I. GeographyA. Arabian Peninsula - cross roads

B. Desert

C. Trade routes

II. Muhammad (571-632 CE)A. Born in MeccaB. Orphan at 6; raised by grandfatherC. Had fits and seizures throughout life became

unconscious and had visions1. around age 40 angel Gabriel came to him with

message to preach only one God… Allah2. preached for 20+ years

a) wife and friends became followersb) followers attacked for beliefs

D. The Hijrah

1. When followers attacked Muhammad left Mecca for Yathrib (later Medina)

2. Muhammad’s leadership skills joined Arabs and Jews into one community

E. Muhammad Returned to Mecca in 630CE with 10,000 followers

1. Took over Mecca

2. Destroyed idols in Ka’aba

3. Most Meccans converted to Islam

4. Died two years later

III. Islamic beliefs and practices

A. One God - Allah

B. Good and evil

C. Followers called Muslims

D. Holy book called the Qur’an

E. House of worship called a mosque

F. 5 Pillars of Islamic Faith

1. Faith - in one God-Allah

2. Prayer - 5 times a day

3. Alms - support less fortunate

4. Fasting - during holy month of Ramadan

5. Pilgrimage to holy city of Mecca=hajj

1. Faith - in one God-Allah

2. Prayer - 5 times a day

3. Alms - support less fortunate

4. Fasting - during holy month of Ramadan

5. Pilgrimage to holy city of Mecca=hajj

G. Mecca

1. All Muslims to take a Pilgrimage to Holy City* fighting never tolerated in city

2. Worship at shrine of Ka’aba* Housed relics of Abraham and other

religions

H. Way of Life

1. No pork

2. No alcohol

3. Friday - communal worship

4. No priests or central religious authority

5. Scholar class called ulama

I. Islamic Religion and law1. Law code Shari’a covers all aspects of Muslim

private and public life a. made up of Qur’an (holy text) and Sunna -

Muhammad’s example b. Law cannot be separated from religion

IV. Similarities among Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

A. All are monotheistic

B. Jews and Muslims believe Jesus a prophet

C. All have holy books

D. All believe in Heaven, Hell, day of judgment; life after death

E. All traced ancestry to Abraham

F. Jews and Muslims forbidden to eat pork

G. Muslims and Christians urged to practice charity and be generous to poor and weak

A. All are monotheistic

B. Jews and Muslims believe Jesus a prophet

C. All have holy books

D. All believe in Heaven, Hell, day of judgment; life after death

E. All traced ancestry to Abraham

F. Jews and Muslims forbidden to eat pork

G. Muslims and Christians urged to practice charity and be generous to poor and weak

1.6 Billion Umma – total group of Muslim’s as of Jan. 2011

Muhammad-Khadija

Ali - Fatima

Hasan Husayn

1st cousins

Shi’ites

Killed by Yazid

•10% of Muslims•emphasis on martyrs•leader must be a direct descendent of Muhammad•mostly in Iran

Abu Bakr – 1st Caliph Best friend & father of Muhammad’s wife A’isha

Umar – 2nd Caliph

Uthman - 3rd Caliph Assassinated by rebels

Ma’awiya - 5th CaliphYazid - 6th Caliph

UmayyadCaliphate*moves to Spain in 750

Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258)Arabian NightsSunni

•90% of Muslims•more tolerant•leader can be any good Muslim

4th Caliph

I. Muhammad’s Successors

A. Muhammad died 632 CEB. Caliph means successor - to lead Muslims = Rightly Guided Caliph’s = first four after Muhammad 1. Abu-Bakr 1st Caliph a. Umar, Uthman, and Ali next Caliphs had all known Muhammad 2. Abu-Bakr invoked jihad (holy war) against

tribes that had abandoned IslamC. By 750 the Muslim Empire covered 6,000 miles

from Atlantic Ocean to Indus River

a. united lands by having official language = Arabic b. minted Arabic currency, built roads c. established postal system & civil service d. Jews and non-Greek Christians tolerated & protected (paid

taxes)

