IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1.
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Transcript of IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution IB Biology Option D D3 Human Evolution 1.
IB BiologyOption D
D3 Human Evolution
IB BiologyOption D
D3 Human Evolution
1
D.3.1 Outline the method for dating rocks and fossils using radioisotopes, with reference to 14C and 40K.
• _____ is a naturally occurring isotope of carbon with a half life of ________ years.
• Constantly being made in the atmosphere when cosmic rays cause ________ to fuse with _________ nuclei and “kick out” protons
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D.3.1 Outline the method for dating rocks and fossils using radioisotopes, with reference to 14C and 40K.
• 14C production is in equilibrium with its decay to ____
• The 14C is incorporated in _____________ which is then taken up by _____. In the end all living things have the same ratio of 14C to 12C
• When an organism dies it no longer takes in 14C. So over time the ratio of ____________ changes. This is measurable and can be used to estimate age.
• The limit for accurate determination of age is about ____________
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• ____ is an isotope with a half life of ____________
• 40K decays to ____.
• When 40K is released from a volcano in _____, all of the argon gas is driven off. So brand new rocks effectively have a ratio 40K: 40Ar of _______
• Over time the lava may be weathered and eroded and incorporated into _____________________.
• The measured ratio of _________ can be used to date rocks ________________ years old with an accuracy of around __________ years
D.3.1 Outline the method for dating rocks and fossils using radioisotopes, with reference to 14C and 40K.
4
D.3.1 Outline the method for dating rocks and fossils using radioisotopes, with reference to 14C and 40K.
When to use which isotope?
•____________- K-40- For older samples, over 100,000 years old
•____________- C-14/C-13/C-12- For young samples, from 1000 to 100,000 years old- _____ C14 recent death; ______ C14, old!
5
D.3.2 Define half-life. Half-life = ______________________________________ _______________________________________
What is the half life for each of the isotopes represented by these curves? 6
____________ ______
______
D.3.2 Define half-life.
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D.3.4 Describe the major anatomical features that define humans as primates.
human
gibbongorilla
Grasping ______________ limbs
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________Vision
D.3.4 Describe the major anatomical features that define humans as primates.
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_________________leading to reduced olfaction
vs.
Squirrel
Doggie
Monkey
Human
D.3.4 Describe the major anatomical features that define humans as primates.
Monkey
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Generalized
_________
Human
Baboon
Gorilla
Moo Cown
D.3.4 Describe the major anatomical features that define humans as primates.
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Others:• Forelimbs able to ____________• ____________ allows wide range of arm movement (re. the above two points: if you have a gentle and patient pet dog, give it a rub on the tummy and then move it’s forelegs, they really only move in one plane)• ___________ reproduction
- long ____________- usually ______ offspring at a time
• _____________ – relative to body size• _____________ – more complex, more folds• Better _____________ – more of the photoreceptors have their own sensory neurons• ___________ dependency
D.3.4 Describe the major anatomical features that define humans as primates.
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• Modern primates are divided into two subgroups:1. Prosimii ( - meaning “
“): includes
• Modern primates are divided into two subgroups:
2.Anthropoidea ( ): includes
• Anthropoid primates arose at least 45 million years ago in Africa or Asia.
• Anthropoids have
.• Monkeys differ from apes by having
New World Old World
• Monkeys are divided into two groups:1. Monkeys
o Found in Central and South Americao o Some have (
)
New World Old World
2. monkeyso Found in tropical parts of Africa and Asia:o Most are arboreal though
(these are quadrupedal – walk on all fours)
o None have o
• Old World monkeys shared a common ancestor with the , group consisting of (
)• In addition to monkeys, the anthropoid suborder also includes
four genera of apes: Hylobates (gibbons), Pongo (orangutans), Gorilla (gorillas), and Pan (chimpanzees and bonobos)
• Modern apes ( ) are our
• Humans and have a common ape-like ancestor and share very similar DNA ( )
• Locomotion:o (gibbons and orangutans)
– movement through
o (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas) – have adapted to life on the ground – quadrupedal walking in which they fold their digits when moving
oBrachiation, Knuckle-walking, and the absence of a tail are thought to have been a preadaptation to bipedalism (walking on two legs)
approximate dates
distribution
Ardipithecus ramidus
5.8 mya – 4.4 mya
____________; similar to _____________
Australopithecus:
A. afarensis 4 mya – 2.5 mya
_________________; “Lucy”
A. africanus 3 mya - <2.5 mya
__________________
D.3.5 Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus including A. afarensis and A. africanus, and Homo including H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.
