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N0.2 STOCKADE, cox•s RIVER

D. Bairstow

.for

Sue Rosen MA and Pacific Power

HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY

ASSESSMENT AND STRATEGY

September, 1994

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CONTENTS

1 . Preamble .......................•.........•......... 1 i . 1 The study area ...............•.•.............. 1 1.2 Aims of the investigation ..................... 1

2. Summary of results ..................••............. 2 2.1 The stockade site •...................••....... 2 2.2 The extent of the establishment ............... 3 ~.~ The extent of impact .......................... 3

3. Recommendations .................................... 4 3.1 Legal responsibility .......................... 4 3. 2 Recommendations •..............•............... 4

4 . Previous investigations .................•.......... 6 4.1 Historical .................................... 6 4.2 Material ............••......•......•.......... 6

5. The documentary record ............................. 7 5. 1 The written record ............................ 7 5.2 The cartographic record ....•....•............. 7 3.3 The pictorial record .......................... 9 3.4 Local history ....•........................... iO

6 Thematerial record ............................... ii 6.1 The Mitchell Library collection .............. 1i 6 . 2 Are a A .••.................................... 1 i 6.3 Area B ....................................... ii 6.4 Area C ....................•.......... , ....... i2 6.5 Area D .•.......•..........•.•.•...•.•........ 12 6.6 1992 surface survey ............•............. 12

7. The i 994 investigation ... . ........................ 14 7 . 1 Methodo 1 ogy .................................. 14 7. 2 Surface survey ............................... i 4 3.10 Magnetic survey .............................. 20

List of figures .............. . ..............•.......... i i List of appendices .... . ................................ i i

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FIGURES

1. The proposed sites of the No.2 Stockade and associated graves ........................ 21 [Figure 1A at A4 forms part of this report Figure 18 at A2, the Pacific Power contour survey with sites endorsed, is separate]

2. McKenzie, map of Mount Walker Stockade, 1966 ...... 22 3. McKenzie & Summers, ground plan of existing

structures, 1966 ............................. 23 4. Nicholson, plan of the Stockade at Cox's River

(AONSW/Surveyor General Sketch Book Vol.2, Fol.17) redrawn at 1:500 .............. 24

5. Pian of 1834 attached to the Nicholson plan (AONSW/Surveyor General Sketch Book Vol.2, Fol.67) redrawn at 1:500 .............. 25

6. Map of Lot 11 granted to George Deedes dated 3 March, 1837 ................................ 26

7. The Fort on Cox's River near Bathurst, NSW ........ 27 8. Area G, site plan .............. · ................... 28 9. Area C, Feature 2 ................... · .............. 29

10. Area C, Feature 2 ................................. 29 11. Area D, Feature 1, site plan ...................... 30 12. Area D, Feature 1 .... ; ............................ 31 13. Area D, Feature 2 ................................. 31 14. Area D, Feature 2, site plan ...................... 32 15. Area D, Feature 3, site plan ...................... 33 16. Area D, Feature 3 ................................. 34 17. Area D, Feature 4 ................................. 34 18. Area D, Feature 4, site plan ...................... 35 19. Area E, Feature 1 ................................. :36 20. Area E, Feature 3 ................................. 36

APPENDICES

1. Guide to the artefact catalogue 2. Artefact catalogue 3. Photographic record

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Note: a copy of the written record and photocopies of contact prints and photographs appear in all copies of this report. Black-and-white negatives and colour slides appear only in the original

Mitchell Library realia collection

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1 _ Pr~a.rnbl ~

11 _ 11 The Study Area.

The study areas embraces three peninsulas formed by a sweeping bend in Cox's River and its junction with a creek flowing in from the west (Figure 1). Mitcheli's Great West Road extended west. a 1 ong the pen i nsu 1 ar east of the river, Area A on Figure 1 , and crossed the river to the point labelled B.

Because of the construction of Lyell Dam, care should be taken in relating the historical record to a modern map. Cox's River now covers former flood plains and has turned what was a narrow creek into a major inlet. What are now two peninsulas west of the river were, before the dam was built, separated only by a waddy beside the river and a narrow creek. inland. The necessity to .remove anything which might create a sub-surface hazard led to mechanical clearance of the river banks with a result.ant change to the land contour.

The aim of this investigation was to determine the location of the No.2 Stockade, Cox's River and extent of the convict and mi 1 itary establishment so as to specify that area which will be affected by flooding as a result of augmenting Lyell Dam, Lithgow.

Specific objectives of Stage I were to: a) record the physical remains of the stockade

above ground by surface survey below ground by magnetometry

b) determine the proportion of the site to be destroyed c) analyse and interpret this in the context of the history of the site (Rosen 1994) d) prepare a research design to support an application for an excavation permit if required.

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2- Summary ~f results

In interpreting the re11cs in the area of the stockade it must be kept in mind that from the 1840s until the 1920s Mitchell's road was .:thf! road to Bathurst. A decade after the stockade was decommissioned, this road would carry the traffic to the gold fields and many hopeful miners camped on route. The hope 1 ess a 1 so camped on t.he way back. Not ali the materia 1 in the genera 1 area necessarily relates to the No.2 Stockade.

Within the st.ockade area, known and/or visible evidence of former structures was located in five discrete areas which, for the purpose of this study, were identified alphabetically, the features within them being numbered consecutive 1 y (see Figure 1). Area A was east of Cox's River, Area B was on the north bank whi 1 e the remaining three were west of the river.

The dispute as to whether the stockade lay east or west of the river has arisen for several reasons:

i ) the 1 oose use of the term "stockade" , which originally referred to the (fortified) fence, was extended t6 include the structures inside the fence (e.g. the Newcastle Stockade) and, more recently, has been used to embrace the who 1 e convict and military estab 1 i shment. It is clear from the cartographic and material evidence that the establishment at. the Cox's River lay on both sides of the river.

i i ) the documentary record that the stockade was "precisely" in the line of road, which places it on t.he east side of the river

iii) interpretation of the painting attributed to Cockburn which reflects faithfully the plan of the No.2 Stockade drawn by Assistant Surveyor Nicholson. Sight 1 ines and perspective favour this as having been drawn from a vantage point high on the western slope, which p 1 aces the stockade on the west river bank. This is the location preferred by Lavelle in ·1992, but Lavelle lacked more recently acquired information:

a) the amount and type of artefacts which have been recovered from high on the east peninsula (Area A)

b) the map of March, 1834 (Figure 6) which, though torn, identifies the east bank with the letters "-ade" while marking in the "Commissariat" on the west bank (Area C).

On this evidence it seems more likely that the stockade, meaning the fenced convict enclosure, was on the east

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bank., though the convicts had to be moved to a 1 1 ow the road to be completed. Whether they were transferred to the west bank. cannot be k.nown on the basis of present information and it is unlik.ely to be discovered bv archaeological means. Convicts were issued with littl~ that could be left to form part of any archaeological deposit.

It is clear from the cartographic and material ev1aence that, if you inc 1 ude military, commissariat, workshops and convicts, the "stock.ade" in its widest sense embraced both bank.s of the river. Artefact assemblages which clearly relate to this period have been recovered from Areas A, B, C and D (Figure 1). It seems unl ik.eiy that structures would be built along a track. leading, by way of a ford, to the Bathurst Road after the rest of the complex had been abandoned. Hence Area E should be included. It is possible that the structures in Area D were built by Deedes privately since he was soon to be granted the land, but at the time they were built Deedes was the senior military officer at the stock.ade (Johnson 1994) while, being oriented north-south the Area D structures bear one of the hallmarks of British Army engineers.

Surveyors from Pacific Power have produced a contour survey showing the extent of the new flood plain (Figure 1 B). The on 1 y re 1 i cs to be impacted by dam augmentation are those within Area C and part of Feature 1 in Area E.

There is neither visible nor magnetic evidence for any other relics of significance within the area of impact.

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It is incumbent upon a developer to arrange for the investigation and recording of relics of heritage significance which will or may be impacted in the course of development. At the No.2 Stockade, this means any relic within the new flood plain.

It is not incumbent upon a developer to finance archaeological investigation for the purposes of research however interesting the research questions may be. Indeed, where relics are under no threat it is doubtful whether a permit to excavate them would be granted. At the No.2 Stockade this means a 11 s i t.es and re 1 i cs above the new high water mark.

On the basis of the above, the following recommendations are made:

3.2.1 Areas of Impact

There are two areas of herit.age significance which wili be impacted by dam augmentation.

Area C This sector of the site has been subjected to the attentions of collectors using mine detectors and subsequently flattened by earth-moving equipment in the interest of bank stabilisation. Whether significant structural evidence survives is not known. At the time of the archaeological site inspection the site was overgrown. Visible structural remains were without form. To assist the magnetic survey team, the brush was slashed but left on the ground precluding any further visual inspection. The magnetic survey suggests that considerable artefactual evidence lies beneath the surface. Area C, therefore, should be investigated and recorded -

i) slashed vegetation sho~ld be removed by hand ii) a defoliant should then be used to kill the

grass, but the roots should not be disturbed iii) the site should then be tested by hand and

mechanically under professional archaeological supervision

a) b)

As a result of can be made as

to define structural features to locate artefact assemblages. the above a more informed recommendation to further investigation.

