Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease · disease and hypertension • Hypertension is extremely...
Transcript of Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease · disease and hypertension • Hypertension is extremely...
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Hypertension in Chronic Kidney
Disease
Grantham 4th October 2013
Manish Sinha
Evelina Children’s Hospital
London
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Scope of Talk
• Relevance of cardiovascular disease
• Prevalence of hypertension
• Association with primary disease and
pathophysiology
• Effect of hypertension on progression of CKD• Effect of hypertension on progression of CKD
• Hypertension as a cardiovascular risk factor
• Complications of hypertension in CKD
• Clinical implications
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Why does it matter?
There is an increased rate of
cardiovascular mortality in childrenand young adults [with childhood
onset chronic kidney disease (CKD)] onset chronic kidney disease (CKD)]
on renal replacement therapy
In young adults with childhood onset
CKD 40% - 45% mortality is cardiac
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Mitsnefes JASN 2012 – from USRDS
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Pruthi R et al. Chapter 4. UK Renal Registry Report _2013.
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Pre-dialysis CKD during childhood?
• Over the past 8 years, two large multi-centre cohorts
established for observational studies
• North American cohort : CKiD Study
– Prospective cohort study; GFR 30-90ml/min/1.73m2
– N=586; aged 1-16 year olds
• European study: 4C study
– Prospective cohort study; GFR 10-45ml/min/1.73m2
– n>600 ; aged 6-17 year olds
– No data published so far but plenty coming...
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CKiD study blood pressure report
Flynn et al Hypertension 2008
• CKiD study (n=432)
– Hypertensive/on treatment of hypertension in 54%
– Despite treatment 48% remained hypertensive
– Of those with elevated BP 39% were not receiving any treatment– Of those with elevated BP 39% were not receiving any treatment
• Findings similar to that reported in the NAPRTCS report
in 2003 [Mitsnefes JASN 2003]
– Prevalence of hypertension at 48% and similar level of BP!
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Association of primary renal
disease and hypertension• Hypertension is extremely common in all forms of
glomerulonephritides
– acute GN: PIGN, HSP: mostly reversible but persists in HUS, lupus
– Chronic GN: mostly seen in SRNS,
• Hypertension commonly also seen with non-glomerular
disorders • CAKUT and PKD; and in Reflux nephropathy
• Reno-vascular disease
• Generally observed that children with GN or PKD tend to
have higher blood pressure levels than those with
CAKUT for any level of GFR
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Patho-physiological mechanisms
• Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-
Aldosterone system
• Sodium and Water Retention
• Activation of the Sympathetic nervous system• Activation of the Sympathetic nervous system
• Nitric oxide
• CKD-MBD
• Intrauterine programming
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Recent pubmed search
“more of the same”?
• Improved data now including pre-dialysis CKD
– Small -> larger datasets
– retrospective -> prospective
– cross-sectional -> multiple cross sectional -> longitudinal
– most display poor achievement of standards… the cynic in
me “more of the same”
– few data showing causation…
– few exploring ways of reducing these risk factors…
– few clinical trials in children
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Summary-1
• Hypertension is an inevitable consequence of
CKD
• Worst BP levels with more severe CKD �
ERF
• Asymptomatic, hence need to measure BP
surveillance BUT accurately
• Plenty of room for improvement
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What progress have we made
regarding hypertension in children
with CKD over the past 10-15 years?
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Effect of hypertension on progression of
CKD - adults
• Substantial evidence in adults that hypertension is a
significant risk factor for progressive renal disease
• Additionally, presence of proteinuria in adults is
associated with progressive renal disease in both
diabetic and non-diabetics
• Numerous intervention trials have provided
evidence that renal function is preserved by
controlling BP in hypertensives (DM & non-DM)
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Effect of hypertension
on progression of CKD
- children
• Initial observations from
restricted protein intake study
in children with CKD
•Suggested those with SBP
>120 did worse and
proteinuria >50mg/m2/dayproteinuria >50mg/m2/day
•Lancet 1997; 349: 1117-1123
• Observational data from
NAPRTCS highlighted role of
BP – 58% vs 49%
• systolic HTN following
multivariate analyses
•JASN 2003; 14: 2618-2622
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Effect of Strict Blood Pressure Control and ACE Inhibition on the
Progression of CRF [chronic renal failure] in Pediatric Patients
(ESCAPE) Trial GroupNEJM 2009
• Assessed the long-term reno-protective effect of intensified blood-pressure control among children receiving a fixed high-dose of an ACEi
– 385 children, aged 3-18 years with eGFR 15-80 ml/min/1.73m2
– Ramipril 6mg/m2 following 6-month run-in period
– Intensive arm (24-hour MAP <50th percentile) and conventional arm
(MAP 50th-95th percentile)
• Primary outcome was the time to a 50% loss of GFR or ERF
• Primary outcome observed in 29.9% of intervention arm versus 41.7% in the control group (p=0.02)
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Progression of Renal Disease, According to Blood-Pressure-Control Group
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…‘cardiovascular risk’
In young adults with ‘childhood-onset
CKD’, it is likely that cardiovascular
pathology develops during childhoodpathology develops during childhood
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CV risk factors in adults
Traditional
• Age, white race and male
• Hypertension
• Dyslipidaemia
CKD-related
• Malnutrition
• Decreased GFR
• Proteinuria
• peripheral RAA activity• Dyslipidaemia
• Diabetes mellitus
• Tobacco use
• Physical inactivity
• LVH
• Obesity
• peripheral RAA activity
• Abnormal Ca-P
• Hypoalbuminaemia
• Anaemia and fluid overload
• Hyperhomocystinaemia
• Chronic inflammation
• Dyslipidaemia
• Oxidative stress
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CKiD study: cardiovascular risk factors
Wilson et al CJASN 2011
• CKiD study (n=250)
– Investigated CV risk factors including hypertension,
dyslipidaemia, obesity and abnormal glucose metabolism
– 26% only with no risk factors– 26% only with no risk factors
– Hypertension - SINGLE most prevalent risk factor seen in 46%
– It remained the most prevalent risk factor alone or in combination
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Summary-2
• Improved control of blood pressure and
proteinuria in children with CKD will delay
progression
• Hypertension is one of the most prevalent CV • Hypertension is one of the most prevalent CV
risk factors in CKD
• What about hard end points?