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D.3.5 Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of:
Homo:
H. habilis 2.4 mya – 1.6 mya
Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania), Kenya, Ethiopia, South Africa; simple _____________, fire, ______-dwelling
H. erectus 1.8 mya – 100,000 ya
________, India, ________, Indonesia, Africa
H. neandertha-lensis
200,000 – 30,000 ya
Europe, Western Asia; ____________ than modern human!
H. sapiens 140,000 – 70,000 ya
Africa, Europe, Asia; ______________; tool technology/weapons
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Ardipithecus ramidus• 5.8 – 4.4 Mya• Distribution: Ethiopia• Believed to be
• Most fossils of this species are teeth so it is difficult to be sure about physical features
• Probably similar to chimpanzees but canines were more hominid-like
• Possible
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/bigphotos/85209423.html
View fossils (Ardi revealed tab): http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/ardipithecus/handbook2/handbook2.html
Australopithecus afarensis
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
• 3.9 – 2.9 Mya• Climate changing. Antarctic
advance 5 Mya• Distribution: Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania • Cranial capacity: • Height: 1.07m
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Australopithecus afarensis
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
• (footprints 3.6 Mya old) /climber
• dental arcade but reduced canines
• Arboreal / terrestrial • Famous fossil “ ” was found in Ethiopia
in 1974 – about 40% complete fossil• A. afarensis possibly gave rise to both
Australopithecus africanus and other australopithecines
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Australopithecus africanus(Southern Ape of Africa)
• 3 – 2.25 Ma• ___________ of climate reduced rainfall• Further advance of _______________ 2.4 mya • Development of scrubland and savannah• ____________ cover retreats
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Australopithecus africanus(Southern Ape of Africa)
• Distribution: Southern and Eastern Africa• Cranial capacity: _______ cm3 (Chimp = 400cm3)• __________• 20 – 35 kg• _________ skull• _________ dental arcade• Longevity: __ years maximum• __________ of bone marrow/ brain cases
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Homo habilis - the handy man
• 2.4 -1.4 Mya • E. Africa• ; 1st hominid to have enough features to be placed in genus Homo• significant part of the diet• Cranial capacity: 600 – 800 cm3 (larger brain)• Height: 1.20 – 1.35m (small)• Simple fashioned tools –
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Homo erectus – the upright man• 1.8 to 0.5 Mya• 0.9 Ma beginning of the Pleistocene __________• Oscillations between ______ and ______ periods• Spread out of Africa (1.6Ma) throughout the
old world • are
examples of Asian H. erectus dated at 200,000 years ago
• Scavenging to ________• Use of a _____________
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Homo erectus – the upright man• Cranial capacity: ____________cm3
(H. sapiens = 1350 cm3)• Use of _______• Height 1.55 to 1.8m• Extended ____________• 1st molar at ___ years old (H. sapiens = 5.9y)• Greater ___________ 52 years• Speech? (______ says: yes; ________ says: no)• Improved tools: ____________
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Homo erectus
•H. erectus used more advanced tools (Archeulian tools), wore clothes, used fire, lived in caves or shelters, and hunted and scavenged for food
Homo erectus – the upright man• H. erectus fossils may actually represent two
species – • Some researchers suggest that H. ergaster was
an earlier African species, and H. erectus was a later eastern Asian offshoot
• These researchers believe that H. ergaster led to modern humans and H. erectus became an evolutionary dead end
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS31
Homo neanderthalensis (our distant cousins?!)