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Area E, Feature 1 This feature will be partly impacted. At the time of the archaeological site inspection this feature was also overgrown. Recommendations ii) and iii) apply equally to Feature 1, Area E.

Note: 1. defoliation leaving roots undisturbed is essential on these sites because almost all artefacts which have been recovered came from within the top 15mm. (6 inches). 2. an excavation permit under Section 140 of the NSW Heritage Act must first be obtained.

3.2.2 Sites not impacted

Pacific Power has specifically requested recommendations concerning conservation of relics which will not be impacted directly by dam augmentation.

There are three prime causes of site deterioration: vegetation, animals and humans.

i) weed infestation, especially blackberries, has disturbed structural evidence. This should be controlled by regular spraying.

ii) it is not advisable to permit stock to graze in the area. Hooves cause far more damage than native fauna

iii) this part of the river is being used for recreation. Site visitation must be expected. Most of the historic site has reverted to bush. The heritage significance of stone mounds is not apparent. Stones have ben removed to build fireplaces, but this sort of damage is commensurate with ignorance rather than vandalism. It may be that signage identifying the site and explaining its significance with a request to leave it as it was found may inhibit deliberate damage. There seems to be enough use of the river to make this self­policing. It is recommended that advice in the matter be sought from National Parks & Wildlife Service

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4 _ "1 H "i ste>r- "i ca. "1

Two histories of the stockade have been written by Sue Rosen. The first involved preliminary research the results of which were incorporated into a Heritage Assessment of the Second Cox's River Stockade Site and Associated Graves (hereafter referred to as Rosen i 992) prepared for Pacific Power. The second, also prepared for Pacific Power, was a much expanded version and was entitled A History of No.2 Stockade Cox's River (hereafter referred to as Rosen 1994). Additional research was undertaken by B. J. .Johnson 1 ater in· 1994. Any reference in this report to the documentary record of the No.2 Stockade is based on this work.

4 _ 2 Matoeor-"ia."'l

The material record of the site embraces both structural features and artefacts.

4. 2. 1 Amateur

In the 1960s and 1970s, various investigations were undertaken by local historians and collectors. Local historians E.J. MCKenzie and J. Summers were concerned with interpreting surface features. Their work resulted in a map and site pian (Figures 2 and 3). McKenzie and Summers placed the stockade west of the river, a few graves only surviving on the east side.

Local collectors were more interested in recovering artefacts which were located by use of a war surplus mine detector, a primitive form of magnetic survey such as was used by the Geophysical Research Institute in 1994 for remote sensing on the stockade site.

Artefacts were located on both sides of the river. Some were retained in local collections (see Appendices 1 and 2). Other artefacts were deposited in the Mitchell Library as part of the Rea 1 i a Co 11 ect ion (see Appendix 4). As part of the 1994 programme the artefact.s were photographed where possible and .analysed in the light of the site history.

4.2.2 Professional

In 1992 Si obhan Lave 11 e was engaged to undertake a one day surface survey of the site. The results of her work were incorporated into the Heritage Assessment of the Second Cox's River Stockade Site and Associated Graves (Rosen 1992). Lave 11 e' s work was fundamenta 1 to site identification.

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5_ The d~cumentary rec~rd

The following historical summary is and Rosen 1994 supp 1 emented by undertaken by B.J. Johnson.

based on Rosen 1992 additional research

The genera 1 area of the No.2 Stockade is not disputed. It was about twelve miles west of Mount Victoria and was built as a base for convicts working on both sides of Cox's River, building the road down to t.he Cox, bridges across the Cox's River and Farmer's Creek and the road as far west as Honeysuckle Hill east of Rydal. In 1833 it was recorded as being "precisely on the line of road" near the approach to the Cox's River bridge (Rosen 1992, 6-7; Rosen 1994, 12, 15), suggesting that it was on the east side of the river (Area A, Figure 1; Figure 6). Louisa Meredith implied that she reached the stockade before crossing the river and ascending Mount Lambie (Rosen 1992, 14; Rosen 1994, 30). On the other hand, Govett, who worked on the road between 1820 and 1833, recorded t.hat the stockade was on a tributary of Cox's River rather than on the river itself (Rosen 1992, 12; Rosen 1994, 19), which suggests that it was on the west. bank adjacent to the creek. John Hood, writing in 1843, also seemingly placed the ruins of the stockade west of Cox's River, east of Solitary Creek (Rosen 1994, 30-31).

The buildings which together comprised the No.2 Stockade were all seemingly built of split timber and bark with "mud" chimneys (which could mean cob, clay lump, pise or mud mortar). No contemporary record or description refers to any other building material (Rosen 1992, 12; Rosen 1994, 14, 19-20, 26, 44, 46). This record is emphasised in view of the type of remote sensing advocated and undertaken by the Geophysical Research Institute, namely, magnetic survey.

In August, 1832, Assistant Surveyor John Nicholson drew a plan of the Stockade at Cox's River (Rosen 1992 Fig.2 page 9; Rosen 1994 Fig.4.2.1 page 42; Figure 4 in this report). The first question to determine was whether this was a plan for future building, an architect's plan, or a map of existing structures.

The plan is dated August. Convict road gangs began construction of the stockade and associated buildings in April. While the work remained uncompleted in June, it seems that the buildings were finished in July when iron gangs were to be shifted from Mount Victoria to Cox's River. Governor Bourke's complaint in November that the stockade was "incomplete and wretched" appears to refer

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only to the internal fittings (Rosen 1994, 14-17, 45) which failed to meet the standards Bourke had proclaimed in September (Kerr, .James Semple, Design for Convicts, 1984, 62). Thus it seems that Nichol son's plan was of existing structures which extended across a site measuring 575 feet (175 metres) by, at its widest., 235 feet (71 metres; Figure 4). Endorsed on the left side of the stockade fence is the word "west". This indicates

i ) that the stockade proper was at the west end with the out-buildings and military quarters to the east ii) that the long side of this rectangular complex extended east to west.

This is easier to fit into the eastern peninsular than into the north-south peninsular on the west bank.

Other notations on NicholsoA's plan provide further information. One states that the plan did not include a hospital, 30 by 15 feet (9 by 4.5 metres), a store with quarters for the Commissariat officer nor kitchens (Rosen 1994, 41-42). Govett referred to the hospital, store­house and tents of the commissary on one side of the stockade entrance and to butchers' and bakers' houses on the other as all being "temporary" buildings (Rosen 1992, 12; Rosen 1994, 19-20; cf. Rosen 1994, 44). Thus the north-south extent of the stockade may we 11 exceed t.he dimensions recorded by Nicholson.

A further annotation on Nicholson's plan refers to the Governor's instructions which inc 1 uded a p 1 an for iron gang accommodation received in September, 1834 (Rosen 1992 Fig.3 page 10; Rosen 1994 Fig.4.2.2 page 43; Figure 5 in this report). The plan reflects a change in government po 1 icy: "Conv i ct.s in irons were divided into gangs of about HCJ prisoners each, and this number occupied 4 wooden houses, which, with the officer's and soldiers' barracks, guard room, store and convicts' mess shed, formed what was ca 11 ed the 'Stockade' . Former 1 y the buildings were surrounded by a staked fence, but this was discontinued, as it was found that the convicts were more securely guarded by placing sentries at the angles of the wooden houses, and leaving a space all round open to their fire White, Charles, Early Australian History- Convict Life in NSW and VOL, Part II, The Story of the Convicts quoted in Kerr, 1984, oL; Karskens, Grace, "The Convict Road Station at Wiseman's Ferry," Australian Historical Archaeology 2, 1884, 20 quoted in Rosen 1994, 46). It seems unlikely that the 1834 plan was put into effect. By the end of 1832, the No.2 Stockade contained all the major structures shown in the plan and they were built to accommodate four iron gangs and their overseers, as many as 500-800 men (Rosen 1994, 6, see also 47).

An 1837 map of the Johnson (Figure 6). George Deedes of Lot Accordingly, nothing

area has recent 1 y been It was drawn to identify 11, on the west bank of apart from the general

located by a grant to the river. terrain is

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deta i 1 ed on the east or north banks. The p 1 an does show , i ) structures on Lot. 11 and Deedes is known to have built a cottage (Johnson 1994) ii) five structures identified as "Commissariat" in a government reserve ("G.R.") on the point

This plan suggests that the government buildings west of the river were restricted to the Commissariat., which in turn suggests that the stockade was on the east bank. The map shows Mitchell's road to Bathurst extending along the east peninsular and crossing the river to the north. The only road on the west peninsular is a dead end track leading to the Commissariat. This, coupled with the record that the stockade was "precisely on the line of road", supports an east location. That the Commissariat. stores should have been built on the opposite bank to the convict estab 1 i shment seems a reasonab 1 e and not unprecedented security measure.

