IB DP2 Chemistry Option D: Medicines and Drugs What compounds are living organisms built from?
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Transcript of IB DP2 Chemistry Option D: Medicines and Drugs What compounds are living organisms built from?
IB DP2 ChemistryOption D:
Medicines and DrugsWhat compounds are living organisms built from?
Option D: Medicines and Drugs
D1 Pharmaceutical products (2 hours)D1.1 List the effects of medicines and drugs on the functioning of the bodyD1.2 Outline the stages involved in the research, development and testing of new pharmaceutical products.D.1.3 Describe the different methods of administering drugs.D.1.4 Discuss the terms therapeutic window, tolerance and side-effects.
D2 Antacids (1 hour)D.2.1 State and explain how excess acidity in the stomach can be reduced by the use of different bases.
D3 Analgesics (3 hours)D.3.1 Describe and explain the different ways that analgesics prevent pain.D.3.2 Describe the use of derivatives of salicylic acid as mild analgesics, and compare the advantages and disadvantages of using aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen).D.3.3 Compare the structures of morphine, codeine and diamorphine (heroin, a semi-synthetic opiate).D.3.4 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using morphine and its derivatives as strong analgesics.
D4 Depressants (3 hours)D.4.1 Describe the effects of depressants.
D.4.2 Discuss the social and physiological effects of the use and abuse of ethanol.D.4.3 Describe and explain the techniques used for the detection of ethanol in the breath, the blood and urine.D.4.4 Describe the synergistic effects of ethanol with other drugs.D.4.5 Identify other commonly used depressants and describe their structures.
D5 Stimulants (2.5 hours)D.5.1 List the physiological effects of stimulants.D5.2 Compare amphetamines and epinephrine (adrenaline).D.5.3 Discuss the short- and long-term effects of nicotine consumption.D.5.4 Describe the effects of caffeine and compare its structure with that of nicotine.
D6 Antibacterials (2 hours)D.6.1 Outline the historical development of penicillins.D.6.2 Explain how penicillins work and discuss the effects of modifying the side-chain.D.6.3 Discuss and explain the importance of patient compliance and the effect of penicillin overprescription.
D7 Antivirals (1.5 hours)D.7.1 State how viruses differ from bacteria.D.7.2 Describe the different ways in which antiviral drugs work.D.7.3 Discuss the difficulties associated with solving the AIDS problem.
D1 Pharmaceuticals
Therapeutic index therapeutic index = LD50
ED50
D2 Antacids
Digestion 2-4 litres stomach walls secrete
mucus, pepsinogen, HCl
3×10-2M>[H+] 3×10-3M indigestion from excess
acid causes of indigestion:
some drugs, some food, smoking, alcohol
Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion
Antacids are used to treat indigestion neutralize excess stomach acid, preventing
ulceration examples Al(OH)3, NaHCO3, CaCO3
Side effects of antacids magnesium compounds diarrhoea aluminium compounds constipation carbonates and hydrogencarbonates production
of CO2
antacids often combined with anti-foaming agents to prevent flatulence alginates to produce neutralizing layer on top of
stomach acid
D3 AnalgesicsCan drugs stop pain?
Analgesics relieve pain
at site of injury- eg aspirin prevents synthesis of enzyme prostaglandin synthase
in brain- eg morphine blocks receptor sites
Image: http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the-mind/human-brain/pain.htm
Aspirin (2-acetoxybenzoic acid) is made from salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic)
aspirin hydrolysed to salicylic acid in the small intestine
Images: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin
Aspirin mild pain relief (eg for arthritis and rheumatism) reduces blood clotting side effect: may cause bleeding in the lining of
the stomach allergy
Images: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin
Oil of wintergreen methyl salicylate used for topical pain relief to prevent
inflammation
Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_salicylate
Paracetamol mild pain relief fewer side effects than aspirin relatively narrow therapeutic window
Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol
Opiates group of strong analgesics for severe pain naturally occuring in opium poppy (morphine and
codeine)
Heroin produced by diesterification of morphine
Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin
(Codeine is a monoesterification)
Heroin produced by diesterification of morphine
Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin
D4 Stimulants
Stimulants: psychoactive drugs giving temporary higher alertness, wakefulness, or locomotion.
‘uppers’ functional opposite of depressants
Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant
Amphetamines (alpha‑methylphenethylamine) in the class of phenylethylamines sympathomimetic related to hormone adrenaline (norepinephrine) - ‘fight or
flight’ cause reuptake inhibition and release of dopamine,
norepinephrine, and serotonin used by military to treat narcolepsy in 1940s used as antidepressants and slimming pills in 50s and 60s
phenylethylamine
Amphetmaine short term effects increase in heart rate increase in breathing rate heightened alertness dilation of pupils decrease in appetite
Amphetamine side effects fatigue depression weight loss psychological problems
Methanphetamines
Alkaloid nitrogen-containing compounds of plant origin heterocyclic rings tertiary amine group examples morphine, codeine, cocaine, caffeine
and nicotine
Nicotine
sympathomimetic stimulant short term effects: increased
heart rate and blood pressure, reduction in urine output
long term effects: increased risk of heart disease and coronary thrombosis, peptic ulcers, cancer
Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine
Caffeine stimulant diuretic respiratory stimulant increases concentration and alertness sleeplessness
Primary, secondary and tertiary amines
Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amine
D5 Depressants
Depressants slow down the central nervous system lower mental activity calmness, reduced anxiety euphoria induce sleep loss of consciousness, coma and death in high doses synergistic effects examples: alcohol, opiates, barbituates,
benzodiazepines, cannaboids
D6 Antibacterials
D7 Antivirals
Links Biological molecules https://
www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/crash-course1/crash-course-biology/v/crash-course-biology-103
Zwitterion and gel electrophoresis https://www.khanacademy.org/science/mcat/biomolecules/amino-acids-and-proteins1/v/isoelectric-point-and-zwitterions