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IPOH LIMITED

ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

MANNING BUILDING

441-459 PITT STREET HA YMARKET

Anne Bickford MAACAI Heritage Consultants

135 Catherine St Leichhardt NSW 2040 Phone 02 - 95699672 Fax 02 - 95500261

Email [email protected]

March 1998

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE MANNING BUILDING 441-459 pm ST. HAYMARKET MARCH 1998

CONTENTS PAGE

1.0 INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 Background 1.2 The study area the Manning Building 441-459 Pitt Street 1.3 Purpose 5 1.4 Th archaeological zoning plan for central Sydney 1.5 Authorship and research 1.6 Liaison 6 1.7 Scope of the Project 7

2.0 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Cultural Significance 2.2 Archaeological Assessment 2.3 Fieldwork

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3.0 EXTRACTS FROM BOOKS ON THE HISTORY OF THE SITE 12 3.1 Note 3.2 The Sydney Markets 1788-1988 3.3 The Haymarket and the Capitol: A Conservation Plan 13 3.4 Sydney 1842-1992 15 3.5 Picture of Sydney and Stranger's Guide in NSW for 1839

4.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 4.1 Historical Background to the Town of Sydney

4.1.1 Topography 4.1.2 Aboriginal occupation 4.1.3 The Brickfields 16 4.1.4 Growth of Sydney

4.2 Land Title Evidence of Ownership of the Study Area

5.0 SITE SURVEY 17 5.1 Sites Identified by Historical Research 5.2 Description of the Site 5.3 Condition of the Site 5.4 Photographs of the Site taken 22 March 1998 5.5 Historic Photographs of the Site

6.0 HISTORIC MAPS

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7.0 SYNTHESIS OF PHYSICAL AND DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE 40

8.0 ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE 8.1 The Concept of Cultural Significance 8.2 General Assessment Processes and Criteria

8.2.1 Nature of Significance Criteria

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Anne Bickford Heritage Consultants 135 Catherine St. Leichhardt NSW 2040 02/95699672

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE MANNING BUILDING 441-459 PITT ST. HAYMARKET MARCH 1998

8.2.2 Degree of Significance Criteria 8.2.3 Levels of Significance

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9.0 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY AREA 43 9.1 Research Themes

9.1.1 Change and Development 9.1.2 The Brickfields

9.2 Summary Statement of Significance 44

10.0 CONSERVATION POLICY GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 10.1 Heritage 45

10.1.1 The NSW Heritage Act 1977 10.1.1.1 The "relics' Provisions

10.1.2 Condition of the Archaeological Remains 46 10.2 Development Proposal 10.3 Obligations Arising from the Site's Significance - Conservation Requirements 10.4 Recommendations

10.4.1 Excavation Permit 10.4.2 Test Trenching 47 10.4.3 Archaeological Excavation


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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Location Map. The Manning Building 8 Figure 1.2 Site Plan 9 Figure 1.3 Archaeological Zoning Plan Showing the Study Area 10 Figure 5.1 Pitt Street facade of the Manning Building 18 Figure 5.2 Campbell Street facade opp. Pitt/Campbell Street corner Figure 5.3 Hay Street facade showing the Capitol Theatre 19 Figure 5.4 1915 New Belmore Market Figure 5.5 1869 Belmore Markets on the Site of the Cattle Market20 Figure 5.6 c.1893 The New Belmore Markets on the Study Area Figure 6.1 April 1788 The Brickfields 21 Figure 6.2 1792 The Brickfields 22 Figure 6.3 1802 The Brickfields 23 Figure 6.4 October 1807 The Brickfields 24 Figure 6.5 1822 The Brickfields 25 Figure 6.6 1823 The Study Area. Showing no buildings or uses for the Study Area 26 Figure 6.7 Pre-1834 Study Area. Showing the Study Area as the Government Paddock 27

Figure 6.8 1836 Study Area. Showing the Hay and Corn Market building near the George Street frontage, and the Study Area as vacant land 28 Figure 6.9 1855 Study Area. No.37 Hay market buildings to the west of the site and the Study Area as vacant land 29 Figure 6.10 1865 Study Area. Showing the Hay market buildings to the west of the site, and the Study Area as vacant land 30

Figure 6.11 1879 Study Area with Circus Tent erected on it 31 Figure 6.12 1880 Study Area. The Study Area as Vacant Land 32 Figure 6.13 1890 Study Area. Showing fence around the Hay Market and schematic horse and carts in the area 33 Figure 6.14 Two pages. 1844 Rules and Regulations for the Hay, Corn, and Cattle Markets, Campbell Street, in the City of Sydney 34

Figure 6.15 Proposed Development. Pitt Street Elevation 36 Figure 6.16 Proposed Development. Ground Level Plan 37 Figure 6.17 Proposed Development. Section showing Three Below-ground Basement Levels for Parking 38 Figure 6.18 Proposed Development. Showing Basement Levels 2 and 3 Taking up Whole of Site 39


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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

This is an archaeological assessment report concerning and covering the Manning Building .at 441-459 Pitt Street Sydney in the area known as the Haymarket. At the time of writing the Manning Building is on the eastern third of the block featuring the Capitol Theatre. The Manning Building is largely empty, only some small ground floor shops being occupied. These are mostly Chinese food shops.

An archaeological assessment is concerned with assessing whether archaeological resources might exist on a site, and whether and how these might be impacted. If they are to be impacted (disturbed) then mitigation and/ or recording measures are assessed and recommended.

1.2 The Study Area - the Manning Building 441-459 Pitt Street

The Manning Building is a three-storey building with three street frontages - Pitt Street, Campbell Street, and Hay Street. The forth side adjoins the Capitol Theatre. On the Pitt Street side three extra stories stand on the Hay Street side. There is no basement level.

In the proposed development the facade of the Manning Building is to be retained and a hotel is to be built inside it. A three-level belowground car park is to be built below existing ground level and covering the whole site. Therefore any potential archaeological resources will be removed. The rest of this report is devoted to the archaeological . assessment of the impact of the proposed development on the archaeological resources which may lie below the Manning Building.