The size of the stockade and its layout are reflected in a painting attributed to Maj.General James Pattison Cockburn of The Fort on the Cox's River, clearly the No.2 Stockade (Rosen 1992 Fig.4 page 11; Rosen 1994 Fig.2.3.1 page 18; Figure 7 in this report). The painting cannot be taken as a photographically accurate depiction of the No.2 Stockade. It is a painting and . the common practice in the 1830s, indeed throughout the 19th century, was to sketch line drawings in the field, sometimes with notations as to colour, and to paint in the studio. Several sketches could be made in the field and the artist draw upon them to create a picture evocative of the scene rather than reproducing it. This artistic 1 i cense must be taken into account when interpreting an historic site by means of a painting. However, apart from the more remote "military officers quarters" shown on Nicholson's plan, all the structures depicted by Cockburn can be identified by reference to Nicholson. Thus it is important to analyse the painting in detail.

The painting shows: 1. A low-lying peninsular extending from right to

left and rising towards the right. On the upper slope are the military buildings; on the lower slope is the convict enclosure

2. Cox's River, which is seen partly behind, partly left of the peninsular, but which disappears from view

3. three mountains, exaggerated in height but one of which is clearly Mount Walker, in the distance

4. a precipitous rise, middle distance, left of the river

5. distance

6. in front

a blurred but distinctly right, behind the stockade

a valley extending from the of the stockade

low-1 yi ng area 3/4

left of the picture

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7. the artist's immediate foreground, a slope down to the valley.

The painting so closely resembles Nicholson's lay-out as to suggest that is depicts the stockade on the east bank of the river, the artist's viewpoint being somewhere between Areas C and D in Figure 1. However, from that position the rise to the left of the river, the slope up from Area Bon Figure 1, cannot be seen, while the shadow lines of the mountains reflect the scene more accurately if the artist was seated on the slope east of the creek. From that slope, the eastern peninsular (Area A) is masked by the western peninsular, as is suggested in the painting by the blurred but low-lying area behind the stockade referred to in & above.

Against this interpretation is the 1837 plan (Figure 6). It seems unlikely that a complex as substantial as that recorded by Nicholson and Cockburn could have vanished within five years.

Local tradition locates the stockade on the west side of the river (Areas C and D Figl~re 1). It has been a focus of local interest for many years and the site was included in local history tours organised by Lithgow Historical Society (Rosen, 1992, 1, 28). It was for the purposes of one such visit in 1966 that E.J. McKenzie drew his map of the site and of the structural features then surviving (Figures 2 and 3). McKenzie's structure B appears to coincide with Area D, his structures marked A are in Area C. According to McKenzie, only a triangle of graves were located east of the river (Area A) and it was McKenzie who so identified a feature disturbed by a bulldozer during site clearance which resulted in the modern reconstruction of the grave site. Collectors using metal detectors in part dispute McKenzie's findings. In view of the t.ypes and locations of the artefacts they retrieved, they place the officers on the east bank overlooking the convict stockade on the west (oral information Holly Leckburn and Lester Batchelder).

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The rnater;al record

It is not poss i b 1 e to know the exact provenance of the Mitchell Library artefact assemblage. It is catalogued only as having come from near Rydal. It is its content which associates it clearly with the No.2 Stockade.

One coin dates from 1806. At least one alcohol bottle bears the government arrow and the initials "G.R." The collection contains a gold button from the 4th King's Own Regiment and that regiment was in charge of the stockade in 1835 (Rosen 1992, 28; Rosen 1994, 28). The assemblage includes a number of iron nails, mostly unfinished brads, which suggests that they came from a workshop. On the other hand, domestic china is represented. It is possible, therefore, that these items were cui led from different collections.

6-2 Ar09a. A

There were few obvious stn~ctural remains in this area, even in the 1960s, but it was from this area that the more spectacular artefacts were recovered. They included all items recovered to date appertaining to military officers. Army buttons and silver coins were recovered, and wh i 1 e British "Brown Bess" musket shot was found in this Area, so was the only .577 British pistol shot­officer's ammunition. Whilst large size iron heel caps were found on both sides of the river, smaller ones commensurate with riding boots, or perhaps ladies, were located only in Area A. (Batchelder & Leckburn, oral information).

Although this Area was tested with mine detectors, there was a surprising absence of iron nails which were found in abundance on the west river bank.

The provenance of the finds was high area which, if the stockade was east be taken up by possibly the military the sergeants' quarters and store military officers' quarters acc~rding (Structures I, K, L and M, Figure 4)

6-3 Ar09a. B

on the slope in the of the river, would barracks, certainly and possibly the to Nicholson's map

No known structure in this Area survives above the present high water mark. Before construction of the dam, this area comprised a narrow but defined flood p 1 a in on which three structures had been built. Two stood between 50 and 70 metres west of the former Cox's River bridge

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while the third was further west. A considerable quantity of lead was found on this site, which suggests a former workshop, possibly a forge (Holly Leckburn, oral information).

6. 4 Area. C:

Two buildings are known to have stood in this Area. Each comprised a slate-stone floor and walls which, in the early 1960s, survived at the corners over a metre in height. These were then the best preserved ruins in the vicinity. They appear to be the structures labelled "A" on the Summers and McKenzie plan (Figure 3). For the purposes of this Report they are identified as Area C, Features 1 and 2. As part of preparatory works for Lyell Dam, both stn~ctures were flattened to avoid any sub­surface hazard in the dam. The result has been to spread the stone into the river bed.

Summers and McKenzie tentatively identified tne structures as "Military Barrack and Superintendents' Quarters", but excavations in the area in the 1960s and 1970s yielded a large quantity of cut nails, many stili unfinished brads, suggesting that the buildings could have been workshops. Two pennies were found beneath the flagstone floor of the eastern building (Appendix 2, DBID 79 and 80). The date on one was illegible, but it was clearly George III and of a type which was issued between 1806 and 1808. The other was George IV, 1826. Both are attributable to stockade occupation. Lester Batcheidor, who unearthed them, considered that they could well have been hidden beneath the floor by a convict to whom twopence was wealth worth hoarding.

South of these structures, on the east bank of the creek in what is now swamp and under water, was a third feature, date unknown, which yielded a badge in the form of a sphinx inscribed with the word "EGYPT'.

6. 5 Area. D

This was the site surveyed by Lavelle in 1992. Only two structures appear to have survived in living memory. those labelled "B" on the Summers and McKenzie plan (Figure 3). For the purposes of this Report they are identified as Area D, Features '2 and 3. At the time Summers recorded them, two fireplaces survived and apparently with some walls. Summers and McKenzie seemed to consider that, being on level ground (which they are not now), they formed a single structure which he identified as "Constables' and Working Gangs' Shelters". McKenzie gives no authority for his identification. Constables, who were themselves convicts, were universally loathed by the prisoners under them. It seems unlikely that they could take "shelter" with any "gang". Lester Batcheldor reported the finding of it.ems

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relating to horses from this sector of the site. Since it is un 1 ike 1 y that horses were stab 1 ed anywhere near convicts, even convicts in chains, the implication is of a workshop or workshops mending harness. A further possibility is that these structures relate to the Deedes cottages (Figure 6). Captain Deedes would certainly have kept horses and it is noteworthy that domestic debris in the form of blue transfer-printed ceramic has been recovered from this area. Small sherds are sti 11 recoverable from the surface.

6-6 '1992 Sur-Face Survey

In 1992 a surface archaeological survey was undertaken by Siobhan Lavelle. Only a single day was allotted and both sides of the river were included. ·Lavelle did not have at her disposal the reference collection available in 1994. It is not surpr1s1ng, therefore, that certain features, especially the more ephemeral ones, were overlooked.

Lavelle's report (see Rosen 1992) concentrates on Area D. Lavelle located and recorded four structures roughly aligned north to south across an area of about 65 metres (see Figure 1). Three of the features comprised concentrated scatters of natural rock which had apparently been bonded by mud mortar. Two of these features were clearly commensurate with collapsed chimneys and appear to be those recorded by Summers and McKenzie (Figure 3 B). The third (Feature 1) was also considered to be the remains of a chimney, but the' surviving stone scatter was formless. The fourth feature comprised two rol~ghly parallel lines of natural stones with adjacent sandstock brick and a small level cut. None of the features could be identified by reference to the 1832 plan (Figure 4), the only historic plan then available. Artefacts located in the area of the structural remains contained ceramic typical of the 1830s.

At. it.s widest, Nicholson's plan covers a distance north to south of 71 metres which approximates with the distance between the north and south structures recorded by Lave 11 e (Rosen 1992 Figure 10 page 26). However, Lavelle recorded four struct.ures approximately in 1 ine whereas Nicholson shows only two, three at most (structures E, F and G Figure 4).. Lavelle's plan is more akin to the 1834 p 1 an than to that of 1832, but, as has been stated, it is unlikely that the 1834 plan was adopted.