D. Two ruling families after Muhammad = Umayyad and Abbasid

1. First ruling family = Umayyad ca 661-750 CE – capital = Damascus

a. Dissatisfied because of higher taxes, lower wages in army & government & social discrimination

b. Abu-al-Abbas “Bloodshedder” tried to kill off the Umayyad family c. Overthrew Umayyad rule d. Destroyed by Seljuk Turks and Mongols

2. Second ruling family = Abbasid ca 747-1258 CE – capital Baghdad

II. Division w/ in Islam*

A. Fight for position of Caliph 1. Sunni

a. “followers of the way”b. Any devout Muslim can be caliphc. Caliph a leader, not religious authorityd. 90% of Muslims

2. Shiaa. Caliph must be a descendant of Muhammadb. A spiritual leader, not a political leaderc. 10% - Iraq, Iran, Lebanond. martyrs

2. Shiaa. Caliph must be a descendant of Muhammadb. A spiritual leader, not a political leaderc. 10% - Iraq, Iran, Lebanond. martyrs

III. Economic impact of Muslim trade with India, China, Europe, and Africa

A. Trade networks

1. Land routes – including

Silk Road (India, Europe, &

Asia); Africa

2. Sea routes – Indian Ocean,

Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea

B. Language and currency united traders

C. Banking system created

1. Sakk = checks – exchanged

for currency IV. Cultural impact of trade = diffusion of cultures

The Spread of Islam

I. Social Classes

A. Upper class - Muslim at birth

B. Second class - Converts to Islam

C. Third class - Protected people = Jews & Christians

D. Lowest class - slaves

II. Extending Knowledge

A. Muhammad encouraged

learning

B. Astrolabe - for time and

direction of prayer

C. House of Wisdom - library,

academy, translated texts

D. Medicine –

1. Ibn Sina - Book of Healing - Father of modern

medicine

E. Philosophy - goal - to find the truth

III.III. Position of womenPosition of women

A. were wives, mothersA. were wives, mothers B. female infanticide forbiddenB. female infanticide forbidden C. limited polygamy C. limited polygamy

D. Women had control overD. Women had control over their own property; couldtheir own property; could inherit and operateinherit and operate businessesbusinesses E. Could remarryE. Could remarry F. Were often educated andF. Were often educated and advised leaders and someadvised leaders and some became rulersbecame rulers

IV. Arabic influence illustrated in the words that came into English from Arabic A. Alcohol, admiral, algebra, almanac B. Candy, coffee, damask, lemon, orange, sherbet, zero

V. Empire splits

A. Culture continued

B. 3 Muslim empires

1. Ottoman

2. Safavid

3. Mughal

Medicine•Require doctors to pass difficult tests•Set up hospitals and emergency rooms•Study diseases and write medical books•Canon of Medicine by Ibn Sina (or Avicenna)•Al-Razi develops a medical encyclopedia

Learning•Translate writings of Greek philosophers at the research center called House of Wisdom (CE 830) •Develop algebra, trigonometry, place value•Observe Earth turning and measure its circumference•Earth round, but believed all revolved around the earth•Produce first accurate maps of the earth CE 1100s•Improved the astrolabe

Learning•Translate writings of Greek philosophers at the research center called House of Wisdom (CE 830) •Develop algebra, trigonometry, place value•Observe Earth turning and measure its circumference•Earth round, but believed all revolved around the earth•Produce first accurate maps of the earth CE 1100s•Improved the astrolabe

Literature•Consider Qur’an most important piece of Arabic literature•Chant oral poetry•Collect stories from other people•The Arabian Nights by Omar Khayyam

Art•Use beautiful writing and patterns to decorate buildings and art•Adapt Byzantine domes and arches•Paint people and animals in nonreligious art•Use calligraphy and arabesques, not human forms in religious art

Art•Use beautiful writing and patterns to decorate buildings and art•Adapt Byzantine domes and arches•Paint people and animals in nonreligious art•Use calligraphy and arabesques, not human forms in religious art