1.3 Purpose

The aim of the Report is to provide an archaeological assessment for the Manning Building 441-459 Pitt Street Sydney. The Sydney City Council Development Application requirements for the client state:

4.2 REPORTS ACCOMPANYING A STATEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

ARCHAEOLOGICAL BASELINE REPORT - An archaeological baseline report is required for sites identified in the

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Draft Archaeological Zoning Plan for Central Sydney 1992. Intending applicants should obtain a copy of the brochure 'Archaeology in the City' from the One Stop Shop.

In 1996 the Heritage Office produced the Archaeological Assessment Guidelines. These guidelines have superseded the requirement for an archaeological baseline report. The Heritage Office and the Sydney City Council now require an archaeological assessment report. This report is that archaeological assessment required to be submitted by Ipoh Limited with their Development Application.

1.4 The Archaeological Zoning Plan For Central Sydney

The archaeological zoning plan for Central Sydney was prepared for the Council of the City of Sydney in 1992 by Siobhan Lavelle and Dana Mider.1 The Plan identifies The Manning Building site as AAP - an Area of Archaeological Potential. This implies that it is an area of high archaeological potential due to the limited physical disturbance of the ground surface. Such areas account for approximately 2% of the total archaeological resource in Central Sydney, and are therefore rare.

1.5 Authorship and Research

This report was prepared and written by Anne Bickford. Anne Bickford researched the site in the Mitchell Library, the Archives Office of NSW, and various books from the Fisher Library University of Sydney. Two archaeological assessments of nearby sites by Casey and Lowe - Archaeological Assessment 430-450 Pitt Street, Sydney and Archaeological Assessment Old DMR Site Castlereagh, Camp bell and Pitt Streets were consulted. They mention in their Bibliography two

1 Published by the Sydney City Council May 1995.




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reports by E. Higginbotham referring to the site of the Capitol Theatre -Historical and Archaeological Assessment of the Site of the Capitol Theatre, Hay Street, Haymarket, Sydney 1993 and Report on the Archaeological Monitoring Program for the Redevelopment of the Capitol Theatre, Hay and Camp bell Streets, Haymarket, Sydney 1994. In the time available for this report these two documents were not able to be consulted. Other reports not consulted or not available are the excavation reports of the Casey and Lowe assessments; the assessment and excavation reports of Dana Mider, who excavated that part of the block at the George Street end near the location of Watkins' Terrace; and the conservation plan and excavation reports of the AGL site on Hay Street and Pitt Street, directly to the south of the Study Area, by Rosemary Annable. These reports will be sought and consulted before any archaeological work is carried out on the Manning Building site.

I am confident that as I have carried out extensive archival research, plus consulting these other reports and books, I am able to make firm statements about the historical buildings and events which occurred at the Study Area and to predict its potential archaeological resources.

The client supplied a copy of the Conservation Plan for the Haymarket and The Capitol by Jim Kerr, May 1990. This Plan contains a brief history of the Manning Building site and its surroundings and some historic plans of the area, and was used to provide part of the background history of the Study Area for this Report. It was not very useful for this project as it concentrated on The Capitol Theatre, which is directly to the west of this site.

1.6 Liaison

, The client for this project is Ipoh Limited of L4, QVB, 455 George Street Sydney NSW 2000. Mr. Joshua Brassington is the liaison officer for the project.

The architect Craig Burns from the architectural office Bligh Voller Nield of Level 2, 189 Kent Street Sydney, supplied copies of the architectural drawings showing the proposed development on the Manning Building site.




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1.7 Scope of the Project

In response to the brief Anne Bickford has: 1) Consulted the Conservation Plan for The Haymarket and The

Capitol and several other reports and books listed above and below in Section 2.0.

2) Researched the historic plans and pictures of the site in the Mitchell Library, the Archives Office of NSW, and Fisher Library, University of Sydney.

3) Collated plans and documentation to describe the site 4) Inspected the site and documented it using photographs 5)Assessed the archaeological potential of the site 6) Assessed the cultural significance of the site 7) Prepared a conservation management policy including

recommendations for the management of the site's potential archaeological resources.


ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE MANNING BUILDING SITE 441-459 pm ST. HA YMARKET MARCH 1998

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Figure 1.1 Location Map. The Manning Building 441-459 Pitt Street

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Anne Bkkford Heritage Consultants 135 Catherine St. Leichhardt NSW 2040 02/95699672

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I ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE MANNING BUILDING SITE 441-459 pm ST, HAYMARKET MARCH 1998

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Figure 1.3 Archaeological Zoning Plan Showing the Study Area in black - an Area of Archaeological Potential.


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2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Cultural Significance

This project has been carried out in accordance with the principles set out in the Australia [COMOS Burra Charter 1988 including Guidelines to the Burra Charter: Cultural Significance, and the NSW Heritage Manual produced by the Heritage Office and the Department of Urban Affairs and Planning, 1996.

2.2 Archaeological Assessment

The Heritage Office and the Department of Urban Affairs and Planning of NSW have produced a volume of Archaeological Assessment Guidelines 1996. This document has been used in the preparation of this study. In formulating the assessment of the significance of this site the Heritage Office and Department of Urban Affairs and Planning's Heritage Assessments 1996 document which forms part of the NSW Heritage Manual has been used.

2.3 Fieldwork

The Manning Building was inspected by Anne Bickford from the outside on Sunday 22 March 1998. Mr. Craig Burns of the architectural firm Bligh Voller Nield which has prepared the proposed development drawings was asked if basements were present and he replied that the building has no basements. Record photographs of the outside of the building were taken.




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3.0 EXTRACTS FROM BOOKS ON THE HISTORY OF THE SITE

3.1 A search of historical maps (shown in detail below) has shown that the site was for most of its life Sydney's Corn and Hay Market.