Lave 11 e inspected the east bank of the river and dismissed the contention that it was the site of the stockade. The reasons she gave were not merely the material evidence from the west bank but also because the east bank, the "peninsular", was too low-lying (Lavelle, oral information May-June, 1994; Rosen 1992, Plate 1)

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The fundamenta 1 prob 1 ems t.o be det.ermi ned by the archaeological investigation'in the winter of 1994 were:

1. the site of the No.2 stockade 2. the extent of its survival 3. the extent to which the surviving relics will

be impacted by dam augmentation 4. the steps to be taken to minimise impact 5. the steps to be taken to investigate and

record. These issues were addressed by surface survey and magnetometry. In addition, locally held artafacts and the Mitchell Library realia collection were recorded and diagnostic items photographed (see Appendices).

7 _ "1 Met hoodoo "'I ogy

The starting points for the field work were the two Rosen reports, especially the archival plans and painting of the Stockade, the plan resulting from Lavelle's 1992 surface survey and airial photographs.

The preferred methodological approach in historical archaeo 1 ogy i nvo 1 ves continuous interaction between the historical record and the material remains. Time constraints and distance precluded this. The documentary record and the artefactual evidence available in Sydney were exhausted before site visitation, enabling site investigation, recording and identification to be achieved during a single, if lengthy, visit.

the Central Mapping Authority's airial photographs were studied for evidence of former roads or bridle tracks. It. was by following a former track running parallel t.o but inland of the creek that Frances Bodkin locat.ed the features collectively identified in this report as Area E. Remains of a similar track extends almost north to south and links the features located in Area D.

7.2.1 Personnel

The site survey of June, 1994, was undertaken with the assistance of Lester Batche 1 dor, who first became interested in the No.2 Stockade site in the 1960s and Ho 11 y Leckburn, who had been introduced to the site in the 1970s. Frances Bodkin, geologist and botanist, identified areas of European disturbance while Gavin Andrews investigated the perspective of the Cockburn painting. Eric Arnold attended on behalf of the Lithgow Historical Society while Yvonne Jenkins also proffered her knowledge of local history. The results of

14

I I I 1. I I I I I I

' I I I I I I I I I I

the investigation, which led to the identification and recording of additional occupation areas, are as much the result of the efforts of the volunteers as of the professional team engaged.

7.2.2 The recording programme

Preliminary work included converting the archival plans from imperial to metric measurements and redrawing them at a scale appropriate for identification in the field. Lave 11 e' s 1992 sketch plan was a 1 so redrawn to the same scale to enable comparison.

On site work involved detailed recording of the features located by Lavelle, a theodolite survey of that section of the site, tagging points to be 1 ocated in a contour survey to be produced by Pacific Power, comparison of site plans and features, initial supervision of the geophysical research team and an exhaustive surface survey.

Due to time constraints, the features identified in 1992 could not be cleared of undergrowth before professional archaeological inspect.ion and recording. In the course of clearance by hand it became apparent that the features were unstable and that their present formation was more the resl~lt of the latest bush-fire, burning off or bar­be-que or the last animal to walk over them than natural attrition. Thus detailed scale drawings as proposed in the brief was not warranted. It was equa 11 y apparent that site clearance sufficient to enable proper recording wou 1 d be time consuming, espec i a 11 y in the absence of field assistance (it took over 24 man hours), allowing no leeway for recording other than by photography. In view of these consideration-s, a scale but un-detai led diagram was made of each of those features on which was recorded the positions from which all photographs were taken. The photographic record was in far more detail than was possible in 1992.

Little attempt. was made to clear the features 1 ocated as a result of this survey. Their approximate location was plotted, some grass was cut back and leaf mould brushed away. Otherwise the photographic record is of undisturbed sites.

7.2.3

Area A Area B

Survey results

No attempt was made by the archaeological team to inspect these areas. Oral information was that all known occupation sites in Area A were high on the slope and

15

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

would no be affected by a :3.5 metre rise in the water level. All known occupation sites in Area B were already under water.

Area C

This is the area recorded by Summers and McKenzie as area A east of the then point. Flooding of Cox's River has so raised the water level that they are now on the point and partly submerged. It had been assumed before site inspection that the features were under water and it may be on 1 y that t.he water l eve 1 in June, 1994, was about 500mm. below high water mark that the remains were visible.

In the 1960s these features comprised flagstone floors with some partly standing wall sections. They were flattened as part of the ancillary works for Lyell Dam. Many of the stones now 1 i e in the river bed. Some may remain in situ.

The only visible remains of Area C Feat.ure 1 were two stones, one of which appears to have been displaced (see Figures 1 and 8). Flagstones and stones similar to those iocat.ed in Area D were found in quantity closer to the bank (Figure 9). Some survived in line as of a wail, (Figure 10) but the line could have been created by earth-moving machinery. The level of the surface appeared to rise in the centre of the area commensurate with the remains of a floor, but the sector in question was overgrown. The rise was felt rather than observed.

It was not possible to determine by visual inspection the relationship between the variolJS remains nor the extent to which structural or artefactuai evidence survives. It is certain, however, that these features will be impacted by dam augmentation. Accordingly, further investigation by way of excavation, artefact recovery and recording is warranted.

Area D

This was the area 1 ocated i 992. The 1994 record is than was possible in 1992~

and recorded by Lave 11 e in in cons i derab 1 y more deta i 1

Four structures were 1 ocated by Lave 11 e, two of which were recorded by Summers and McKenzie in 1966 (Figure 3B). They lie almost. in a straight line north-south. Features 1, 2 and 4 are aligned directly north-south. Feature 3 is slightly out of alignment. (Figure 1). North-south alignment was characteristic of British Army construction and of the town plans formulated by Sir Thomas Livingstone Mi tche 11. That it might. a 1 so be a

16

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

feature of a convict stockade is not surprising. Indeed, the a 1 i gnment is evidence that the structures re 1 ate to the stockade period and not to some later time.

Feature 1

This comprised a surface scatter of stones adjacent to which was what appeared to be the remains of an ant bed floor (see Figures 11 and 12). There was considerable evidence of recent burning, both bush-fire and apparent picnic fires among the stones while there were some active ants on the floor. It is possible, therefore, that Feature 1 is a modern structure and that the ant bed is natural. It was not a structure of sufficient magnitude to be recorded by McKenzie in 1966. On the other hand, this feature is aligned north-south, which seems too much of a coincidence if it is unrelated to the stockade.

A single, totally undiagnostic black bottle fragment remains on site, but could date to any part of the i9th or to the early years of the 20th century.

Feature 2

This feat.ure was more easi 1 y interpreted as a collapsed chimney. It comprised a small stone mound to the west and a scatter of fallen stone in the remains of mud mortar to the east (Figures 13 and i 4). There appeared to be a sub-surface hollow in the middle of the scatter, but whether this was by design or the result of the fall could not. be determined wi.t.hout investigat.ion of a type to reqL~ire an excavation permit under the NSW Heritage Act.

It is difficult to reconcile the surviving feature with that recorded by Summers and McKenzie. Their plan (Figure 3B) shows a fireplace facing south. The ruin as it survives is more akin to a tlreplace facing east .. McKenzie indicated a room extending south of t.ne fireplace. The extant ruin is partly set in a cutting which is quite clear on the south side (it. should be noted that all the apparently man-made cuttings located are cut into the south, the high side of the slope). The extant ruin is more akin to a single-roomed hut, cut into the slope, with a ch1mney at the.west end.

Feature :..?

This feature is also easily interpretable as a collapsed chimney. It also comprises a small stone mound to the west and a scatter of fallen stone to the east (Figures 15 and 16) ..

1 7

I I· I I I II I I I I

I I I

I

I I I

Again, it is difficult to reconcile the surviving feature with that recorded by Summers and McKenzie whose pian (Figure ~1::3) shows another fireplace facing south. The ruin as it survives could relate to such a fireplace, but only if it collapsed mainly sideways across the slope and on 1 y partly down the slope. McKenzie indicated a 1 arge room south of the fireplace which he connected to Feature 2 because of the "1 eve 11 i ng of the ground", t.hough he admitted that the connection he made was a guess. Although the slope is only about 1 in 7, there is certainly no indication at present that Features 2 and 3 were connected by 1 eve 1 g rolmd. Again, the extant ruin is more akin to a single-roomed hut with a chimney at the west end.

Of minor interest is the presence in this feature of a half, bright-red sandstock brick among the fallen stone. Three such half-bricks were located in the vicinity of Feature 4.

Feature 4

This feature is more ephemeral, comprising two parallel 1 i nes of stones, but with t.he stones spaced we 1 1 apart., three half sandstock bricks, in line with the stones but none the less apparently displaced, and a shallow cutting into the embankment. The cutting was not the resu 1 t of erosion, and it forms a cut which is approximately rectangular and approximately north-south (Figure 18; cf. Feature 2 and Area E).

Area E

Possible structural remains in this area were located as a result of following a former bridle track on the east side of the creek at the edge of the blackberry-infested f 1 ood plain. The features were approximate 1 y in 1 i ne with each other and with Area D Feature 4.

Feature 1 Feature 2 Both these were ephemeral, comprising shallow cuts across the embankment (Figure 19), similar to though not as well defined as t.he Area D Feature 4 cut. Feature 1 had an associ a ted rock scatter. Both ·features appeared to be man-made.