• What evidence do we have that hypertension
affects the heart and blood vessels?
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Well there are no hard end points...
So, in children with pre-dialysis stages
of CKD in the absence of hard end-of CKD in the absence of hard end-
points--- surrogate markers of CV
disease
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Spectrum of surrogate markers
• Cardiac disease:
– m-mode to measure LV mass (other methods include 3D echo
and CMRI), tissue doppler imaging
• Arterial disease:
– Structural: cIMT and coronary artery calcification score
– Functional: PWV, PWA, arterial distensibility, heart rate variability
and flow-mediated dilatation
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Relation of blood pressure with LVH
• In children with pre-dialysis CKD the evidence for the
relationship of BP with LVH controversial
• ESCAPE study –NO : n=156 children from 20 centres across
EuropeEurope
– recent follow up data in a cohort of n=84 over 1-2 years
– In multivariate analysis, improvement in myocardial function was
associated with reduction in BP (r=20.4; P<0.05), independently of
LVMI reduction
• CKiD study – YES: n=198 children from 46 centres across USA
– recent follow up data over 4-years confirms this
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Aims
Our aims after adjustment for confounders were to
(i) evaluate whether there is a relationship between LVH
and BP in normotensive children with CKD and
(ii) whether current targets for BP control are appropriate
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• 19 children under paediatric nephrology care since birth
• The duration of median (IQR) follow-up with us was 7.2
(1.9, 11.0) years
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• Significant association between BP and indexed LVM in
children with CKD stages 3-5
• Despite having BP measurements consistently within the
currently accepted normal range
• 49% had LVH as defined by age specific reference intervals,
Discussion
• 49% had LVH as defined by age specific reference intervals,
related to systolic BP values measured both in clinic and by
ambulatory BP monitoring
• Thus, even for children with apparently “normal” BP, the level
of BP would appear to be an important determinant of LVH
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Conclusions
LVH was significantly associated with SBP even in children with
BP below the 90th percentile: findings have implications for
the degree of control of BP which is sought in this patient
groupgroup
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The Hypertension Optimal Treatment in
Children with Chronic Kidney Disease study:
The HOT-KID study- A randomised trial to
compare effects of aggressive versus
standard targets in blood pressure on target
organ damage in children with CKD organ damage in children with CKD
UK-wide multi-centre RCT
UKCRN ID: 12925
MREC: 10/H0802/13
ISRCTN: 25006406
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Hypotheses
1. Elevated blood pressure is the major determinant of left
ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), arterial function and
structure in paediatric patients with chronic kidney
disease.disease.
2. Optimal control of clinic systolic blood pressure (below
the 40th percentile) as opposed to standard care
(maintaining blood pressure between 50th-75th
percentile) will result in (i) normalising left ventricular
hypertrophy and (ii) arterial function and structure
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Purpose of clinical trial
This study will determine whether controlling blood
pressure to a lower level than is currently recommended
will prevent damage to the heart and arteries in children
with pre-dialysis CKD
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?????????
All that is very well but what can I do
now to improve blood pressure
control in my clinic?control in my clinic?
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Clinical targets to reduce hypertension related
CV disease
• Blood pressure: Aim for SBP <75th percentile
• Use of an accurate technique to measure BP
• Use of ACEi
• Out of office assessment of blood pressure • Out of office assessment of blood pressure
profile
• ABPM and home BP assessment
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How we improved this in our CKD clinic
• All patients in clinic grouped
by birthday months
• At the end of the month
latest height and BP related
data collecteddata collected
• Updated ‘target BP’ label in
notes
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Clinic BP in CKD 3-5
110
BP
in
mm
Hg 60
65Diastolic BP Systolic BP
90
100
0 1 2 3 4
BP
in
mm
Hg
45
50
55
Baseline Year 1 Year 2
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‘Cardio Z’ iphone app from ECH
• allows calculation of z-
scores of:
- Height, weight, BMI and
head circumference
- Clinic blood pressure, with - Clinic blood pressure, with
calculation of a user-
defined 'target centile'
blood pressure
• http://www.ubqo.com/cardi
oz
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Clinical targets to reduce hypertension related
CV disease
• Blood pressure: Aim for SBP <75th percentile; ACEi; out of office
• Pre-emptive transplantation
– remember transplantation reduces but does not eliminate risk factors
• Obesity (and dyslipidaemia)
• Anaemia: Hb: 9.5-11.5 in <2years; 10-12g/dl >2years• Anaemia: Hb: 9.5-11.5 in <2years; 10-12g/dl >2years
• CKD-MBD: maintain serum calcium and phosphate in normal range; preferably target PO4 levels <50th percentile; PTH<2X ULN; renal dietician
• Longer and more frequent dialysis and screening for LVH
• Pre-clinic meeting to discuss and plan management of these
patients
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Thank You
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Acknowledgments
• Kings College London
• Guy’s & St Thomas’ Charity• Guy’s & St Thomas’ Charity
• British Heart Foundation
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