3.2 The Sydney Markets 1788-1988 by Michael Christie. Sydney Market Authority 1988.

:50-51 It was obvious during the sheep and cattle boom that Macquarie's Marketplace [in George Street on the site of the Queen Victoria Building] could not cope with the column of livestock coming in and out of the town. Besides the noise, the stench of manure and the nuisance of stray animals in what had become the centre of town could no longer be tolerated. On 8 June 1829 Governor Darling set aside a new market site at the bottom of Brickfield Hill to be used for the trading of livestock. .. at the base of Brickfield Hill to the flat area south of Campbell St ... Darling's choice for the cattle market had been a natural one. Farmers, teamsters and cattlemen had generally called a halt in the Brickfields area, just beyond the tollgate, to adjust their loads, have a drink and spruce up before the last steep haul up Brickfield Hill into town. The terrain thereabouts was quite swampy because the runoff from the high ground usually collected in lagoons there. In flood times these were flushed out by water that ran diagonally down the Brickfield Hill and along the shallow gully that is occupied today by Hay Street. A bridge crossed the creek at the bottom of George St. and the wagons would generally pull up at the Peacock Inn on the city side of it.

:53 [in Governor Bourke's time] it was no longer convenient to have cartloads of hay or bullock wagons full of wheat sacks rumbling through the town centre at daybreak. In 1834 Bourke established a hay and corn market near the cattle market yards on a site bounded by George, Hay, Castlereagh and Campbell Streets, and Sydney gained its second market. A red brick building for the storage of hay and for market offices was built fronting on to George Street. It was a large barn-like structure with a four-sided clock on its central'tower' ... [Part of 'Paddy's Markets'] which specialised in the sale of secondhand goods, novelties, pots and pans, clothing, and anything else that could be bartered or sold,.. was reestablished on a vacant block in the vicinity of the cattle and hay markets ... In October 1839 the Market Commission Act was passed. . .. control of the markets was transferred directly from the bench of magistrates to the new councillors of the Corporation of Sydney, who immediately set about obtaining the valuable land on which the markets were sited.

57: The hay and corn market was operating since 1834. 59: Farmers used to sell small amounts of poultry, eggs, cheese, and butter at the same time that they sold their hay.

61: In December 1847 Bernard McLaughlin was given the lease of the haymarket. Captain Westmacott in 1847 said: "The hay, corn and cattle market is at the entrance of the town and is always plentifully supplied."

71: The various market sites were handed over by the government to the City Council by a deed of grant in 1845.



ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE MANNING BUILDING 441-459 pm ST. HA YMARKET MARCH 1998

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71: In 1869 the Belmore Markets were opened on the site of the Cattle Market, opposite the Study Area (See Figure 5.5). 72: The Belmore Markets sold fruit and vegetables.

72: As Saturday trading in fruit and vegetables subsided, tents, booths, merrygo-rounds, stalls and sideshows were set up in the vacant block between Pitt st. and Parker St. and retailers of clothes, jewellery, and a thousand other items set up their stalls in the produce hall. It was known as Paddy's Market.

The eastern half of this block is the Study Area. By the 1860s the main venue for hay and grain sales had moved south to the railway terminal at Redfern. The haymarket concentrated more on the sale of fresh fruit, vegetable, and farm produce.

By 1872, when new by-laws were formulated for the Sydney markets, Campbell st. had become the main outlet for fruit and vegetable growers.

77: In the 1880s the Campbell Street market was already overcrowded. The Council .. instructed the City Architect George McCrae to design a more substantial fruit market in the Campbell St. area ... The new Belmore market was built on the site that for over half a century had been home to Paddy's Market. Paddy's was to continue in and around the old market buildings but the circus tents and sideshows that made Campbell st. such an exciting place in the boom times would have to be pitched elsewhere.

78: The New Belmore market was built on the Study Area (See Figures 5.4 and 5.6). Its western half was what is now the Capitol theatre.

It was made of lightweight steel girders and trusses with a brick exterior. There were 36 arched entrances fitted with ornamental wrought iron gates and the tympana were decorated with specially designed terracotta tiles representing stylised apples, oranges, lemons, figs, and other local fruit. The tiles were made by Campbell's pottery in Brisbane. 16 iron columns 9 metres long supported a lightweight steel roof that spanned 3875 sq metres and provided an unbroken area for stalls and carts. 79: This building was completed in 1893.

83: By about 1900 the location of the markets was increasingly inconvenient as more produce was brought to Sydney by train and sea. 84: The New Belmore market was built specifically for the fruit trade. Vegetables were sold there as well and in the fruit season the market was hopelessly overcrowded. 87: In the early 1900s there was

Lack of access, crowded conditions, and 'the filthy accumulation of horse droppings and evil smelling urine'

89: New markets were built around Hay Street and Quay Street. The New Belmore market was eventually transformed into the Capitol Theatre and the Manning Building, the Study Area.

3.3 The Haymarket and the Capitol: A Conservation Plan for the area bounded by George, Campbell, Pitt and Hay Streets, Sydney by James Semple Kerr. National Trust of NSW, May 1990.

:1-3 Kerr reproduces Meehan's Plan of Sydney of 1807 and discusses the early Brickfields and convict huts which were in the general region of




the site at the base of Brickfield Hill. The Haymarket is described by Mossman and Banister in 1852 and Kerr quotes :4:

The Hay-market is a large open space at the foot of Brickfield Hill, with a substantial market-house in the middle of it, surmounted by a turret-clock.

The eastern side of this open space is the Study Area.

Kerr states that :5:

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During the 1870s and 80s, the open space of the Haymarket west of Pitt Street was known as Paddy's Market and had a variety of activities. Saturday nights were devoted to entertainment with buskers, jugglers, orators, and hot sav and peanut stands. Philip Wirth, in his speech on the opening of the Hippodrome in 1916, recalled that this was the exact site upon which the first Wirth Bros Circus had opened 36 years earlier.

Figure 6.11 shows the circus tent on the site in the birds-eye-view of Sydney in 1879.

From pp. 8-16 Kerr describes the New Belmore Market on the site of the Study Area, its alterations, and the Manning Building. I will summarise his report here:

:9 The New Belmore Market was built on the site of the Haymarket and opened in July 1893. It was designed by the City Architect George McRae. A brick and terracotta facade faced the street and an economical iron and steel structure covered the entire market. The massive Bowral trachite base courses rested on exceptionally deep footings on account of the vicinity of the old creek. :10 The roof is supported by 16 heavy cast iron columns 22 inches in diameter. The columns average 30 feet in length and are cast in one length. The entire area was paved with asphalt and gas lamps were erected on the corners of Hay and Pitt Street and Campbell and Pitt Street.