Feature 3 This was more clearly defined in that a 1 ine of stone similar to the stones found in Areas C and D survived at the side of a clearing in the blackberries. Although the blackberries were dense south and west of the feature, nothing but short-rooted grass grew in the clearing (Figure 20).

18

I I 'I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

7.3 Ma.gnet"ic survey

The method of remote sensing advocated and undertaken by t.he Geophysical Research Institute was magnetic survey. In its report t.he Institute mentioned only iron debris and bricks as "discrete magnetic objects" which such a survey can detect, though reference was made to introduced stone provided it was magnetic. Bricks have been located in this area, but only on a single site. Timber construction suggests iron na i 1 s and nails were present, bl~t the No.2 Stockade pre-dates the ubiquitous mild steel nails of later 19th century archaeological sites.

These observations are not intended as a criticism of the survey or of the survey team. Every site, however ephemeral, located by surface survey was located independently by magnetic survey (see Area E Feature 1 magnetic reading 29) which extended archaeo logical information to include areas where no surface evidence survived. From an archaeological viewpoint it seems clear that any relic not located by magnetic survey mu~t have been so disturbed as to be meaningless.

The magnetic survey extended to both sides of the river, to both possible stockade sires. No significant magnetic anomalies were located in the flood zone east of the river (Area A). On the west bank the extent of magnetic anomalies in Area C evidenced a more extensive archaeological resource that was visible. This site is within the new flood zone.

19

I I

I I I I I I I 'I I II I I I I I I I· I I I

FIGURE 1

The proposed sites of the No . 2 stockade and associated graves

(f)

z

. w

. c.n z

. w 1-a:::

. w

. L

>

20

I I I I I I I I I I

'

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FIGURE 2 E.J. McKenzie, map of Mount Walker Stockade, 1966 -,.-r

' -l;ap q/

- ~ )}f@ ·r4r-~~-t Jtfi(~@!P~ (;f1.¢J(]/.~!Y.Ct0

;

' · ' =_ ·.

/

~)

.. -·-- ------~-- .

1J ,t1 ~ _,, ... n.e / /""6

21

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I ' )

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FIGURES

E.J. McKenzie & J.Su.Mers ground plan of existing structures, 1966

T

--I

· \----'"' ... ---·- ...

' 5:zF!t ' , I : .' jj !( 20s;T

I I i , ; : I ; · I

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Cd B

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~36J:! . ;>I

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rl2Fr~ I I

, I

5 "'FT' t' "I

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1 ( ,J-r I ... -- --· -'- ,_, ,/_,,, I I I I

eox•a R;ver Bo-2 St~k-de, ~994

{-7:.lf~U. ..?fJr.<

22

I I I I I I I I I 1-.

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FIGURE5

Plan of 1834 attached to the Nicholson plan

{AOHSW/Surveyor General Sketch Book Vol.2, Fol.67) redrawn at 1:500

A = GUARD-ROOM B = CONVICT HUTS c = PRJSONERS MESS SHED D = NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS' E = _SOLDIERS I BARRACK F = OFFICER'S QUARTER

G = SENTRY BOX H = LAMP

G•

01 H

c

QUARTERS

B

] n I

D -

r:J ED

• H

• G

24

I I I I I I I I·

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FIGURE 6 Map of lot 11 granted to George Oeedes dated

3 March, 1837, Archives Office 101 . 691

"J . - a • eoxr .Zhr .. :k.L'-1':/.t:,#· & J.-'6.~-dp/o·;: J--,/;_n;,..: //.J.l;

~~-

." .... .

- •.

~}k~;/r-h.-y 2/.l a'ArrJ ".J/'/1'?/-r0rll]pu.rr,h-;-:~.: -""

nAu:Y/.r PJ:.n"": '/'Wan; /.13/ ;{q 11-71-.h~?ufrm; Tnh,:n ·_

.... : .

"

. . . . ~

-.....

.

.) .) _. _ ·./ J . . :

J;; '"-'NW' /.h;. Rr.t~_r'"~/;,r M..e 1/Jm.uu.:r~u.l;/':r iu.o:-:l?r.i Jut.'d }t71/¢lauz ~-JJ~da· ... . ·· ---: . ·:-· -\

Jr.-11'-,. (o Clu• ;.nr 'b. fJn,:ll., _ -~ ·-

101:-Ef)\' --- - - · ;:-~ -:---·

25

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I I I

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FHiURE 7

Tne Fort on Go.x's Riv'?r r>e-1\r Bat.hurst , flS\1

<>.ttrib•Jted to l·l<>j . (len . J . P . C::oc:l<.b•Jrn

. ·t:,:s . . ·'1 -. ' ··. ,

,.

I

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FIGURE 8

AREA C

Area C, Photo 1 = 8/W 2:9; C/S 1: Area C, Photo 2 = 8/W 2:10; C/S 1:33 Area c, Photo 3 = 8/W 2:11; C/S 1:3~ Area C, Photo~ = 8/W 2:12; C/S 1:35 Area C, Photo 5 : 8/W 2:13; C/S 1:35 Area C, Photo 6 = B/W 2:1~

Area C, Photo 7 = 8/W 2:15 Area c, Photo 8 = B!W 2:16

i \ ' t • •

RISE AS OF FLOOR

. .

OOOE 2000N X

980E 2020N

27

I I II I

I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I

0

FIGURE 11

AREA 0, FEATURE 1

Area O, Feature 1' Area 0, Feature 1,

Area 0, Feature 1 ' Area O, Feature 1,

Area 0, Feature 1 ' Area 0, Feature 1,

1

N

.-Photo 1 = 8/W 1:11; C/S 1:1' 2 Photo 2 = 8/W 1:12; C/S 1 :3

Photo 3 = 8/W 1:13; C/S 1:4

Photo 4 = 8/W 1:14; C/S 1:5

Photo 5 = 8/W 1:15; C/S 1:6

Photo 6 = 8/W 1:16, 17; C/S 1:7 f

2 M

REMAINS ANT BED FLOOR

ROCK SCATTER

29

I I I I I I I

I I

I I I I I I I I I I

FIGURE 14

AREA 0, FEAlURE 2

Area 0, Feature 2, Photo 1 = B/W 1: 18; C/S 1:8 Area o, Area D, Area O, Area o, Area 0, Area 0,

Feature 2, Feature 2, Feature 2, Feature 2, Feature 2, Feature ~.

Photo 2 = B/W 1:19; C/S 1:9 Photo 3 = B/W 1:20; C/S 1:10 Photo 4 = 8/W 1:21; C/S 1:11 Photo 5 = BfW 1:23; C/S 1 : 12 Photo 6 : B/W 1' 24, C/S 1:13 Photo 7 : 8/W 1.:25; C/S 1:14

STONE SCATTER

MOUND MUD MORTAR

N

r 0 1

M

31

I I I I I I I

--I I _I

II I I I I I I I I

FIGURE 15

AREA 0, FEATURE 3

Area 0, Feature 3, Area o, Feature 3, Area O, Feature 3, Area o, Feature· 3, Area 0, Feature 3, Area 0, Feature 3, Area 0, Feature 3, Area 0, Feature 3,

N~ 0 1 2

~

Photo 1 = 8/W 2:1; C/S 1:25 Photo 2 = 8/W 2:2; C/S 1:26 [ Photo 3 = 8/W 2:3; C/S 1:27 Photo 4 = 8/W 2:4; C/S 1:28 Photo 5 = 8/W 2:5; C/S 1:29 r Photo 6 = 8JW ·2:6; C/S 1:30 Photo 7 = 8/W 2:7; C/S 1 :31 Photo 8 = 8/W 2:8; C/S 1:32

M

0 ~

[i)? I

STONE SCATTER··

~

STONE MOUND

0 D

32

-------------------------------------

I I I I I 1. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

FIGURE 18

AREA 0, FEATURE 4

Area 0, Feature 4, Photo 1 = 8/W 1:26; Area 0, Featul'"e 4, Photo 2 = B/W 1:27; Area 0, Feature 4, Photo 4 = B/W 1:28; Area 0, Feature 4, Photo 4 = 8/W 1:29;

OC::::::JI-•1c:=--·2 M

C/S 1: 15 C/S 1: 16 C/S 1:17 C/S 1:18

0 .

0

0 BK

APPROX, N

34

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I II

:I

il !

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Appendix 1

Guide t~ the Artefact Catal~gue_

NOTE: In view of the li•ited nulber of arte'facts recorded to date. the artefact catalogue has not been transposed to a coaputer database. The catalogue is designed

1'or such a datat)ase and can be transposed if and when advisable.

The artefact catalogue is based on the artefact analysis dat.abase first developed in the Centre for Historical Archaeology, University of Sydney, as a modification of the 1•1INARK Archaeological Database Syst.em and subsequently modified by consultant archaeologists to reflect their needs. In a dat.abase form it enables artefacts to be sorted and retrieved by provenance, material, function or decoration. It enables also retrieval of, for example, inscriptions and base marks.

