i

POLLUTION MONITORING AT SUNGAI SEMANTAN TRIBUTARIES USING

GEORAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

NORIKA BINTI KARIM

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Engineering (Civil)

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JUNE 2017

iii

DEDICATION

Dedicated to Allah S.W.T,

my beloved husband Amron Bin Sawat

and my lovely childrens,

Nur Alya Syahirah , Muhammad Alif Safwan, Muhammad Alif Syazani

Muhammad Alif Syazwi, Muhammad Alif Firdaus and Muhammad Alif Fateh

Thanks for your valuable sacrifice and love.

To my beloved parents,

Karim Bin Hassan – Norisah Binti Abd Hamid

Rubiah Binti Kardi.

Thanks for your support and always being there for me in happiness and sadness.

~~~~~ Love you all ~~~~~

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank Allah S.W.T for blessing me with excellent health and ability

during the process of completing my thesis. Special thanks to my supervisor Professor

Madya. Dr. Johan Bin Sohaili who have given me the opportunity to learn a great deal

knowledge, and guiding me towards fulfilling this achievement.

My gratitude is also extended to the staff in Jabatan Pengurusan Air Pahang Berhad

which gives guide during the laboratory analysis in Mempaga Water Treatment Plant,

Bentong. Thank you for the support and friendship showered upon me throughout the

experimental periods.

I would like to thank my master studies colleagues and staff at Geomatic of Civil

Engineering Department in Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah for their support.

Finally, I would like to thank my lovely husband Amron Bin Sawat for his

unconditional support and assistance in various occasions. All your kindness will not be

forgotten.

v

ABSTRACT

The availability of fresh water for human use has become a problem due to

climate change scenario. This study aims to assess the water quality patterns of

pollution concentrations in Sungai Semantan catchment using GIS. This spatial

pattern of each parameter was then analysed based on the Water Quality Index

(WQI) and National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) to determine the locations of

major pollutant sources that contribute to water quality depletion in the Sungai

Semantan catchment. The considerations of sampling were focused on land use data

that contributes to high potential impact to water quality. The water sampling was

collected from nine different locations of the Bentong region starting from Sungai

Bentong and Sungai Kelau to Sungai Semantan in the sunny and rainy seasons from

November 2016 to April 2017. The samples collected were then analysed for

different physicochemical parameters including pH, TSS, DO, BOD, COD, NH3-N,

turbidity, colour, iron and manganese to determine the spatial distribution of water

quality in the study area. Geo-statistical analysis and Geographical Information

System (GIS) were used to visualize the spatial pollution characteristics and identify

potential polluted risky regions. From the obtained results of the parameters

characteristics, it can be concluded that the water in Sungai Semantan is disturbed

due to the presence of BOD, COD, TSS, turbidity, colour, iron and manganese

concentrations. This parameter was exposed to various pollutants and seriously

exceeded the standard of Category III (refer Malaysia NWQS). However, based on

WQI, most of the parameters measured remained in Class II ranged from 85.12 to

90.11 (mean 88.13). In this study, the final representation of WQI has been done on

the GIS map to show the spatial variation of pollution levels in the entire Sungai

Semantan catchment. It is suggested that monitoring should be carried out

continuously for proper management of this river basin to ensure sustainability of the

water supply. WQI calculation formula should be reviewed by authorities to ensure

important water quality parameter is relevant to analysis.

vi

ABSTRAK

Perubahan iklim yang berlaku hari ini menjadi masalah utama kepada negara

terhadap kecukupan bekalan air kepada masyarakat sejagat. Kajian ini bertujuan

membuat penilaian kepada pencemaran corak kualiti air di kawasan tadahan di

Sungai Semantan menggunakan GIS. Corak spatial setiap parameter yang telah

dianalisis kemudian dikelaskan berdasarkan Indeks Kualiti Air (WQI) dan Piawaian

Kualiti Air Kebangsaan (NWQS) untuk menentukan parameter pencemaran air yang

utama menyebabkan mutu air di Sungai Semantan terjejas. Persampelan memberi

tumpuan kepada faktor guna tanah yang menyumbang kepada potensi yang tinggi

untuk memberi kesan kepada kualiti air. Persampelan diambil di 9 lokasi yang

berbeza bermula dari Sungai Bentong dan Sungai Kelau ke Sungai Semantan di

musim yang cerah dan hujan dari November 2016 hingga April 2017. Sampel

kemudian dianalisis menggunakan sepuluh parameter merangkumi ciri-ciri fizikal