• 200 000 to 28 000 years ago• Europe, Middle East, into Central Asia • First discovered in • Evolved from __________ populations perhaps via
_______________________, then became extinct• Adapted to the ________ conditions of temperate zone• ____________may have warmed cold air
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• Cranial capacity: _____ cm3 (H. sapiens = 1350 cm3)
• ___________, long low skull• Height: 1.67m• _________ build• Improved sophisticated tools• Sometimes _______________• Made simple _____________• The existence of skeletons of the
demonstrates that they – indication of
Homo neanderthalensis (our distant cousins?!)
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Homo neanderthalensis(our distant cousins?!)
• Much debate exists about whether the Neanderthals are a
.• Many researchers believe that
between Neanderthals and modern humans indicate that
– Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapien
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS34
Homo neanderthalensis(our distant cousins?!)
• Disappearance of Neanderthals about 30,000 ya is not well understood
• Humans with more modern features coexisted with Neanderthals for tens of thousands of years
• Neanderthals may have interbred with modern humans, diluting their features beyond recognition– However, analysis of mitochondrial DNA from Neanderthal
bones seems to indicate that they were an evolutionary dead end
– Possible that more modern humans out competed them
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS35
Homo sapiens – Modern Human• From 200,000 years ago to present• Originating in _____________then went worldwide • Reached Europe about __________ years ago• _________ of the climate during the last glacial period
from about 50 000ya led to their predominance over other species (e.g. H. neanderthalensis)
• ____________• _________ environment• ________________ of species, farming
36
Homo sapiens – Modern Human• Cranial capacity: _______ cm3
(range 1000 to 2000 cm3) • _____ of the body’s energy consumption for _____
of body mass• __________• __________• Extensive tool kit including new materials (bone,
ivory, antler)• ____________ thought• 1st molar tooth ___ years old• Longevity ___ years
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•
• Cro-Magnon culture in France and Spain typifies the early H. sapiens
– and made of materials other than stone (bone, ivory, wood)
– Developed
– sophisticated tools and art indicate that they
Homo sapiens – Modern Human
**Skulls not to scale
Identify and label the following hominid skulls:
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Australopithecine Gorilla Homo erectus
Neanderthal Modern human
40
From the previous two slides you can see: •_______________ of the brain case•_______________ of the face•loss of _______________
You can’t really see it but the hole in the bottom of the skull where the spinal cord exits the brain (____________________) is further forward in modern humans. This distributes the weight of the head over the spine so that modern humans do not need huge necks muscles.
D.3.5 Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus including A. afarensis and A. africanus, and Homo including H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.
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D.3.5 Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus including A. afarensis and A. africanus, and Homo including H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.
43
Homo sapiens
Pan troglodytes(chimpanzee)
D.3.5 Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus including A. afarensis and A. africanus, and Homo including H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.
44
The jaw has developed from a ___ into a ___ shape. Teeth have generally ___________ in size. (Chimpanzee provided for comparison)
D.3.5 Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus including A. afarensis and A. africanus, and Homo including H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.
45
Human hands are adapted for ___________ and fine manipulation. In contrast gorillas have short fingers for _________________ and gibbons have elongated fingers and reduced thumbs for ________________.
D.3.5 Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus including A. afarensis and A. africanus, and Homo including H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.
46
Skeleton, locomotion and posture• Human knees aligned under the body’s ___________ __________ because femurs are angled __________.• Human legs _____________________ when walking.• Human spine has additional ________ to keep centres of mass of head and trunk aligned for bipedalism.• Big toe ______________ in humans, which allows for an arched foot.• Ratio legs:arms __________ for humans than other apes• Human pelvis ____________
D.3.5 Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus including A. afarensis and A. africanus, and Homo including H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.
47
_________, also called juvenilization or pedomorphism, is the retention, by adults in a species, of traits previously seen only in juveniles.
D.3.5 Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus including A. afarensis and A. africanus, and Homo including H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.