The system is capable of refinement according to the exigencies of a particular site. For example, because most archaeological sites were occupied throughout the 19th century, a basic distinction in the sub-function "nail" is between hand made (usually cut) nails and wire nails. Ali na1 IS recovered or thought to have been recovered from this site were hand cut nails (see Varman, Robert V.J. "The Nail as a Criterion for the Dating of Building Sites [elate 18th century to 1900]", Birmingham, Judy &_ Damaris Bairstow [Eds] Papers in Historical Archaeology, Australian Society for Historical Archaeology, 1987, 104-112).

The catalogue has been devised so as to allow expansion without change of format in the event that additional material is located either as a result of local collections becoming available or from future excavation.

The following is a guide to the abbreviations used in the Stage I catalogue:

AREA

This indicates where possible the general area from which the artefacts were recovered as well as their present whereabouts. The following abbreviations have been used:

LB/A LB/C1 Feature 1 LB/C3 Feature 3 R95 Realia

Lester Batchelder's collection from Area A Lester Batchelder's collection from Area C,

Lester Batchelder's collection from Area C,

The sub-reference for the assemblage in the

Collection in the Mitchell Library

I I I I I I I I I 1: I I I I I I I I I I I

Appe~d"ix. ,

DBID

This is a running number inserted automat.ically by the computer database. It enables any group of artefacts to be compared with any other without reference to any of the database variables.

MATERIAL

This column records the material from which the artefact is made. When the artefact includes more than one material, it is described by its major material. The major material is that which is most important to the understanding and use of the artefact.

The material was selected from one of the following options:

(database abbreviation)

FINE EARTHENWARE FEW

Highly refined earthenware without inclusions. Ranging in colour from pure white to pale cream to grey. The break has an even, fine, sandy textured appearance. The body is quite absorbent and st i cl<.s to the tongue.

Most often used for plates, dishes, cups, saucers, teapots and other table and decorative wares. These pieces are usually clear glazed and may be decorated with transfer prints or hand painted colours.

FINE STONEWARE FSW

High fired, dense body. The colour of the body varies enormously and is normaily related t.o function. Utilitarian wares are usually cream to brown to grey. Specialised decorative wares can be almost any colour. The break has a finely textured, smooth, compact appearance. Go 1 our across the break can vary.

Used for utilit.arian wares such as ginger beer and stout bottles, jugs, storage jars. Utilitarian wares are usually salt glazed or clear glazed.

PIPE CLAY PIPE

Used for slip cast tobacco pipes.

GLASS GL

Includes all glass.

Common glass. clear.

type of glass are window glass and bottle Window glass is most often green tint or

f '

I

:I I

II

I I I· I.

I I I I I I I I I I I

FERROUS METAL FE

Includes all ferrous metals (iron and its alloys).

COPPER cu

Inc 1 udes a i i a 11 oys of copper, such as bronze.

GOLD GOLD

SILVER SIL

brass and

Includes ali alloys of silver such as silver coins.

LEAD LD

METAL-OTHER M-0

Any other metal .

STONE STONE

Includes any form of stone not otherwise identified.

FUNCTION

This column records the broad function group of the artefact, if determinable.

The function group is selected from one of the following options:

UNIDENTIFIED U-FIED

Used where the function of the artefact could not be determined immediate 1 y, but may be i dent i fi ed in an alternative analysis and/or by an expert in the appropriate area.

TABLEWARE TW

Items· used for food and drink when and drinking.

serving,

The majority of earthenware

tableware items were

vitreous stoneware.

ALCOHOL ALC

eating

fine and

Bottle sherds only whether glass or stoneware (stout). Does not include tableware even if used for drinking.

" I

----- --

I I I I I I I I I I

' I I I I I I I I I I

HOUSEHOLD H-HOLD

Decorative and utilitarian items found throughout the house. e.g. lamps, vases.

This includes all household material not assigned to tableware or kitchenware.

ARCHITECTURAL ARCH

All building materials or apparent building materials, but

not including furnishing items which are Household.

PERSONAL PER

Items which have a direct association with the body. e.g. clothing, personal adornments (e.g. hair clips, brooches), beads, buttons.

CLERICAL/EDUCATIONAL CLERIC

Relating to clerical or educational activities. e.g. inkwells, pen nibs, slate boards.

OTHER CULTURAL 0-CULT

Items not included in any other option. Includes clay pipes, coins, tokens and aboriginal artefacts.

SUB-FUNCTION

For the purpose of this Guide, this descriptive category is subdivided according to material and gross function. Thus ceramics and glass, whether Kitchenware or Tableware, are likely t.o fall within "Sub-function Vessel". Architectural material, Functional or Non­Functional" have a "Sub-Function - Architectural". The term is also used to describe animal and shell species.

In the database the terms are i nter-changeab 1 e. Thus, for example, "PIPE" covers both water and drainage pipes and tobacco pipes; "FLAT" can be used as a default category for ceramics or architectural metal.

I I I I I I I I I I.

I II I

:I I

I I I I I I I

-- ---- -- --- ------ ---~--------,

SUB-FUNCTION VESSEL

(Ceramics & Glass)

This option within the Sub-Function column function of artefacts which are vessels or normally for food and drink, as well as artefacts such as stoppers and caps.

records the containers, associated

The majority of these vessels are made from ceramics and glass, bt~t other materials are sometimes used (eg: utin" (usually iron) cans).

UNIDENTIFIED

BOTTLE

Body sherds feat.ures.

U-FIED

BOT

from bottles with no diagnostic

BOTTLE-LIP BOT-L

Sherds from bottles which included the lip or opening.

BOWL-LARGE BOWL-L

Any large bowl or basin. Sherds were distinguished by their thickness, curved shape, and a rim diameter greater than 6 inches.

BOWL-SMALL BOWL-S

Any smail bowl or basin. Sherds were distinguished by their thinness, curved shape, and a rim diameter of less than 6 inches.

CUP-LARGE CUP-L

Sherds from cups were distinguished by their thinness, curved shape and the presence of a handle. A large cup was one with a rim diameter of 3 inches or more.

FLAT WARE FLAT

A def au 1 t category for she rds which had no diagnostic features or were so smal 1 they could not be assigned to a specific shape. If they were flat, or curved in only one direction they were considered to have come from a flat vessel (plate, platter, saucer etc) and were assigned to the flat-ware category.

I

I I I I I

I I I I

I I

HANDLE HAND

HOLLOW WARE HOLL

LID

A default category for sherds which had no diagnostic features or were so small they could not be assigned to a specific shape. If they were curved in more than one direction they were considered to have come from a hollow vessel (cup, bowl, basin etc) and were assigned to the hollow-ware category.

For decorated ware such as transfer-printed ware, hollow ware could be distinguished by its having been decorated on both sides.

LID

Sherds from 1 ids were distinguished by their shape and, possibly, the presence of an internal ring lip.

PLATE-LARGE PLATE-L

A plate, dinner size or larger. Sherds are distinguished by a rim diameter of 9 inches or more.

PLATE PLATE

Any plate whose size cannot be identified by rim or base diameter.

SAUCER SAUCER

VASE

Any saucer. Sherds were distinguished by a distinct small well in the centre, and an upturned rim.

VASE

Any decorative vase, normally listed under the primary function "Household".

SUB-FUNCTION TABLEWARE

KNIFE SPOON

KNIFE SPOON

tl I I I I I I I I I

' I I I I I I I I I I

Append-ix 11

SUB-FUNCTION ARCHITURAL

UNIDENTIFIED U-FIED

BOLT

BRAD

BOLT

Includes a 1 1 types of bolt., as well as bolts with nuts attached.

BRAD

Wire nails are cut from drawn wire are the most common modern nail. They have a characteristic bullet head with clamp marks immediately below it on the shaft. Where the form was identifiable, all but one of the nails located were wire nails.

NAIL-HAND CUT NAIL-C

Handmade nails have a characteristic square section. Those located were cut, not wrought

NAIL-ROSE HEAD NAIL-RO

ROD

Roofing nails have a washer attached under the head designed to shed water. They are most oft.en galvanised.

ROD

Includes any round or square section piece of metal, but not a heavy bar.

SCREW SCREW

Includes all types of screw not distinguished below.

SPIKE SPIKE

Used for masonry spikes; did not include long nails.

TACK TACK

SUB-FUNCTION HOUSEHOLD-

CURTAIN RING RING

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

SUB-FUNCTIONAL

BADGE BUCKLE BUTTON STUD

PERSONAL

BADGE BUCK BUT STUD

SUB-FUNCTION CULTURAL

'OTHER

COIN MILITARY PIPE BOWL

Any part bowl.

PIPE STEM

Any part stem.

of a tobacco

of a tobacco

DESCRIPTION 1

pipe

pipe

COIN MIL IT PIPE-B

which includes

PIPE-S

which includes

only the

only the

As with Sub-function, this column embraces several kinds of description according to the Material of the artefact. Ceramic decoration is included as well as glass colour.

The primary description has also been used particularise function as with military ammunition.

CERAMIC DECORATION

to

This option within the Description 1 column records the decorative technique (surface appearance) of ceramic artefacts.

The technique was chosen from one of the following options:

PLAIN WHITE PW

Plain, white, smooth, unadorned.

WILLOW PATTERN WILL

Distinctibe pattern and geometri~ border.