dan kimia iaitu pH, TSS, DO, BOD, COD, NH3-N, kekeruhan, warna, besi dan

mangan untuk menentukan taburan spatial kualiti air di kawasan kajian. Analisis

statistik dan Sistem Maklumat Geografi (GIS) telah digunakan untuk

menggambarkan ciri-ciri dan potensi taburan pencemaran kawasan tercemar yang

berisiko tinggi. Hasil dari analisis, dapat disimpulkan air di Sungai Semantan

terganggu kerana kehadiran BOD, COD, TSS, kekeruhan, warna, besi dan mangan.

Parameter ini didedahkan dengan pelbagai pencemaran melebihi kelas Kategori III

merujuk kepada (NWQS). Walau bagaimanapun, WQI adalah berdasarkan parameter

yang diukur kekal di dalam kelas II antara 85.12 – 90.11 (min 88.13). Dalam kajian

ini, taburan WQI telah dilakukan menggunakan GIS menggunakan kaedah Kriging

untuk menunjukkan perubahan tahap pencemaran keseluruhan kawasan tadahan di

Sungai Semantan. Di harap pihak yang bertanggungjawab dapat menjalankan

pemantauan berterusan bagi memastikan lembangan sungai ini terus kekal bersih

bagi memastikan kemampanan bekalan berkekalan.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF APPENDICES xiv

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xv

1

INTRODUCTION

1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Problem of Statement 2

1.3 Background of Study 4

1.4 Aim and Objectives 5

1.5 Scope of Study 6

1.6 Significance of Study 6

2

LITERATURE REVIEW

7

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 Nonpoint Sources (NPS) 9

2.3 Point Sources 10

2.4 Water Quality Assessment 11

viii

2.4.1 Water Quality Index 12

2.4.2 WQI Formula and Calculation 15

2.5 Pollution Load 16

2.5.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand Load 17

2.5.2 Total Suspended Solids 18

2.5.3 Ammoniacal Nitrogen Load 20

2.5.4 Dissolve Oxygen 22

2.5.5 Chemical Oxygen Demand 23

2.5.6 Turbidity 23

2.5.7 Iron 24

2.5.8 Manganese 24

2.5.9 Colour 25

2.6 GIS Water Quality Information System 25

2.7 GIS Mapping Procedure 26

3

METHODOLOGY 28

3.1 Introduction 28

3.2 Research Frame Work 29

3.3 Site Description 30

3.4 Sampling Sites 32

3.5 Laboratory Analysis 34

3.6 Data Evaluation 35

3.6.1 Water Quality Parameter 36

3.6.2 Digital Elevation Model 36

3.6.3 Land Use 39

3.7 Model Development Using ArcGIS 40

3.8 Map Projection 41

3.8.1 Water Quality Interpolation 42

4

ANALYSIS DATA

45

4.1 Introduction 45

4.2 Water Quality Variation 45

4.2.1 Temperature 46

ix

4.2.2 pH 48

4.2.3 Dissolved Oxygen 50

4.2.4 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 52

4.2.5 Chemical Oxygen Demand 54

4.2.6 Ammoniacal Nitrogen 56

4.2.7 Total Suspended Solid 58

4.2.8 Turbidity 60

4.2.9 Colour 62

4.2.10 Iron 64

4.2.11 Manganese 66

4.3 Summary of Water Quality Parameter 69

4.4 Water Quality Index 70

4.4.1 Sub- Indexes of Water Quality

Parameters 70

4.4.2 Water Quality Index 71

4.5 General Discussion 75

4.5.1 The factor of pollution concentration 78

5

CONCLUSION 80

5.1 Introduction 80

5.2 Recommendations 82

5.3 Areas for Further Research 83

REFERENCES 85

Appendices A -B 89 -94

x

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1

National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) for

Malaysia 13

2.2 Water classes and uses according to WQI 13

2.3

Water Quality Classification Based On Water Quality 14

Index

2.4 Classification of Water Quality Index 14

2.5 DOE-WQI calculation formula 16

2.6 Particle Sizes Found in Water Treatment 18

3.1 The GPS Coordinates of the sampling stations. 33

3.2 Water Quality Parameters, Standard and Equipment 34

3.3 Type and Source of Data Used 35

3.4 Feature Class 42

4.1

Statistical summary of water quality parameter 69

properties on Sunny Season.

4.2 Statistical summary of water quality parameter properties on Rainy Season. 69

4.3 Sub-Indexes of water quality parameters for different water sampling stations. 71

4.4 Water quality status and WQI at sampling stations in

Sungai Semantan watershed 72

4.5 Statistical summary of water quality parameter properties on sunny season and rainy season 77

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Location of Bentung in Malaysia 8

2.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5 ) load in 2014. 17

2.3 Suspended Solids (SS) load in 2014 19

2.4 Example of organic and inorganic particles which

contribute to the suspended solid concentration 20

2.5 Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-) load in 2014 22

2.6 GIS Mapping procedure for Water Quality Data 27

3.1 A Flowchart to conduct a Study 29

3.2 Study Location 30

3.3 Sungai Kelau and Sungai Bentong which located near forest and built up land respectively 30

3.4 The pam house Pahang Selangor Raw Water Transfer

located in Sungai Semantan 31

3.5 Boundary Sungai Semantan Catchments 31

3.6 Location of Selected Station 32

3.7 Topography study area to produce DEM. 37

3.8 DEM from SRTM satellite 38