Redevelopment of the Belmore Markets, 1913-1916 :11-12 The Council decided to build new markets at Thomas and Quay Streets west of George Street. This made the New Belmore Market redundant and the Council decided to recycle the fabric of the building so that Wirth's Circus would go into that part of the building flanking Parker Street (now the Capitol Theatre) and that a coffee palace (later offices) and eighteen shops would go beside Pitt Street (now the Manning Building). :13 The facade was dismantled and re-erected above a new ground storey which was mounted on the old footings. :14 The redevelopment was split into 2 contracts: the eastern half was now known as the Manning Building. The Council's intention was to make the building pay, hence the extra height - of three lettable storeys. The newlyelevated arcading of the Manning Building was infilled with windows to serve the 2 floors of office space.

Manning Building, 1913-1916 and 1926-1927 :16 Since the 1920s the building has remained substantially unchanged. The interiors reflect the Council's initial demand for economy and subsequent low maintenance levels.


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ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE MANNING BUILDING 441-459 PITT ST. HA YMARKET MARCH 1998

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3.4 Sydney 1842-1992 by Shirley Fitzgerald. Hale & Iremonger 1992.

:62 The market around Campbell and Hay Streets was on the outskirts of town, and the hay market was there after 1834. The Haymarket land was used for fairgrounds and circuses and eventually this became known as Paddy's Market combining trade and entertainment.

3.5 Picture of Sydney and Stranger's Guide in NSWfor 1839 by James Maclehose. [Facsimile] John Ferguson, Sydney 1977.

:69 George Street descends rapidly from Bathurst Street, till it arrives at the hollow in which the Corn and Cattle Markets are situated. This division of George Street is commonly called Brickfield Hill, for the numerous brick-kilns formerly in that quarter.

In the middle of 1838 the top of Brickfield Hill was cut off, making it much lower and easier to ascend, and the bottom part, near the site, was packed with the rubble, a large part of which was sandstone boulders. This made the hill a smoother ascent.

:87 Campbell Street was the southernmost cross street in Sydney. The whole front or south side of Campbell Street, is still in possession of the Government, and the greater part of it is occupied by the Cattle and Corn Markets, the latter being held by appointment in the vicinity of the building erected about two years ago, at the west end of the street ( ie. 1837).

4.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

4.1 Historical Background to the Town of Sydney

4.1.1 Topography The Study Area is in a hollow next to a small stream running from Surry Hills to the headwaters of Darling Harbour. At George Street, to the west of the area, there was a bridge over the stream. The area is now flat, and the stream and the headwaters of Darling Harbour have all been reclaimed.

4.1.2 Aboriginal Occupation Aborigines lived all over Sydney, so it is likely that they lived at the entrance to Cockle Bay (Darling Harbour) which is right near the site and can be seen on some of the early maps (Figures 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6). The creek which ran from the east past or through the Study Area and then into the bay would have been freshwater, and it also would have


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attracted Aboriginal occupation beside it. It is possible then, that Aboriginal artefacts may be found in the lowest layers of the Study Area.2

4.1.3 The Brickfields

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The town of Sydney was established in January 1788 at Sydney Cove. By March bricks, roof tiles and pottery were being made at the Brickfields in the area of the Haymarket, including right in the vicinity of the Manning Building site. The Brickfields are shown on a plan of Sydney in March 1788 (Figure 6.1) and on the Plan of Sydney, December 1792 drawn by Governor Phillip (Figure 6.2). On this 1792 Plan the location of the brick kilns themselves are shown very near the Study Area. On the plan of Sydney drawn in 1802 by the Frenchman Lesueur, the Brickfield Village is shown, and described as ' 'Brickfield Village, where there are manufactories of tiles, pottery, china, etc' (Figure 6.3). They are shown on the plan of Sydney in 1807 (Figure 6.4) and were still in operation in 1822 as shown in a Plan of the Town and Suburbs of Sydney, August 1822 (Figure 6.5).

4.1.4 Growth of Sydney Sydney grew gradually southward from the environs of Sydney Cove. The Haymarket was on right on the edge, and the outskirts of Sydney for many years. Campbell Street marked the southern boundary of the city. Past this the land was all in government hands. Such government institutions were the convict Carters' Barracks, the Benevolent Asylum, and the toll gate, all shown on the early plans of the Study Area. And here too were the Markets, where people with carts of hay, corn, maize, etc. had to stop and were not to venture further into the city to sell their produce.

4.2 Land Title Evidence of Ownership of the Study Area

The land was given by the Crown to the Council in October 1839. It continued to be owned by the Council, at least up to the time of the Manning Building, which is not archaeologically significant, and therefore Land Title Documents were not necessary for this Report.

2 Kerr in his Conservation Plan for the Haymarket and the Capitol :2 quotes Andrew Wilson from Kate Blackmore's historical report on the Capitol site saying that Wilson suggests that Aboriginal remains are unlikely on the site. Because there is a creek on this site or near by, I think it is possible that Aboriginal remains might be found.


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5.0 SITE SURVEY

5.1 Sites Identified by Historical Research

Historical research and historical maps have identified this site as the site of the Hay and corn market.

Although our site is in the area of the location of the Brickfields, because the maps were all drawn in the earliest days of the Colony it is not possible to overlay them accurately to show if any Brickfields kilns or other structures fall on the Study Area. Only archaeological remains will provide evidence of this.

5.2 Description of the Site

The Study Area, the Manning Building, is located on the eastern end of the block bounded by Pitt, Campbell, and Hay Streets, and is next to the Capitol Theatre. The facades of the two buildings are continuous, as it was originally one building constructed as the New Belmore Markets -the new fruit and vegetable market.

At present the Manning Building is largely unoccupied and locked up. There is a collection of active small Chinese food and utensil shops on the ground floor. There are two photographs of the site in the 19th century, and two sketches of it in birds-eye-views in the late 19th century.

5.3 Condition of the Site

The site is on flat ground. The building has no basements. It will have footings and service trenches, and has a lift, so it will have a small lift shaft penetrating the ground. There will therefore be some minor disturbance to the potential archaeological resources in the ground. At demolition, the facade of the building will be retained and propped up and any archaeological investigations will take place inside this area.

