The Modern MediterraneanThe Modern Mediterranean

The IberianThe Iberian PeninsulaPeninsula The BalkanThe Balkan

PeninsulaPeninsula

The ItalianThe Italian PeninsulaPeninsula

The Ancient MediterraneanThe Ancient Mediterranean

Fertile CrescentFertile CrescentEmpiresEmpires

Ancient Ancient EgyptEgypt

Ancient Ancient GreeceGreece

Ancient RomeAncient Rome

Ancient Ancient CarthageCarthage

The Geography of The Geography of RomeRome

The Geography of The Geography of RomeRome

The Role of Geography in Ancient RomeThe Role of Geography in Ancient Rome

The Role of Geography in Ancient RomeThe Role of Geography in Ancient Rome

Trade and contact with other Trade and contact with other civilizations was possible but invasion civilizations was possible but invasion was also a constant threat, thus a was also a constant threat, thus a strong military developed.strong military developed.

1.1.Alps to the north separate Italy from Alps to the north separate Italy from the rest of Europe. They offer some the rest of Europe. They offer some but not total protection from invasion but not total protection from invasion because of natural passes.because of natural passes.

2.2.Apennines run the length of Italy but Apennines run the length of Italy but do not hinder trade or travel.do not hinder trade or travel.

Effects:Effects:

The Role of Geography in Ancient RomeThe Role of Geography in Ancient RomeMountains: Two Major Ranges - Alps and Mountains: Two Major Ranges - Alps and

Apennines impact ItalyApennines impact Italy

Northern Italy – The AlpsNorthern Italy – The Alps

Northern Italy – The ApenninesNorthern Italy – The Apennines

•People turned inland for trade People turned inland for trade rather than to the sea as the Greeks rather than to the sea as the Greeks had.had.

•The long coastlines made invasion The long coastlines made invasion easier.easier.

1.1.Long coastlines with fewer natural Long coastlines with fewer natural harbors than Greece.harbors than Greece.

2.2.Rivers are generally short and Rivers are generally short and shallow. Poorly suited for travel and shallow. Poorly suited for travel and transportation.transportation.

The Role of Geography in Ancient RomeThe Role of Geography in Ancient Rome

Seas: Adriatic Sea lies to the East Seas: Adriatic Sea lies to the East and Mediterranean to south and and Mediterranean to south and westwest

Effects:Effects:

The Seas – The Italian RivieraThe Seas – The Italian Riviera

•The Romans were mostly self-sufficient The Romans were mostly self-sufficient in early history but turned to trade to in early history but turned to trade to supplement food supply as empire supplement food supply as empire grew. grew.

1.1.Most soil is sandy and easily erodes. Most soil is sandy and easily erodes. Best suited for grazing.Best suited for grazing.

2.2.Northern valleys are fertile enough for Northern valleys are fertile enough for grains.grains.

3.3.Most other areas are good for Most other areas are good for vegetable, grapes, olives, and citrus vegetable, grapes, olives, and citrus fruits.fruits.

Effects:Effects:

The Role of Geography in Ancient RomeThe Role of Geography in Ancient RomeLand, Soil and Vegetation: Most of land Land, Soil and Vegetation: Most of land

is foothills and mountains except in is foothills and mountains except in the valleys of the north. the valleys of the north.

The Land – Central ItalyThe Land – Central Italy

Northern Italy - TuscanyNorthern Italy - Tuscany

Italian FarmlandItalian Farmland

•Like the Greeks, Romans spent Like the Greeks, Romans spent much time outdoors socializing and much time outdoors socializing and trading ideas.trading ideas.

•Citrus, grapes, and olives were Citrus, grapes, and olives were major exports for trade.major exports for trade.

Climate: Mediterranean ClimateClimate: Mediterranean Climate1.1.Mild temperatures and plentiful Mild temperatures and plentiful

winter precipitation.winter precipitation.2.2.Suitable for citrus, grapes, olives, Suitable for citrus, grapes, olives,

and vegetables.and vegetables.

Effects:Effects:

The Role of Geography in Ancient RomeThe Role of Geography in Ancient Rome

Mild Mediterranean ClimateMild Mediterranean Climate

Italy in 750 BCItaly in 750 BCItaly in 750 BCItaly in 750 BC

Three Groups of Early Three Groups of Early Settlers in ItalySettlers in Italy

Latins – 1000 B.C.Latins – 1000 B.C.Etruscans – 900 B.C.Etruscans – 900 B.C.Greeks – 750 B.C.Greeks – 750 B.C.

The LatinsThe LatinsThe LatinsThe Latins

Arrived around 1000 Arrived around 1000 B.C.B.C.