3.9 The DEM of Bentong and Temerloh 38

3.10 Land use Map of Study Area 39

3.11 Geostatistical Analyst using ArcGIS 10.1 Desktop 41

xii

3.12 Coordinates mapping using RSO in the real-world

coordinate 41

3.13 The table of Mean Water Quality Created in Excel 43

3.14 Location of water quality station 43

3.15 Location of river with station 43

3.16 Result of the Kriging process 44

3.17 Spatial distribution pattern of water quality 44 parameter

4.1 Temperature variation. A) Sunny Season B) Rainy Season 47

4.2 Temperature at sampling stations. A) Sungai

Bentong B) Sungai Kelau 47

4.3 Spatial Distribution of PH value. A) Sunny Season B) Rainy Season 49

4.4 Concentration of pH. A) Sungai Bentong B) Sungai Kelau 49

4.5 Spatial Distribution of DO value. A) Sunny Season B) Rainy Season 51

4.6 Concentration of DO. A) Sungai Bentong B) Sungai

Kelau 51

4.7 Spatial Distribution of BOD value. A) Sunny Season 53

B) Rainy Season 51

4.8 Concentration of BOD. A) Sungai Bentong B) Sungai Kelau 54

4.9 Spatial Distribution of COD value in Sunny Season 55

4.10 Concentration of COD. A) Sungai Bentong B) Sungai 56

Kelau 54

4.11

Spatial Distribution of NH3-N value. A) Sunny

Season B) Rainy Season 57

4.12 Concentration of Amoniacal Nitrogen at sampling 58

station A) Sungai Bentong B) Sungai Kelau

4.13 Spatial Distribution. A) Sunny Season B) Rainy Season 59

4.14 Concentration of Suspended Solid at sampling

stations. A) Sungai Bentong B) Sungai Kelau 60

4.15 Spatial Distribution of Turbidity value. A) Sunny

Season B) Rainy Season 61

xiii

4.16 Concentration of Turbidity. A) Sungai Bentong B) Sungai Kelau 62

4.17 Spatial Distribution of Colour value. A) Sunny Season B) Rainy Season 63

4.18 Concentration of Colour. A) Sungai Bentong

B) Sungai Kelau 64

4.19 Spatial Distribution of Iron value. A) Sunny Season 65

B) Rainy Season 63

4.20 Concentration of Iron. A) Sungai Bentong B) Sungai Kelau 64

4.21 Spatial Distribution of Manganese value. A) Sunny Season B) Rainy Season 67

4.22 Concentration of Manganese at sampling stations. A) Sungai Bentong B) Sungai Kelau 68

4.23 Concentration of water quality parameters at sampling stations 70

4.24 Spatial distribution of Water Quality Index

B) Sungai Kelau 73

4.25 WQI of designated locations along Sungai Semantan. A) Sungai Bentong B) Sungai Kelau 73

4.26 Land clearance for agriculture will increase turbidity, total suspended solid and colour in water. 76

4.27 Affected area in water treatment plant for water 76 supply

4.21 Spatial Distribution of Manganese value. A) Sunny Season B) Rainy Season 67

4.22 Concentration of Manganese at sampling stations. A) Sungai Bentong B) Sungai Kelau 68

4.23 Concentration of water quality parameters at sampling stations 70

4.24 Spatial distribution of Water Quality Index B) Sungai Kelau 73

4.25 WQI of designated locations along Sungai Semantan.

A) Sungai Bentong B) Sungai Kelau 73

4.26 Land clearance for agriculture will increase 76

4.27 Affected area in water treatment plant water supply

76

xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Sampling Station 90

B Water QualityParameter 91

xv

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand

COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand

DO - Dissolved Oxygen

TSS - Total Suspended Solid

NH3-N - Ammoniacal Nitrogen

Fe - Iron

TDS - Total Dissolved Solids

TH - Total Hardness

EC - Electrical Conductivity

Mn - Manganese

WQI - Water Quality Indexs

NWQS - National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia

GIS - Geografical Information System

DEM - Digital Elevation Model

GPS - Global Positioning System

% - Percentage

°C - Degree Celcius

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Water is one of the most important substances on humans life. All humans,

plants and animals must have water to survive. If there is no water in the world,

there would be no life cycle on earth. Besides drinking to survive, humans use water

for cooking, washing clothes, keeping houses and communities clean and keeping

plants alive in gardens and parks. Water is necessary for all living organisms. The

quality of water is getting progressively worse as a result of the pollution from

industrialisation, agriculture, mining, burning, land ownership and forestation. This

affects the health and socioeconomics of the region.

Malakootian et al. (2010) observed that the presence of colour in water

effects the consumer assurance toward the quality of drinking water. People

atheistically do not accept coloured and odour water. Water with high amount of

colour and odour is not suitable for clothes washing and dyeing, paper industry,

beverages production, dairies and other food products, the textile industry, as well as

plastic production.

Water quality monitoring gives an idea about the extent of deterioration

caused by this essential requirement. Water quality data is usually represented in