Anne Bickford Heritage Consultants 135 Catherine St. 'Leichhardt NSW 2040 02/95699672

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL A.SSESSMENT OF THE MANNING BUILDING SITE 441-459 pm SI. HAYMARKET MARCH 1998

5.4 Photographs of the Site taken 22 March 1998

Figure 5.1 Pitt Street facade of the Manning Building

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Figure 5.2 Campbell Street facade opposite the PittlCampbell Street corner



ARCHAE()L(X~ICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE MANNING BUILDING SITE 441-459 PITT ST. HA YMARKET MARCH 1998

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Figure 5.3 Hay Street facade showing the Capitol Theatre in the background

5.5 Historic Photographs of the Site

Figure 5.4 1915 New Belmore Market



ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE MANNING BUILDING SITE 441-459 pm ST. HAYMARKET MARCH 1998

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Figure 5.5 1869 Belmore Markets on the Site of the Cattle Market. The photo, which is taken from the Hay market site, shows in the foreground the nature of the Hay market ground surface, which is simply the unsurfaced natural soil.

Figure 5.6 c.1893 The New Belmore Markets on the Study Area. From opposite the corner of Pitt and Campbell Streets.

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Figure 6.2 1792 The Brickfields From: Arthur Phillip: His Voyaging. by Alan Frost, Oxford University Press, 1987. pp. 190-191.

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Phillip prepareJ this survey as he was !c.ving the colony. In timc~ the inner bounu:1ry defined the Sydney Domain and Botanic Gardens

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE MANNING BUILDING SITE 441-459 PITT ST. HA YMARKET MARCH 1998

23

Figure 6.3 1802 The Brickfields The Brickfields are described in the Legend to this map as 'No, 38 Brickfield Village, where there are several manufactories of tiles, pottery, and china', From:This Was Sydney by Suzanne Mourot, Ure Smith, 1969, ,

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Figure 6.4 October 1807 The Brickfields Plan of the Town of Sydney 31 October 1807 by James Meehan.

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Figure 6.5 1822 The Brickfields Plan of the Town and Suburbs of Sydney August 1822. From: Sydney Takes Shape. Kelly and Crocker, 1978.

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Figure 6.6 1823 The Study Area. Showing no buildings or uses for the Study Area. Map of the City of Sydney by Charles Harper. AON5W MAP No., 5Z436

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE MANNING BUILDING SITE 441-459 PITT ST. HAYMARKET MARCH 1998

28

Figure 6.8 1836 Study Area. Showing the Hay and Corn Market building near the George Street frontage/and the Study Area as va<;ant land. Map of the Town of Sydney 1836, by WG Capom. Published by the Central Mapping Authority NSW 1979.

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE MANNING BUILDING SITE 441-459 PITT ST. HA YMARKET MARCH 1998

29

Figure 6.9 1855 Study Area. N 0.37 Hay market buildings to the west of the site and the Study Area as vacant land. Smith & Gardiner's Map of Sydney and Suburbs 1855. Published by the Lands Department 1988.

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Figure 6.10 1865 Study Area. Showing the Hay market buildings to the west of the site, and the Study Area as vacant land. Trigonometrical Survey of Sydney 1865. AONSW Section 33 Frame 2 of 2.

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Figure 6.111879 Study Area with Circus Tent erected on it. Poster Published in Illustrated Sydney News October 2 1879.




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Figure 6.12 1880 Study Area. Showing the Study Area as Vacant Land. New and Complete Wharf, Street, and Building Plan of Sydney by H. Percy Dove. Mitchell Library ZIP 981.11/D

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Figure 6.13 1890 Study Area. Showing fence around the Hay Market and schematic horse and carts in the area. Poster from Illustrated Sydney News December 1890.


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34

Figure 6.14 Two pages. 1844 Rules and Regulations for the Hay, Corn, and Cattle Markets, Campbell Street, in the City of Sydney. From: City of Sydney Directory for 1884-5 Compiled by Francis Low. 1844. Facsimile published 1978.

198 BY-LAWS.

RULES A....~D REGULATIU!\S

For the Hay, Corn, and Cattle il.J"rhets, Campoe[{street, ill the City of Sy,!JW!/.

TIME OF HOLDING TilE :ll.\RKET.

1. That the Jllarkct shall be (lpen for thp sale of goods on everv dav during the year, e:l:ccpt Sundays, Cbristmas Day, a.{ll Goud Friday.

2. That the ~farket shall commence by ring of bell at five o'clock, A. )1., from the first day of Se:,tember to the last day of February, and at sil(, A. :d., tiuring the other months of the year.

3. That the slarket shall conclm'e at sunset on each day thruughout the year.

APPROPRIATION 01' THE :.IARKET.

4. That part of the :VI arket to the eastward of Pitt-street shall be appropriatrd for the sal~ of horses, neat cattle, sheep, goats. and swine, and the remainder of the }Iarket for the sale of wheat, barley, oats, ry<', pras, maize, and other grain: hay, straw, grass, and oth~r green fodder.

5. Carts and other car!'iages containing grain or pulse of any description, shali be arranged round the }Iarkethouse with the horse's head outwards, rescrving a space of twenty feet wide in sllch part of the north side uf the building as the Clerk of the :-.rarket shall direct, for the purpose of ingress and egress.

6. Carts and other carriages with hay, straw, grass, and other green fodder, shall be ranged along the southeast and north sides of the vacant ground adjoining the Market· house, and to the eastward of it.

7. Grass exposed for sale in barrows or in loose bundles without carts, shall occupy the vacant space to the westward of the :'farket Buildin!!'. at stlch distance therefrom as the Clerk of the ~rarket ;l;all direct.

CLERK OF THE )1.\ RKET.

8. There shall be a Clerk of the ~rarket who shall be sworn in as a special constable, and who shall be appuinted and removed from time to time bv the Cuuncil of the said City. "

9. Such Clerk shall have power to demanu and receive all tolls or dues connected \I'ith, or arising- from the ~Iarket, and either alone or with his assistants to preserve order, regularity and cleanliness in the said :'Iarket, and within the ~Iarket Square, and §ummarily to ejt'ct therefrom any drunken or disorderly person, or anyone creating a riot or disturbance, or cursing, swearing, or using any gross, indecent, or abusive langnage, or being guilty of gross or indecent conduct therein, or smoking therein.