48
Some human characteristics thought to be a result of Neoteny:
•Lack of body hair•Small teeth and reduced numbers of teeth•Prolonged growth period•Long life span•Flat face and thin skull bones
D.3.5 Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus including A. afarensis and A. africanus, and Homo including H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens.
• Lactase production in adults• Epicanthic eye fold• Small nose• Longer trunk relative to arms and legs
49
D.3.6 State that, at various stages in hominid evolution, several species may have coexisted.
• Doesn’t necessarily mean they lived together/near each other...just means _______________________________
• A. afarensis & A. africanus~ 3mya
• A. africanus & H. habilis~2mya
• H. neanderthalensis, H. erectus, and H. sapiens~100,000 yrs ago
50
Did these species interact?• Very few Australopithecines,
for a million years so there was time for chance encounters
• There is evidence that (according to
IB!)• World population was only in the tens of thousands
and
1960 Up the ladder • The idea that one species
smoothly evolves from one into another is regarded today as an ___________________
• Unfortunately it is a very persistent view that continually resurfaces in cartoons
Public Domain Images
D.3.6 State that, at various stages in hominid evolution, several species may have coexisted.
Australopithecus
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens
52
1970 Branching out• The 1960s and 1970s
were a fertile period for _____________ in Africa
• The idea developed that ______________ __________________existed at the same time developed
Homo sapiens
Homo erectus
Homo habilis
Australopithecus africanus
A. robustus
A. boisei
Australopithecus afarensis “Lucy”
Added 1974
D.3.6 State that, at various stages in hominid evolution, several species may have coexisted.
53
1991 Changing statusAs more specimens were found a clearer idea developed of the relationships between them
Homo sapiens
Homo erectus
Homo habilis
A. africanusA. robustus
A. boisei
Australopithecus afarensis
D.3.6 State that, at various stages in hominid evolution, several species may have coexisted.
54
2001 From a tree to a bush
?
?
?
1 Ma
2 Ma
3 Ma
4 Ma
Homo sapiens
Homo erectus
Homo habilis
A. africanus
P. robustusParanthropus boisei
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus anemensis
Ardipithecus ramidus
P. aethiopicus
Homo rudolfensis
H. ergaster
H. heidelbergensis
Homo neanderthalensis
A. garhi?
??
D.3.6 State that, at various stages in hominid evolution, several species may have coexisted.
55
2003 DEEPER ROOTS
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
1 Ma
2 Ma
3 Ma
4 Ma
5 Ma
6 Ma
7 Ma
Homo sapiens
Homo erectus
Homo habilis
A. africanus
Paranthropus robustusParanthropus.
boisei
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus anemensis
Ardipithecus ramidus
P. aethiopicus
Homo rudolfensis
H. ergaster
H. heidelbergensis
Homo neanderthalensis
A. garhi
Orrorin tugensis
Gorilla gorilla
Sahelanthropus tchadensis“Toumai”
Pan trogolodites
56
D.3.7 Discuss the incompleteness of the fossil record and the resulting uncertainties about human evolution.
Reasons for the incompleteness of the fossil record: • fossils only form when buried under sediment before
_________________ occurs; • animal bodies are usually eaten by _______________,
decomposed by _________, or broken down chemically • of remains fossilized, most remain buried in
__________ / remain unfound; • Measurements imprecise b/c _________________ of
organisms at death (juvenile adult)
57
D.3.7 Discuss the incompleteness of the fossil record and the resulting uncertainties about human evolution.
Reasons for the incompleteness of the fossil record: • hominid fossils that have been found may or may not
be ____________________ of hominid history; • hominid fossils that have been found are usually
_________, and the remainder of the organism must be __________/ inferences may or may not be correct;
• only _____________of individuals fossilize, leaving many questions concerning the rest of the individual’s phenotype
58
Two opposing hypotheses exist about the origin of modern humans:
1. “ ” hypothesis – states that to
Europe and Asia, displacing the more primitive humans living there
2. “ ” hypothesis – states the
– each population evolved in its own distinctive way but occasionally met and interbred with other populations, thereby preventing complete reproductive isolation
The large gaps in the human evolution fossil record are consistent with __________________________________
The following four slides show how the gaps are filled over time with new discoveries. The graphs plot cranial size against the age of the fossil.