tables and graphs. As the number of sampling stations and parameters to be analysed

increases, the difficulty for analysing the data and interpretation of parameters that

affect water quality increases. The visual results for water quality monitoring helps

2

to give a clearer picture of the water quality for river water. This can be achieved by

using Geographic Information System (GIS).

GIS is applied in various fields such as agriculture, business, geography,

defence and intelligence, ecology and conservation, emergency management and

public safety, environmental management, forestry, health care, education, mining

and geosciences, oceanography, coastal zone, marine resources, remote sensing and

imagery, state and local government, telecommunications, transportation and water

distribution and resources. GIS can effectively be used for water quality

management. Spatially referenced data concerning water pollution can be employed,

stored and displayed using GIS. Overlaying techniques is a useful tool with digital

data layers.

Water quality analysis is important to understand the wealth of living

organisms and environmental conditions in water bodies. Nagalakshmi et al. (2016)

applied the ordinary Kriging interpolation method for surface analysis of water

quality parameter for analysing the dispersion patterns.

The spatial distribution of water pollutants and other water quality parameters

can be displayed effectively using GIS. This will helps authorities in taking effective

actions to monitor the water quality that can reduce water pollution.

1.2 Problem of Statement

Water pollution is a serious environmental problem to humans’ and animals’

health. Saher et al.(2012) has studied pollution monitoring along the Pahang river

basin and have been concluded that the most effective approach for water quality

protection in a watershed is to monitor the source of pollution and make

improvements and implementation plans to reduce or mitigate those critical sources.

The Pahang-Selangor Raw Water Transfer (PSWT) has now completely and fully

transferred water to the Selangor state.

3

This study will focus on the contribution of point and non-point sources of

pollution using upstream – downstream sampling sites. The PSWT station located at

Sungai Semantan collects water from Sungai Bentong (54.5km) and Sungai Kelau

(21km) that is expected to have a synergistic effect on the water quality of the river.

According to the New Straits Times, Oct 12, the Pahang Department of Environment

(DOE) is prepared to meet with the Selangor state government to discuss claims

about water pollution at Sungai Semantan, Bentong. The pollution contributes to the

closure of the Langat and Cheras water treatment plants. The water from Sungai

Semantan in Bentong transferred to the Langat and Cheras water treatment plants

(LRA) in Selangor is assumed to contain chemical and hazardous waste. The water

tunnel is being built as part of the PSWT project aimed to supply raw water from

Sungai Semantan to the states of Pahang, Selangor, Kuala Lumpur and Negeri

Sembilan. Water from the tunnel will be supplied using 858m long inlet conduit

structure and the pumping station located in the Pahang River Catchment. The outlet

structure in Selangor will transfer the water to the Langat and Cheras treatment plant.

The DOE has a monitoring programme that focuses on upstream and

downstream in the affected area. The focus is mainly on point source. Maimon and

Zainudin (2013) stated that rivers are mainly polluted due to the point and non-point

pollution sources. Point sources are monitored and controlled by the DOE, whereas

a significant amount of pollutants are contributed by both untreated sullage and

storm runoff.

However, because of the presence point and non-point sources of pollution in

the catchment area, the need to conduct an integrated assessment of the possible

impacts on the river water quality is justified. Therefore, using the development of

technologies, GIS modelling can be useful to analyse the data obtained.

Oke and Ogedengbe (2013) mentioned that GIS is actuality recognised as a

powerful tool to overcome the issues and manage the geographical information in a

universal method without losing the spatial historical variability which is often

critical in monitoring and decision making. Furthermore, Kadhem (2013) also has

used GIS in order to compare the water quality parameter and related information

4

collected from the Tigris River, displaying the distribution concentration of the river

in easily viewed maps.

1.3 Background of Study

According to a report from the Department of Environmental Malaysia

(DOE, 2015), the sources of water pollution can be considered into point and non-

point sources. Point sources are referred to as sources with discharges entering the