10. Such Clerk shall also have power to inspect all articles exposed for sale in the }Iarket, and such as he shall deem bad and unwholesome, to seize, and as soon as possible thereafter to have inspected by three or more members of the City Council, who. if they shall think such articles to be bad and unwholesome, may thereupon direct the same to be publicly destroyed.

BY-LAWS. 199

11. Such Clerk shall be provided lI'ith weights and measures, stamped as specified by the second section oY the Act of Council, 3 William IV., No. 4, bv which all ot~ers us?d in t~e :-'farket shall be adjusted; ~nd shall, on bemg paId the tee hereinafter mentioned, at the request of anyone purchasing goods in the Market, weigh or meaSlJre such goods by such stam ped wei ght~ or measures.

1:l .. It shaH be tb~ duty of such Clerk to see that all Bylaws tor tl,e regulations of the ;Vlarket are duly observed therein.

A:.lO{;ST OF TOLLS, &c.

1.:3. '~here sh~ll be paid by every person selling or exposlllg tor sale In the slarket, for the goods or cattle bro~lght to the sIa:ket by such person for sale, the fol~()WIng dues, that IS to s""y, for every horse, mare, geldmg. fllal, ass, or mule, the sum of One shillmg : for every head of neat cattle, the sum of Sixpence· for everY sheep la.mb, ~ig, or goat, the slim of One penn'y; for every load ot hay, If drawn by one horse or other animal, the sum of i:ii~pence, and if drawn by two or more horses or other animals, the sum of One shilling; for every load of straw, if drawn by one horse or other animal, the sum of Threepence, and if drawn by two or more horses or other animals, the sum of Sixpence· for everv load of wheat barley, oats, rye, pease, maize; or other "grain, grass, 0; other green fodder, if drawn bv one horse or other animal the sum of Sixpence. and if drawn by two or more horse~ or other animals, the sum of One shilling.

11. The Clerk of the ~larket shall be entitled to demand and receive. for every weight or measure, compared or adjusted by him, the sum of Throe pence; and for every article weighed by him, the sum of One penny for each hundred weurht or less quantIty.

15. The Clerk of the :'Iarket shall be entitled to demand and receive, fot' all articles weighed on the weigh.bridge, the sum of One shilling per load, where the load shall not exceed one ton in weight, and the sum of One shilling and sixpence per luad, where it shall exceed that weight.

PE:-IALTIES.

16. If any person shall sell or offer to sell, in the }Iarket, at any time alter sun-set and before the ringing of the bell in the morning, he or she shall forfeit and pay, for each offence any ,um not more than Twenty shillings.

1'i. If an y person shall sell or offer to expose for sale, in the ;-.rark,t, any guods or live stock, in any part of the :'Iarket other than the one herein before appropriated for the saie of such goods or live stock, he or she shall t()rf~it and pa'!, for each otfence any sum not more than l?orty shillings.

18. If any person shall sell any article in the :'Iarket by the hundred-weight, and such hundred-weight shall contain less than one hundred and twelve pounds avoirdupoise weight, such person shall, for every such offence, forfeit and pay any sum not more than Five Pounds.

ID. If any person shall resist the Clerk of the Market in the el(ercise of his duty, whether in the yfarket or out of it, or shall neglect or refuse to obey the lawful orders of such Clerk in the :vIarket, such person shall, over ancl above any other penalty which he or she may incur for assault or otherWise, forfeit and pay for every such otfimce any sum not more than Five pounds.




Figure 6.14 continued

200 BY-LAWS.

20. If any person shall drive into or through the MJ.rket any live stock after the hour of 6 A.ll • except during the months of ~lay. June, and July, and then after i A.)l.,

and before 12 at night. during the whole year (except such as are bridled and haltered, and ndden or led singly, and sheep, pigs. and goats, and calves, and foals, under the age of one year,) he or she shall, for every such offenee, iorfeit and pay any sum not more than Five pounds.

21. If any person shall place in the Market "Building more than two sacks of grain or pulse for each ~art or carriage brought therewith to the Market, or shall place such sacks further within the exterior edge of the said building than six feet. or shall place any loose grain or pulse in any part of the said building, except in a seive or measure placed on the top of such sacks, every sHch person shall, for evpry such offence, forfeit and pay any sum not more than Forty shillings.

22. If any person coming to the iv!arket with a load of goods in a ca.rt. or other carriage, shall n at, before the opening of the ~farket, or if arriving thereafter, within twenty minutes after SllCh arrival, take the animal or animals drawing such cart, or other carriage, out of such cart or other carriage, sllch Ferson shall, for every such offence, forfeit ami pay any SUI.1 not more than Twenty shillings.

23. If any person with grass in barrows or in loose bundles, shnll enter into l..ny part of the "larket Buildmg or the pavement round it, or any part of the space allotted for carts or other carriages, during the market hours, such person shall, for every such ofii!Uce, forfeit and pay any sum not more than Twenty shillings.

24. If any person shall place or range any cart, or other carriage, or barrow, within the Ma.rket Building, or on the pavement outside, such person shall, for every such offence, forfeit amI pay any sum not more thar. Forty shillings.

25. If any person shall purchase any goods or live stock in the :'I!arket. and shall re-sell the same, or any part thereof, therein, he or she shall, for every such offence, forieit and pay any sum not more than Forty shillings.

26. If any person shall publicly sell or expose for sale, in any part of tbe City of ::iydney, except in the ::Yla~ket, any number of horses, neat cattle, sheep, goats. or swme ; or shall sell or expose for sale, in any part of the City .of Sydney, except in the ~farket, or in the house, shop, or premises of the party so selling, any quantity of wheat, barley, oats, rye, pease, maize, or other grain, or any hay, straw, grass, or other green fodder, he or shA shall, for every such offence, forfeit and pay any sum not more than Five pounds.

2i. If any person shall sell, or expose, or offer for sale, in the ~larket, any live stock, without having previously paid to the Clerk of the Market any due or tolls that may be demandable in respect thereof, or shall neglect at refuse to pay on demand to such CI~rk any dues, tolls, or fees which he may lawfully demand, he or ,he sha.lI, for every such offence, forfeit and pay any sum not more than Forty shillin gs.