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

BLUE TRANSFER PRINT BL-TP

Transfer printed ware with the design in blue. This type of ceramic decoration was common.

MAUVE TRANSFER PRINT MAU-TP

HANDPAINTED HP

Not transfer printed ware. Decoration is handpainted.

MOCHA MOCHA

A floriate design resulting from black over

tanibrown. dating.

SCRATCH BLUE

Presence or absence is

SCR-BL

being oozed

useful for

Decoration consisting of a blue coloured edge over molded lines running in from the rim of the piece.

GLASS COLOUR

CLEAR CL

Completely colourless. Requires silica almost free of iron a flux and a stabiiiser without noticeable impurities.

GREEN GREEN

Both light and dark green, but not bright emerald or green tint.

OLIVE OL

Includes a very broad range from light to dark olive. Commonly used for gin and wines.

MILITARY:

AMMUNITION AM

I I I I I I I I I·

'I :a il I

~I

I I I I I I I I

DESCRIPTION 2 Ooesc:r"ipt"i<>n 2

This variable allows for additional description where warranted. It is used in this catalogue to describe bottle types, the type of ammunition as well as other modifications such as burning. The abbreviations used are: BURNT BUR CUT CUT

Gut glass GIN MUSKET

INSCRIPTION

GIN MUSK

This column records a complete and exact transcription of all inscriptions on the artefact.

The following symbols are used in the transcriptions:

I indicates change of line

indicates incomplete word

? indicates unreadable character

MARK

This column records manufacturer's marks other than those in writing. The following abbreviations have been used:

CROWN OVER LION CR/L

In the case of the No.2 Stockade, limited to military insignia.

LION OVER CROWN L/CR

Also limited to military insignia.

GOVERNMENT ARROW ARROW

this mark. was

The broad arrow indicative of government issue.

FOLIATE CARTOUCHE FOL/C

Found as part of a ceramic base mark.

NUMBER

This column records the number of items in each artefact bag.

I I I I I I II I

I II II. I :I I

!I !

~I I

:I :I I I I I I

AppEl!!nd;x:. 2

--- - - ·-- -- --- -- - - - - ~~==-- -LI<~J - -:: M t'fe-\41!. LL Ll C:l AAQ'-( (2.& ~ L.I"A

N0.2 STOCKADE .A.rtefa.ct· ..L ~ -v-e ~ t<:>ry UN..L•r [ 1

cox•s RIVER PAGG 0~ I+

QU.A.J..l [ J Q '1 <{ (M ,_.,..ciA~ LL.. Ll6 rl.AQy' Q..~ALI A)

1994

·-- ---- - - - - ··------- ---IO BAG KATERIAL FUNCTION SUB-FUNCTION DESCRIPTION 1 DESCRIPTION 2 INSCRIPTION MARK NOTE NVI1BRR . lo'"EIGHl . ~--·----- -------·-· , __ .,_... ·---- ·----- -·-·-----........ ____ .,.

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a.fer 10 ,...._ Ult <•: --'o 4eoonalne, p.. oalout) for Sub-~ o\ Duclriplian ,........ ....td7., INIC2IJ'1D(

8qllaJ. 1M--t•...- ........... NOTII

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Dale:. ____ _ Duo:. ___ _ 0.:_· __ _

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cox•s RIVER

"1994

- -- ---- - . !0 BAO KATERIAL FU'NCTION

0

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A.rtefa.ct.•

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SUB-FUNCTION DESCRIPTION 1

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Filled in Checked Entered In it: ___ _ Inll: ___ _ Inic. ___ _

Dat.e:. ___ _ ow: ___ _ Due:_· __ _

- - - - - - - - - -N0.2 STOCKADE

cox·s

"1994

-- -- ·-----!0 BAO

'

RIVER

N~

MATERIAL

A.rtefa.ct• j_ r1.. v-e r1.. tory <'A c~ '!> CJf 4-

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cox•s RIVER

--- -- ..... .. .A.:rtefa.cto

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Q ~ c,' ( M r4" cA lOLL ut1, (LA <lJ1 ] C1.S r-1 l..- LA )

- - ---- - -:o BAG MATERIAL FUNCTION

0

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~umber artefect baa• coaaoc:utively from 1 In eadl ~mil/quad War U) dc&lllaaa fOf MA TBRlAL aod FUNCTION

SUB-FUNCTION DESCRIPTION 1

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·-· - -·- ··------- - . . -- .. ---OHSCRIPTION 2 INSCRIPTION MARl< NOTE NUMBHR I<EIOHl

·- ----- -· . ·-- ....... ··--- --·--·--·-·--· ......... -........ -....... -· -- ,_.,..._ .. __ - - -r-- --· ILL.ISG I B L~ I

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Filled ln Checked Entered In it: ___ _ Ini1: ___ _ Init:. ___ _

Date:. ___ _ Dal.o: ___ _ Due:._·---

- - - - - - ·- ... - - .. ~ .. 1111!11 - _~~t:::,!li -LL..~ - -

N0-2 STOCKADE .A.:rte:fa.ct• .L r1 "V"e r1 tory UN.L'J.' [

cox·s RIVER LC::.I :: LG::<;'"i6 (L 0 fl. '\ c_...t\ ~ Lc-]) co Q. AC\...~ .A c..

"1994

- -~ ------ -. 0 BAG KATERIAL FU'NCTION . ........... ___

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Start a MW &beet lor Ndllmillquad

Number artefact bla• CClftiOCUUvely from 1 In eadlooll/quad Rdar to cSe.tlnltloolfor MA TBJUAL aDd PUNCTlON

. SUB-FUNCTION DESCRIPTION l

-- ·-- .. ........ __ ------· c.o IN

II

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M I L.. 1"1 AMM

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(" ~ A '"\"' v f'L 6 I QU.A.D [

- - ··- ____ .. _. ___ .. DESCRIPTION 2 INSCRIPTION MARK NOTE

·---·-- ... ---- . -- - -·--· ... _.. -----··--··r ··-·--·· .. ··-···· -· -- .. -.--.. -- - ·-Qbon..c,~ 'V 1<628 r A ().::if 1-\ , t-1 a .

~t\o-1"0 I I~ -4-

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:

.

Filled in Checked In it: ___ _ lnlt:. ___ _

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1

)

_ .. _ .. . --N\Jl1BER . VEIOH1

-- -- --· -

I -

I

I

I

I

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Entered Init:. ___ _

OW:,_· __ _

- - - - - - - - - - : .. - - - - --J •• -l:=. •. -L-J - -N0.2 STOCKADE

.A.rte£a.c:t:.• J.. r1"V""er1 tory UN .t.:r [ 1 cox·s RIVER L6~ C:> ~ tS c::""\ c. f1_ <"SA..,.- c..-t.\ ~ L-'J) (') (2_

' ) '1994 A (LIC A c QU.A.D [

---- --:o BAO IV.TERIAL FVliCTlON SUB-FUNCTIONIDESCRIPTION liDRSCRIPTION 2 INSCRIPTION MARK NOTE NUMBER I . \ofEIOHl

1'1' I I ,....,__e:...,.. ..A t..~ " I o . CA.J t.$"1 ~<J>~ ~ r;c; <( p ..-r I~ ~ .9 1~-;--N" Ql~O/jc! l J I -Q

__ ,_ ______ ~----------------~-·--~

itart a oew sheet for uda ..Ja./quad '1/umbor ute!ect t.a• eoG~eCUtlvely from l In eaeb mWquad Filled In Checked Entered te!er t.o detlnidoal forMA TBRIAL aDd Pl1NC110N In it: Jnll:. ___ _ Inic ___ _

l.elet 10 ......._u.t <•: --'o ~.at- oalour) for S..Pimcliaa A DuclripUon Dale: Dale:. ___ _ Due:._· __ _

I'1IMcdle.....,.., JNIC2lPTDl

llxlllala .. -- tor....-....,..-., a NOTBI

I - . .

I I

Appeond"i>< 3

I Append;>< 3

I Photogra.ph;c Record-

I NB: scales all in 250mm. intervals

marking tape = datum points

I Black & White film

I Roll 1 1 Artefact OBID 81 2 Artefact OBID 81

I 3 Artefact OBID 73 4 Artefact OBIO 73 5 Artefact OBIO 78

1: 6 Artefact OBIO 75 7 Artefact OBID 74 8 Artefact OBIO 74 9 Artefact DBID 76

1: 10 Artefact OBID 77 11 Area 0, Feature 1 , Photo 1 12 Area D, Feature 1 , Photo 2

I 13 Area 0, Feature 1 , Photo 3 14 Area 0, Feature 1 , Photo 4 15 Area 0, Feature 1 , Photo 5 16 Area 0, Feature 1 , Photo 6

I 17 Area D, Feature 1 , Photo 6 18 Area 0, Feature 2, Photo 1 19 Area 0 , Feature 2, Photo 2

I 20 Area 0, Feature 2, Photo 3 21 Area D, Feature 2, Photo 4 22 Area 0, Feature 2, Photo 5

I 23 Area 0, Feature 2, Photo 5 24 Area 0, Feature 2, Photo 6 25 Area D, Feature 2, Photo 7 26 Area D, Feature 4, Photo 1

II . 27 Area D, Feature 4, Photo 2 28 Area 0, Feature 4, Photo 3 29 Area D, Feature 4, Photo 4

I 30 Area E, Feature 1 facing south 31 Area E, Feature 1 facing west 32 Area E, Feature 2 facing south

I. 33 Area E, Feature 2 facing east 34 Area E, Feature 3 facing south-west 35 Area E, Feature 3 facing south 36 Area E, Feature 3, single stone 5 metres east

I.