Settled in area known Settled in area known as as Latium.. Primarily farmers Primarily farmers who lived in villages who lived in villages along the Tiber River.along the Tiber River.

Established the city Established the city of Rome around 753 of Rome around 753 B.C.B.C.

Considered to be the Considered to be the first Romansfirst Romans

The Ancient City of Rome – Built on Seven HillsThe Ancient City of Rome – Built on Seven HillsAlong the Tiber RiverAlong the Tiber River

The EtruscansThe EtruscansThe EtruscansThe Etruscans Arrived around 900 B.C.Arrived around 900 B.C. Settled in area known as Settled in area known as Etruria in northern in northern

Italy.Italy. Skilled metal workers and advanced in Skilled metal workers and advanced in

engineering. Developed the arch.engineering. Developed the arch. Had a writing system which was adopted by Had a writing system which was adopted by

the Romans and became the basis of Latin.the Romans and became the basis of Latin. Influenced early Roman religion.Influenced early Roman religion.

The Greeks in ItalyThe Greeks in ItalyThe Greeks in ItalyThe Greeks in Italy Began establishing Began establishing

colonies in colonies in southern Italy between 750 and 600 B.C.between 750 and 600 B.C.

Greek cities became Greek cities became prosperous and spread prosperous and spread trade contacts throughout trade contacts throughout Italy.Italy.

Introduced Romans to Introduced Romans to Greek culture.Greek culture.

Had a strong influence on Had a strong influence on Roman trade, Roman trade, architecture, politics, and architecture, politics, and religion. religion.

Romans adopted Greek Romans adopted Greek religion and gods.religion and gods.

Early Settlements Early Settlements in Italyin Italy

EtruriaEtruria

LatiumLatium

Greek Greek ColoniesColonies

The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus

The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus

Early Rome Before the RepublicEarly Rome Before the Republic1.1. The Latins and Etruscans began to merge The Latins and Etruscans began to merge

and became known as Romans.and became known as Romans. 2.2. Around 600 B.C. an Etruscan was elected Around 600 B.C. an Etruscan was elected

king of Rome and established the Tarquin king of Rome and established the Tarquin dynasty.dynasty.

3.3. Rome began emerging into a major city Rome began emerging into a major city with impressive engineering and with impressive engineering and architecture.architecture.

4.4. Great temples and the forum were built Great temples and the forum were built during this time.during this time.

5.5. In 509 B.C. a harsh and unjust Tarquin In 509 B.C. a harsh and unjust Tarquin king was overthrown by the Romans. The king was overthrown by the Romans. The Romans declared they would never again Romans declared they would never again be ruled by a king.be ruled by a king.

6.6. The Romans established a republic that The Romans established a republic that would last for nearly 500 years. This would last for nearly 500 years. This began Rome’s climb to glory and world began Rome’s climb to glory and world prestige.prestige.

1000 BC3000 BC

900 BC

Neolithic Culture

Latin SettlementEtruscan Settlement

600 BC509 BC

264 BC

146 BC

73 BC

Etruscan Rule of RomeEstablishment of the Republic

Punic Wars

Spartacus Slave Revolts

60 BC44 BC

First Triumvirate Formed

Assassination of Julius Caesar

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ANCIENT ROMAN HISTORY – THE REPUBLICANCIENT ROMAN HISTORY – THE REPUBLIC

Greek Colonization 750 BC

PatriciansPatricians(Aristocrats)(Aristocrats)

PlebeiansPlebeians•Farmers•Merchants•Artisans

FreedmenFreedmen

SlavesSlaves•City SlavesCity Slaves•Household SlavesHousehold Slaves

(Early Republic)

Patricians Patricians vs. vs.

PlebeiansPlebeians

1.1. The Patricians were The Patricians were wealthy landowners and wealthy landowners and held most of the power.held most of the power.

2.2. They inherited their power They inherited their power and social status and and social status and claimed to be descendants claimed to be descendants from the original Romans.from the original Romans.

Patricians vs. PlebeiansPatricians vs. Plebeians3.3. Plebeians were the Plebeians were the

common people and common people and made up the majority of made up the majority of Romans.Romans.

4. 4. Plebeians were citizens, Plebeians were citizens, could vote but couldn’t could vote but couldn’t hold powerful hold powerful government office.government office.

5.5. Eventually Plebeians Eventually Plebeians gained the right to gained the right to appoint tribunes to appoint tribunes to protect their rights.protect their rights.

66. . Around 450 B.C. the Around 450 B.C. the Plebeians began writing Plebeians began writing down Rome’s laws and down Rome’s laws and posting them. These posting them. These were known as the were known as the Twelve Tables.Twelve Tables.

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE Provided political and social

rights for the plebeians. Established the idea that all

free citizens had a right to protection by the law.