, Shaanxi 1896 361
Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, Zhejiang
1897
170
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EDUCATION OF CHINA (4)
Project 985 (98/5) is a project first announcedby CPC General secretary and ChinesePresident Jiang Zemin at the 100th anniversaryof Peking University on May 4, 1998 to promote
the development and reputation of the Chinesehigher education system.
The project involves both the national and localgovernments allocating large amounts of
funding to certain universities in order to buildnew research centers, improve facilities, holdinternational conferences, attract world-renowned faculty and visiting scholars, andhelp Chinese faculty attend conferencesabroad.
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EDUCATION OF CHINA (5)
When first announced in 1998, the projectfunding was made available to an elite group of9 universities.
By the end of the first phase of the project, 35
universities were sponsored. In the secondphase of the project, four more universities. Itwas announced in 2011 that the project will notadmit other universities (Table 5).
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REFERENCES (1)
[1]. Jean Paul Simon, The ICT Landscape in BRICSCountries: Brazil, India, China, European Union, 2011
[2]. The Ministry of Science and Technology People's
Republic of China, China Science and Technology
newsletter, 2004 [3]. Yang Yao, In Search of a Balance: Technological
Development in China, Beijing University, 2001
[4]. Yixue LI, Introduction of bioinformatics research and
service in China, Xinli Wu, The Potential for TechnologyEducation in People's Republic of China
[5]. YU HONG, Distinctive Characteristics of Chinas
Path of ICT Development: A Critical Analysis of Chinese
Developmental Strategies in Light of the Eastern Asian
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REFERENCES (2)
[6]. Yuqing Xing, The Peoples Republic of Chinas High-Tech Exports: Myth and Reality, Asian Development
Bank Institute, 2012
[7]. http://lazure2.wordpress.com/2010/09/02/be-aware-
of-mainland-china-and-taiwan-stronger-manufacturing-links-in-ict/
[8]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China
[9]. http://www.most.gov.cn/eng/index.htm
[10]. http://www.973.gov.cn/English/Index.aspx
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