I I I

I 1-----

i ··, ) 'I

) -. -

I I I I I I I I'

I:

1:

I I I I I I I I I I I

No. 2 Stockade -

1.1 Portion 11 20 acres

The survey plan dated June 1834 shows four structures on the site. 1

The land was 'granted' to Captain George Deedes of the 17th Regiment in July 1834. He paid £5 for the twenty acres. 2

Deedes had been stationed at Cox's River for most, perhaps all of the twelve months from June 1833 to June 1834 3 and was the highest ranking military man there. 4

Deedes sold the property, including a cottage, to Major John Messiter and Captain Samuel Moore of the 2Bth Regiment in January 1836. 5

The 28th Regiment had arrived in New South Wales towards the end of 111e previous year.

Although no evidence was found that Messiter was stationed at Cox's River, he spent a considerable amount of time at Bathurst during the ensuing four years 6 and when Messiter and Moore later sold the portion, the sale document gave his address as Bathurst. 7

Moore was at Cox's River for at least the period from June 1836 to January 1837. s Biographical notes held by the Society of Australian Genealogists state he was there between 1 July 1836 and 31 December 1838. The notes refer to him as 'Commandant of the Junction Stockade at Cox's River NSW'. 9 Moore brought his wife and ttlree children with him to the colony. 1o When the two men sold the property in 1840, Moore, no longer a military man, was Jiving at Parramatta. 11

1. Lands Department Survey Plan B101.691. 2. Serial [Book] 32 page 148, Old System Records, Land Titles

Office. 3. The NSW Calendar & Directory for 1834 has Deedes at Cox River,

by implication, for the entire year. The pay lists show him there for the months June - September, November, December, 1833 and January - March, May 1834. WO Returns. Muster Books and Pay Lists. General. Part 4. War Office. (ML) PRO 3749 piece 3435, PRO 3750 piece 3436, piece 3437, 3438.

•

I I I I I I I I lj I' II I

II I I I I I I I , I I

4. The NS_\IY_Cillendar & Directory for 1834 lists at Cox's River the following from HM 17th Regiment of Foot - 1 captain, 1 subaltern, 4 serjeants and 75 rank and file. There were also mounted police there - 1 serjeant and 3 rank and file.

5. Book J No. 203, Old System Records, Land Titles Office. 6. WO Returns. Muster Books and Pay Lists. General. Part 4. War

Office. (ML) PRO 3764 piece 4443, piece 4444, PRO 3765 piece 4444, PRO 3765 piece 4446, PRO 3766 piece 4447, PRO 3766

piece 4448. 7. Book T No. 17, Old System Records, Land Titles Office. 8. WO Returns. Muster Books and Pay Lists. General. Part 4. War

Office. (ML) PRO 3764 piece 4444, PRO 3765 piece 4444. 9. Society of Australian Genealogists, Primary Record 4/9277. 10. ibid. 11 ., Book T op. cit.

----------~----------

The movements of CAPTAIN GEORGE DEEDES as recorded In Pay Lists

Taken from: WO Returns, Muster Books and Pay Lists. General. Part 4. War Office. (ML)

Where there is no entry for the month it is assumed Deedes was based at Headquarters.

1st Muster: 2nd Muster: 3rd Muster: 1 8 31 :

January - 31 March In Sydney Harbour PRO 3749 piece 3435 1 April - 30 June On Garrison Duty PRO 3749 piece 3435 1 July - 30 September Embarked Moreton Bay Moreton Bay Moreton Bay PRO 3749 piece 3435

October - 31 December On Garrison Duty At Parramatta on a Court Martial PRO 3749 piece 3435

1 8 3 2: 1 January - 31 March Absent at Maitland On a G'l Court Martial PRO 3749 piece 3435

April - 30 June Sick PRO 3749 piece 3435 July - 30 September Atty Supreme Court PRO '3749 piece 3435 October - 31 December On G'l Court Martial PRO 3749 piece 3435

1 8 3 3: January - 31 March Garrison duty PRO 3749 piece 3435 April - 30 June Sick Cox's River PRO 3750 piece 3436 July - 30 September Cox's River Cox's River Cox's River PRO 3750 piece 3436 October- 31 December With leave Cox's River Cox's River PRO 3750 piece 3436

1 8 3 4: January - 31 March Cox's River Cox's River Cox's River PRO 3750 piece 3436 April - 30 June Cox's River PRO 3750 piece 3437 July - 30 September PRO 3750 piece 3437 October - 31 December PRO 3750 piece 3437

Page 1

---------------------1 8 3 5:

January - 31 March 1 April - 30 June 1 July - 30 September 1 October - 31 December

1 8 3 6: 1 January - 30 March

/

On a G'l Court Martial

On a G'l Court Martial at Parramatta

Page2

Garrison Duty

Garrison Duty

PRO 3750 piece 3437 PRO 3750 piece 3438 PRO 3750 piece 3438 PRO 3750 piece 3438

PRO 3750 piece 3438

----------~----------

The movements of MAJOR JOHN MESSITER and CAPTAIN SAMUEL MOORE as recorded In Pay Lists

Taken from: WO Returns, Muster Books and Pay Lists. General. Part 4. War Office. (Ml)

Where there is no entry for the month it is assumed Messiter or Moore was based at Headquarters.

1 8 3 5: 1 April - 30 June Mess iter: Embarked for NSW PRO 3764 piece 4443

Moore: Embarked for NSW ditto

1 July - 30 September Messiter: · Embarked for NSW PRO 3764 piece 4443 Moore: Embarked for NSW ditto

,~

1 October - 31 December Mess iter: NSW NSW NSW PRO 3764 piece 4443 Moore: NSW NSW NSW ditto

1 83 6: 1 January - 31 March Messiter: Bathurst Bathurst PRO 3764 piece 4443

Moore: ditto

1 April - 30 June Messiter: Bathurst Bathurst Bathurst PRO 3764 piece 4444 Moore: Cox's River ditto

1 July - 30 September Messiter: Bathurst Bathurst Bathurst? PRO 3764 piece 4444 Moore: Cox's River Cox's River Cox's River ditto

1 October - 31 December Mess iter: Bathurst Bathurst Bathurst PRO 3765 piece 4444 Moore: Cox's River Cox's River Cox's River ditto

Page 1

----------~----------

1 8 3 7: 1 January - 31 March Mess iter: Bathurst Bathurst Sydney PRO 3765 piece 4444

Moore: Cox's River Sydney ditto

1 April - 30 June Mess iter: Sydney Sick in Qu. PRO 3765 piece 4445 Moore: Sydney ditto

1 July - 30 September Mess iter: Sydney Sydney PRO 3765 piece 4445 Moore: ditto

1 October - 31 December Mess iter: Sydney Sydney Sydney PRO 3765 piece 4445 Moore: On leave On leave ditto

1 8 3 8: 1 January - 31 March ( Mess iter: Sydney Sydney Sydney PRO 3765 piece 4445

Moore: On leave On leave On leave ditto

1 April - 30 June Messiter: Sydney Sydney Sydney PRO 3765 piece 4446 Moore: On leave On leave On leave ditto

1 July - 30 September Mess iter: .

Sydney Jury at Bathurst Sydney PRO 3765 piece 4446 Moore: On leave On leave ditto

1 October - 31 December Mess iter: Sydney Bathurst Sydney PRO 3765 piece 4446 Moore: ditto

1 8 3 9: 1 January - 31 March Mess iter: Sydney Sydney Sydney PRO 3765 piece 4446

Moore: Juror at Bathurst Juror at Bathurst Juror at Bathurst ditto

Page2

----------~----------

1 April - 30 June Mess iter: Sydney Juror at Bathurst Juror ? PRO 3766 piece 444 7 Moore: either - ditto

Juror at Bathurst or -Juror at Bathurst Juror at Bathurst Juror at Bathurst

1 July - 30 September Mess iter: Jury at Bathurst On leave PRO 3766 piece 444 7 Moore: ditto

1 October - 31 December Mess iter: Bathurst Bathurst Bathurst PRO 3766 piece 444 7 Moore: Two angled dark short lines across each column ditto

presumably indicating Moore has now left the Regiment. 1 84 0: 1 January - 31 March / Mess iter: Bathurst Bathurst Bathurst PRO 3766 piece 444 7

Moore: No entry ditto

1 April - 30 June Mess iter: Bathurst Bathurst Bathurst PRO 3766 piece 4448 Moore: ditto

1 July - 30 September Mess iter: Bathurst Bathurst Bathurst PRO 3766 piece 4448 Moore: No entry ditto

End of search

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