body of water at a specific location such as from pipes or outfalls. Point sources

include the discharges from industries, sewage treatment plants and animal farms.

Non-point sources are derived from diffuse sources that do not have a specific

discharge point; examples of which are from agricultural activities.

Furthermore, Gyrson et al. (2012) stated that water colour is the problem

faced by UK water companies which takes raw water from peatland catchments. A

water colour model has been developed using a combined GIS and Multicriteria

Evaluation approach. The model developed was then used to predict water colour

production potential based on key land management practices to control colour

production in UK upland catchments.

Based on research studies by Saher et al. (2012), the required datasets were

generated using remote sensing and GIS system integrated with field GPS surveys.

The representations of these datasets are an advanced method to ensure the data

quality and output results. The study was to find out the Pahang River pollution and

environmental threats by assessing and analysing different data layers of

topographical, geological, hydrological and land cover using GIS method.

Besides that, Othman et al. (2011) mentioned that computer models are used

extensively for the water-quality management of rivers and streams. These models

must usually be calibrated to adjust a large number of parameters to reach the

optimal agreement between model output and field measurements.

5

1.4 Aim and Objectives

The objective of this research is related to a set of aims or targets to be

achieved through the completion of the research. The main objective of the study

was to:-

i. To develop a map capable of predicting the patterns of pollution

concentrations of the Sungai Semantan catchment.

ii. To evaluate the variation different of water quality on the contribution of

point sources and non-point sources along the river for measuring

changes of water quality.

iii. To construct the water quality of Sungai Semantan based on Interim

National Water Quality Standard (INWQS) and Water Quality Indexes

(WQI).

1.5 Scope of Study

The scope of work covers the chemical and physical characteristics of water

quality using the National Water Quality Standard (NWQS) in Malaysia and WQI.

This study was focused on collecting data from the sampling point. Ten (10)

physical and chemical parameters were monitored to provide the baseline

information on the water quality status of the rivers in the Sungai Semantan

catchments.

The following are information about the data that shall be finalised:

i. Water Quality Data – pH, Dissolve Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen

Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended

Solids (TSS), Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N), Colour, Turbidity, Iron,

and Manganese were selected to be measured.

6

ii. Land use data such as forestation, agriculture, industrial and residential at

the catchment area were focused. The pollution from non-point sources

may include sediment and toxic contaminants.

1.6 Significance of Study

Today, there are many human activities that cause environmental damage and

deterioration of water quality in developing countries. Human activities such as

industrial, mining and agriculture can cause the degeneration of water quality at

water treatment plants. Therefore, the river should be restored from any

contamination before being treated at the water treatment plant. However, this study

was conducted to find out the main causes that lead to changes in the aesthetic value

of the water supply from PSWT. The current condition of water quality at Sungai

Semantan can be analysed and effective precaution steps should be taken.

GIS was used to generate the visual concentration sources of pollution that

lead to problems with consumer issues. All the data evaluated will use the data

collecting technology of Global Positioning System (GPS) that has been widely used

in GIS. Water quality analysis was conducted at the upstream of the river from

Sungai Bentong and Sungai Kelau. The data compiled to a map using Arc Gis 10.1.

The system allows the delimitation of the pollution patterns across the catchment

area.

This study would provide the responsible authorities with digital information

and permanent database that could provide a quick and cost-effective solution

assessment and mitigation of the future problem related to water quality. It is

important to identify the source of pollution to develop an implementation plan to

eliminate those critical sources. Besides that, this study aimed at employing this

technology in the environment and hope it can help the management in designing

new control structures to improve the water quality standard in Malaysia.

85

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