D.3.7 Discuss the incompleteness of the fossil record and the resulting uncertainties about human evolution.
61
1850 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_fossil
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1900 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_fossil
63
1950 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_fossil
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2002 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_fossil
65
D.3.8 Discuss the correlation between the change in diet and increase in brain size during hominid evolution.
The benefits of a bigger brain include:•More ___________________•Mastery of ______
• Cooking• Wamth• Protection
•Greater_____________________ (less reliance on instinct and better able to learn and pass on knowledge necessary to adapt to an environment)
66
The cost of having a big brain:•___________ gestation period•Years of development before young can __________________•Much more _________________ occurs post birth than for any other animal
D.3.8 Discuss the correlation between the change in diet and increase in brain size during hominid evolution.
67
In summary:
• Big brains are _______________________. The mother must take in lots of energy not only during pregnancy, but for a significant time after.
• Hominids needed to increase their __________________.
D.3.8 Discuss the correlation between the change in diet and increase in brain size during hominid evolution.
68
The solution to this energy crisis was to swap a diet of these:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/heydrienne/22080973/
D.3.8 Discuss the correlation between the change in diet and increase in brain size during hominid evolution.
69
For some chunks of this:
The increase in brain size observed in hominid fossils has been closely correlated with an ____________________________________
A bigger brain made ________ and _______ easier
D.3.8 Discuss the correlation between the change in diet and increase in brain size during hominid evolution.
70
D.3.9 Distinguish between genetic and cultural evolution.
Genetic evolution refers to the genetic changes that have occurred during the evolution of hominids. e.g. increased brain size, spine shape, position of knee
Cultural evolution is the changing of ideas held and actions carried out by societies and the transmission of these ideas through social learning from one generation to the next.e.g. the use of fire, agriculture, tools, weapons, religion, beliefs
71
D.3.9 Distinguish between genetic and cultural evolution.
• Genetic (e.g. increased brain size, spine shape, position of knee) __________, parent to child only Body ______________ # ______________ ________________
• Cultural (e.g. the use of fire, agriculture, tools, weapons, religion, beliefs) ______________________, passed on to many in the
group/family, generation to generation ___________, Art Customs/rituals _____________ 72
ComparisonGENETIC CULTURAL
The product of ____________________
The product of _________. the transmission of _________ behaviour characteristics
_____________ ___________
_____, not modified during the organism’s life time
_______ during the life time
Passed on through ___________ information
Passed on to ___ (family), social group, population, within a generation and between generations
________ change _______ change
D.3.9 Distinguish between genetic and cultural evolution.
73
Importance of Genetic and Cultural Evolution
One way to measure the culture of a people is to look at the quality and complexity of their artifacts (tools and artwork)
Species Example of Culture Tools Developed
Simple choppers, scrapers and flakes of rock
Hand axes, cleavers and picks
Large flakes of uniform size produced from a core then trimmed to the desired tool
•Delicate blades for knives, drills
•Other materials added (bone, antler, and ivory
•Some tools are ceremonial
• As brain size increased so did quality of tool-making• There is a connection between genetic and cultural
evolution• Genetic evolution probably occurred first because
need larger brain size to develop more sophisticated tools
• In the last 30,000 years, H. sapiens evolution has been largely cultural, not genetic
• Cro-Magnon man is physically the same as humans today
D.3.9 Distinguish between genetic and cultural evolution.
• Since the Upper Palaeolithic period (40,000 – 10, 000 years ago), human culture has developed exponentially
• Cultural evolution sometimes lags behind genetic evolution• Our current cranial capacity has existed for 140,000 years but
major cultural advances do not appear until 35,000 years ago• Cultural evolution has potential to revolutionize a human
population much more quickly than genetic evolution• H. sapiens has been able to evolve culturally far more than any
of our ancestors without any major genetic evolution
D.3.9 Distinguish between genetic and cultural evolution.