28. If any person shall be found drunk in the ~Iarket, or become disorderly therein, or create a disturbance, or

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35

BY-LAWS. 201

cur se, ,swear, .or use any. gross, indecent, 'or abusive langua,;~ therem, or smoke l?- the sa;d }Iarket, or within the i'vlarket square, he shall, tor every such offence, forfeit and pay any sum not more than Five pounds.

J. R. WILSHIRE,

Passed th~ Council of the ~ City of Sydney, the 4th day of April, A. D ,18H.

JOHN RAE, Town Clerk.

Mayor.

DRIVING CATTLE THROUGH THE CITY uF SYDNEY.

Be it therefore enacted, ordered, and declared by the said Council of the said City, in Council assembled that no ca,ttle i~tended for sale, slaughter, or shipment, 'shall be dnven mto or through any part of the said City, north of the Cattle Market, except between the hours of Twelve at night and six in the morning; and every nerson who shall drive, or cause to be driven, such cattle as aforesaid at any OIher hour, shall, on conviction, forfeit and pay th~ sum ofTen shillings for each aad every head of cattle so driven.

J. R. WILSHIRE,

Passed the Council of the ~ City of Sydney, the 4th day of April, A.D., 1844.

JOHN RAE, Town Clrek.

Mayor.


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ARCHAEOLCX~ICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE MANNING BUILDING SITE 441-459 PITT ST. HA YMARKET MARCH 1998

Figure 6.15 Proposed Development. Pitt Street Elevation.

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE MANNING BUILDING SITE 441-459 PITT ST. HAYMARKET MARCH 1998

37

Figure 6.16 Proposed Development. Ground Level Plan.

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Figure 6.17 Proposed Development. Section showing 3 Below-ground Basement Levels for Parking.

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Figure 6.18 Proposed Development. Showing Basement Levels 2 and 3 Taking up Whole of Site.

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40

7.0 SYNTHESIS OF PHYSICAL AND DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE

In the early years of settlement records historical and map and plan evidence shows that in the general area of the Study Area there were brick kilns, pottery kilns, and brickfields- areas for drying bricks before firing, and stacking them after. However, none of the evidence shows exactly what was happening on the Study Area site. There may have been kilns and pottery and/or brickmaking there, but the only way we will know if they were there is if archaeological evidence is left on the site.

The historical and map and plan evidence shows that there was no building on the Study Area until the New Belmore Market in 1893. This building had a bitumen floor. In 1913 this building was redeveloped into the Manning Building by dismantling the facade and re-erecting it above a new ground floor which was mounted on the old footings. On the ground floor 18 shops were built on the Pitt Street end and a coffee palace and then offices were installed in the floors above.

The Study Area was used as the open air part of the Corn and Hay Market from 1834. Before that it was an open paddock on the outskirts of the town of Sydney. As the Hay Market it had no special surface, but just its natural covering of soil. On market days horses and carts would draw up in the area and the produce would be sold from the back of the carts.

After the construction of the Belmore Markets on the Cattle Market site on the opposite side of Pitt Street in 1869, as well as the Hay Market the Study Area was used for a general secondhand and curio market (known as Paddy's Market), and as a fairground and circus tent arena.




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8~O ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

8.1 The Concept of Cultural Significance

In Australia the process of finding out whether an item is important or not is called assessing significance. The importance of the archaeological resources of the study are will be evaluated by following the established heritage procedures. The criteria for assessment have been standardised in NSW by the Heritage Office and published in the NSW Heritage Manual. This procedure makes it possible to compare the significance of like items between local government areas, within regions, or between states}

8.2 General Assessment Processes and Criteria

In NSW the heritage system requires three steps: 1) investigate significance 2) assess significance 3) manage significance.

For assessing heritage significance there are two types of criteria, those which deal with the nature of significance (a range of values) and those which deal with the degree of significance (comparative values). These are outlined in the Heritage Assessments section of the NSW Heritage Manual.

The criteria are: 8.2.1 Nature of significance criteria Criterion 1 - historical significance (evolution and association). An item having this value is significant because of the importance of its association with, or position in the evolving pattern of the cultural history of NSW.

Criterion 2 - aesthetic significance (scenic/architectural qualities, creative accomplishment). An item having this value is significant because it demonstrates positive visual or sensory appeal, landmark qualities and/ or creative or technical excellence.

Criterion 3 - technical/research significance (archaeological, industrial, educational, research potential and scientific significance values).

3 NSW Heritage Manual "Heritage Assessments" p. 5.




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Items having this value are significant because of their contribution, or potential contribution to an understanding of our cultural history or environment. As this criterion includes archaeological research potential and scientific significance values it is of major importance in the assessment of archaeological remains.

Criterion 4 - social significance (contemporary community esteem). Items having this value are significant through their social, spiritual or cultural association with a recognisable community.

8.2.2 Degree of Significance Criteria Under each nature of significance criterion it must be considered whether the item meets either or both of the comparative significance criteria - representativeness and rarity. Representativeness Items having this value are significant because they are fine representative examples of an important class of significant items or environmen ts. Rarity An item having this value is significant because it represents a rare, endangered, or unusual aspect of our history or cultural environment.

8.2.3 Levels of Significance Local. regional. or state These terms relate to the geographical and social context of an item's significance -Local heritage Comprises items significant in a local historical or geographical context or to an identifiable contemporary local community. Regional heritage Comprises items significant in a regional historical or geographical context or to an important and identifiable contemporary regional community. State heritage Comprises items significant in a state-wide historical or geographical context or to an important and identifiable contemporary state-wide community.




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9.0 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY AREA

The region around the site possesses archaeological significance (technical/research significance) relating to the early Brickfields for the town of Sydney - with documented use from as early as Aril 1788 to the present. Such evidence of early use is rare in Sydney. The Archaeological Zoning Plan for Central Sydney states that only 5-10% of the total area surveyed still contains some archaeological potentia1.4

The site itself may have been used as part of the Brickfields, but only physical excavation will tell.

