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INPUT DEVICES

Input Devices: devices that input information into the computer such as a keyboard, mouse, scanner, and digital camera.

OUTPUT DEVICES

Output: devices that output information from the computer such as a printer and monitor.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT CPU (Central Processing Unit) also called the

Microprocessor or “The Brain” of the Computer. Processor speed: The speed at which a

microprocessor executes instructions. This is usually measured in megahertz (MHz).

Brands of Processors include: PentiumCeleronMACAMD Cyrix

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

Computer chip: also called the microprocessor may contain an entire processing unit.

Computer chips contain millions of transistors. They are small pieces of semi-conducting material (silicon).

An integrated circuit is embedded in the silicon. Computers are made of many chips on a circuit board.

DATA STORAGE DEVICES The hard-drive is a mechanical

storage device typically located internally. Fast recording and recovery of data

Large storage capacityMagneticPrimary storage device for data and programs

Speed is measured in R.P.M.’s

DATA STORAGE DEVICES (CONT’D)

CD-ROM (compact disk read only memory) Approximately 600 to 700 megabyte of storage

An optical device read by a diode laser

SOFTWARE

Instructions and associated data, stored in electronic format, that direct the computer to accomplish a task.

System software helps the computer carry out its basic operating tasks. Operating systems Utilities

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

An Operating System (OS) is the master controller within a computer.EX: Windows, MacOS, DOS, UNIX, Linux

An operating system interacts with: All hardware installed in or connected to a

computer system. All software installed or running from a storage

device on a computer system.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

Microsoft Windows Most popular operating system. Supports a vast array of application software and

peripheral devices. MacOS

For Macintosh computers. Proprietary system. Does not have same functionality and support

for software and peripheral devices.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

Utilities Utilities augment functionality of operating

systems. Utilities includes device drivers and Troubleshooting capabilities.

Utilities provide file management capabilities such as copying, moving or renaming a file.

Norton Utilities includes an undelete function that can recover deleted files.

Symantec and McAfee Virus checkers add protection for all system and data files.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Graphics Creation and Manipulation Animation and 3D Graphics Video Editing Internet Connectivity Website Creation and Management Groupware Financial Management Educational Games and Tutorials

Feature of operating System

PROVIDING A USER INTERFACE

Graphical user interface (GUI) Most common interface

Windows, OS X, Gnome, KDE Uses a mouse to control objects Uses a desktop metaphor Shortcuts open programs or documents Open documents have additional objects Task switching Dialog boxes allow directed input

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

PROVIDING A USER INTERFACE

Command line interfaces Older interface

DOS, Linux, UNIX User types commands at a prompt User must remember all commands Included in all GUIs

COMMAND LINE INTERFACE

RUNNING PROGRAMS

Many different applications supported System call

Provides consistent access to OS features Share information between programs

Copy and paste Object Linking and Embedding

MANAGING HARDWARE

Programs need to access hardware Interrupts

CPU is stopped Hardware device is accessed

Device drivers control the hardware

ORGANIZING FILES AND FOLDERS

Organized storage Long file names Folders can be created and nested All storage devices work consistently

Features of Micro-Processor

MICROPROCESSOR GENERATIONS

First generation: 1971-78 Behind the power curve

(16-bit, <50k transistors) Second Generation: 1979-85

Becoming “real” computers (32-bit , >50k transistors)

Third Generation: 1985-89 Challenging the “establishment”

(Reduced Instruction Set Computer/RISC, >100k transistors)

Fourth Generation: 1990- Architectural and performance leadership

(64-bit, > 1M transistors, Intel/AMD translate into RISC internally)

IN THE BEGINNING (8-BIT) INTEL 4004

First general-purpose, single-chip microprocessor

Shipped in 1971 8-bit architecture, 4-bit

implementation 2,300 transistors Performance < 0.1 MIPS

(Million Instructions Per Sec) 8008: 8-bit implementation

in 1972 3,500 transistors First microprocessor-based

computer (Micral) Targeted at laboratory

instrumentation Mostly sold in Europe

All chip photos in this talk courtesy of Michael W. Davidson and The Florida State University

1ST GENERATION (16-BIT) INTEL 8086

Introduced in 1978 Performance < 0.5 MIPS

New 16-bit architecture “Assembly language”

compatible with 8080 29,000 transistors Includes memory

protection, support for Floating Point coprocessor

In 1981, IBM introduces PC Based on 8088--8-bit bus

version of 8086

2ND GENERATION (32-BIT) MOTOROLA 68000

Major architectural step in microprocessors: First 32-bit architecture

initial 16-bit implementation First flat 32-bit address

Support for paging General-purpose register

architecture Loosely based on PDP-11

minicomputer

First implementation in 1979 68,000 transistors < 1 MIPS (Million Instructions

Per Second) Used in

Apple Mac Sun , Silicon Graphics, & Apollo

workstations

3RD GENERATION: MIPS R2000

Several firsts: First (commercial) RISC

microprocessor First microprocessor to

provide integrated support for instruction & data cache

First pipelined microprocessor (sustains 1 instruction/clock)

Implemented in 1985 125,000 transistors 5-8 MIPS (Million

Instructions per Second)

4TH GENERATION (64 BIT) MIPS R4000

First 64-bit architecture Integrated caches

On-chip Support for off-chip, secondary

cache Integrated floating point Implemented in 1991:

Deep pipeline 1.4M transistors Initially 100MHz > 50 MIPS

Intel translates 80x86/ Pentium X instructions into RISC internally