There is not evidence for actual building occupation on the site until the New Belmore Markets were erected partly on the site (and on the Capitol site) in 1893. The physical evidence of the Markets from 1834 and their recycling on the Pitt Street end as the Manning Building in 1913 is of local archaeological significance. The highly significant remains will be those of brick and pottery making which took place much earlier in the area in the early 1800s.

9.1 Research Themes

9.1.1 Change and Development Because the study area may contain evidence from the early 1830s right up to the end of the century themes of change of use and development can be applied. The development of this part of the city and the early government uses can be investigated. The core-periphery model of the city and the spatial relations between the two areas - the early city centre at Sydney Cove, and the government landscape around Brickfield Hill - can be studied.

The changes to the topography of the area to allow the city to expand westwards, and buildings to take over land once devoted to the markets and open paddocks can also be studied. The early plans in this Report of the Study Area in 1792, 1802, 1807, 1822, and 1823, show the headwaters of Darling Harbour close to the west of the site and a creek from Surry Hills to Darling Harbour passing on the Hay Street side. This creek was bridged across George Street directly west of the site. This creek must have been filled in in the 1830s when the headwaters of Darling Harbour were also reclaimed. There should be evidence of the changing of the landform on the site.

4 Lavelle and Mider, 1995 p. 4.


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9.1.2 The Brickfields The April 1788 Map in this Report shows that the Brickfields were already established in the area, and subsequent maps show that the brickfields were still flourishing in 1822. The making of bricks, tiles, and pottery in the early colony is one of the oldest industries in colonial Australia, and is thus of great significance. Although several archaeological monitoring excavations have taken place in this area very little evidence of these industries taking place have been revealed. Therefore any evidence of this, and especially of pottery making in the colony is of high significance.

9.2 Summary Statement of Significance The site of the Manning Building at 441-459 Pitt Street is an area of high archaeological potential. If archaeological deposits from the early Brickfields still exist under the ground, then they are rare, and of State significance.




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10.0 CONSERVATION POLICY GUIDELINES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

10.1 Heritage

10.1.1 The NSW Heritage Act 19775

The Heritage Act 1977 was enacted to ensure that the environmental heritage of NSW would be adequately identified and conserved. The Act established the Heritage Council of NSW, an independent advisory body which makes recommendations to the Minister for Planning on matters affecting the environmental heritage and on the implementation of the Heritage Act.

The Heritage Act is concerned with all aspects of conservation ranging from basic protection against indiscriminate demolition or damage, to restoration and education, The provisions of the heritage Act with particular reference to the management and conservation of archaeological sites in NSW are those which relate to "relics".

10.1.1.1 The "relics" provisions The term "relic" is defined in the Heritage Act 1977, (as amended 1987), as:

any deposit, object, or material evidence -a) which relates to the settlement of the area that comprises NSW, not being Aboriginal settlement: and b) which is 50 or more years old.

The Heritage Act provides automatic statutory protection for relics in sections 139-145 which prevent the excavation or disturbance of land for the purposes of. discovering, exposing, or moving a relic not subject to a conservation instrument, except in accordance with an excavation permit.

Section 139 of the Heritage Act, 1977, states that: A person shall not disturb or excavate any land for the purpose of discovering, exposing, or moving a relic, not being a relic subject to a conservation instrument, except in accordance with an excavation permit.

Thus, the disturbance or excavation of land containing or likely to contain relics may only take place after an excavation permit has been granted by the Heritage Council or its delegate.

5 The Archaeological Zoning Plan for Central Sydney by Lavelle and Mider pp.13-14.

Anne Bickford Heritage Consultants 135 Catherine St. Leichhar<:it NSW 2040 02/95699672



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10.1.2 Condition of the Archaeological Remains The condition of any archaeological remains at the Study Area is not known. Because the Manning Building has no basements it is assumed that the remains of earlier uses may exist and that only service trenches, footings, and a small lift well for the Manning Building and the earlier building - the New Belmore Markets - may have disturbed the remains.

10.2 The Development Proposal

The proposed redevelopment of the site involves the demolition of the interior of the Manning Building, the retention of its facade, and the construction of a new hotel inside the facade. The base level of the lowest of the three basements is 8.3 metres below ground level. The basements cover the whole extent of the site, so that excavation for these structures will remove any archaeological remains which might be in the Study Area.

10.3 Obligations Arising from the Site's Significance - Conservation Requirements

The research significance of the potential archaeological site is high, and the existence of the site is rare. The extent of disturbance - full removal of archaeological remains - requires that the site is excavated archaeologically before bulk excavation can take place. As the extent of the potential archaeological site is not known, preliminary testing measures should be taken to define if there are any archaeological remains there, and what is their location and depth.

10.4 Recommendations

10.4.1 Excavation Permit As soon as practicable, but prior to the commencement of any bulk excavation work on the site an archaeological excavation permit required under the NSW Heritage Act 1977 should be obtained. This permit should be applied for by the client as the Applicant, and also signed by the land owner. The permit application should be prepared by a qualified historical archaeologist. The cost of the permit is $10. The permit normally takes 3-4 weeks to be approved by the NSW Heritage Office.




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10.4.2 Test Trenching Once the permit has been obtained, archaeological test trenching should be undertaken across the site. This can be done by backhoe, with the driver instructed and supervised by a qualified historical archaeologist. This trenching will determine the extent of disturbance of the site, and whether there are any significant archaeological remains left.

10.4.3 Archaeological Excavation If significant archaeological remains are shown to exist, then a further excavation and research proposal should be prepared. This should include detailed preliminary research on the significant remains found on the site. If necessary, a further Excavation Permit for the intensive excavation of the site should be submitted to the Heritage Office, before the full site excavation takes place.

Sufficient time and resources should be made available for the archaeological excavation and recording of remains uncovered. The archaeological investigation should include:

a) detailed recording (plans, photographs, and written records) of all features and structures uncovered

b) a catalogue of all artefacts, including provenance, description and interpretation

c) the stabilisation, cleaning, and archival packing of all artefacts, and the placement of this material in a permanent repository. Place and date of deposition should be reported to the Heritage Office of NSW

d) preparation of a final archaeological report, including detailed historical research, description and interpretation of the excavation, the contribution to research themes, and any additional research themes, and a copy of the artefact catalogue.


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