HYDROGEN POWERED CARS

A FUEL FOR TODAY AND TOMORROW

DARSHAN M S1SG12ME018

VIII SEM Mechanical Engineering

CONTENTS:-

• What is hydrogen?• What is a Hydrogen fuel cells?• Working of a Hydrogen fuel cell.• Problem regarding Hydrogen fuel

cells.• Hydrogen safety.• Hydrogen storage.• Advantages and Disadvantages.

What is Hydrogen?

Element 1 on the Periodic Table - 1 proton, 1 electron Diatomic molecule (H2) - 2 protons, 2 electrons Highest energy content of common fuels on a WEIGHT basis Lowest energy content of common fuels on a VOLUME basis Elemental hydrogen is abundant on earth, but usually bound to

carbon or oxygen Abundant throughout the universe (stars are primarily hydrogen)

BASIC HISTORY OF HYDROGEN

1820s – Rev. W. Cecil developed hydrogen-fueled engine.

1876 – Nicolaus Otto invented four-cylinder engine;

1885 – Gottleib Daimler invented modern ICE1920s – first testing of the hydrogen ICERudolf Erren used hydrogen ICEs in

submarines and land vehicles

HIGH EFFICIENCY & RELIABILITY

ZERO/NEAR ZEROEMISSIONS

.

Transportation

Distributed Generation

WHY HYDROGEN ? It’s abundant, clean, efficient, and can be derived from diverse domestic resources.

BiomassHydroWindSolar

Geothermal

Coal

Nuclear

Natural Gas

Oil

With

Car

bon

Sequ

estr

atio

n

HYDROGEN SOURCES

• Steam Electrolysis .• Split water with heat, pressure, and electricity

• Thermochemical.• Split water with chemicals and heat

• Photoelectrochemical.• Split water using sunlight directly, or using

chemicals and heat• Biological.

• Split water using organisms

OTHER WAYS TO LIBERATE HYDROGEN

What is a hydrogen fuel cell?•Hydrogen fuel cells (HFCs) are a type of electrochemical cell.

•HFCs generate electricity by reduction and oxidation reactions within the cell.

•They use three main components, a fuel, an oxidant and an electrolyte.

•HFCs operate like batteries, although they require external fuel.

•HFCs are a thermodynamically open system.

•HFCs use hydrogen as a fuel, oxygen as an oxidant, a proton exchange membrane as an electrolyte, and emit only water as waste.

How a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Works

Chemistry behind the technologyOxidation

At the anode of the cell, a catalyst (platinum powder)

is used to separate the proton from the electron in

the hydrogen fuel. Anode half-reaction:

2H2 4H+ + 4e-

Eo = 0.00V

Reduction

At the cathode of the cell, a second catalyst (nickel) is used to

recombine the protons, electrons, and oxygen atoms to

form water. Cathode half- reaction:4H+ + O2 + 4e- 2H2O

Eo = 0.68V

In electrochemistry, the Eocell value (energy) of a fuel cell is equal to the Eo

of the cathode half-reaction minus the Eo

of the anode half-reaction. For a hydrogen fuel cell, the two half reactions are shown above. So to calculate the energy of one fuel cell, we need to subtract the anode energy from the cathode energy. For a HFC, the Eo

cell = 0.68V – 0.00V which equals 0.68V

HYDRGEN CHASSIS OF THE FUTURE

STEPS FOLLOWED TO DESIGN HFC cars.

Problems regarding Hydrogen fuel cells

•Lack of hydrogen infrastructure.

• Need for refueling stations.

• Lack of consumer distribution system.

•Cost of hydrogen fuel cells.

• 2009 Department of Energy estimated $61/kw

• Honda FCX Clarity costs about half a million dollars to make.

Fuel leak simulationHydrogen on leftGasoline on right

Equivalent energy release

Hydrogen Safety

HYDROGEN STORAGE

Compressed gas storage

Liquid storage(cryogenic storage)

Line pack systemUnder ground storageStorage as metal

hydride

THE HYDROGEN HIGHWAY

1. World’s first hydrogen refueling station opened in Iceland in 2003.

2. California & Florida have both approved funding.

3.In Norway, more number of partial fuel stations were placed .

ADVANTAGES1. It is readily available.

2. It doesn’t produce harmful emissions.

3. It is environmentally friendly.

4. It can be used as fuel in rockets.

5. It is fuel efficient.

6. It is renewable.

DISADVANTAGES1. It is expensive .

2. It is difficult to store.

3. It is not easy to replace exiting infrastructure.

4. It is highly flammable.

5. Dependency of fossil fuels.

These are the designed cars for HFC- vehicals by various companies

Mercedes-benz roadster

Mercedes-benz F-cell

Honda FCX Clarity

Toyota Mirai

BMW i8 Green GT LMP H2

As estimation of use of crude oil state that the fossil fuel will extinct till 2100 .

At present , In a setback for the government’s grand plan to cut down the current account deficit (CAD), through containing the outflow of dollars and saving around $8.47 billion on crude oil imports from Iran, the Persian Gulf country has turned down India’s request for accepting full rupee payment for oil imports.

Why India Should Think About Hydrogen

CONCLUSION• Hydrogen fuel cells will dramatically

change our cars, and also homes, businesses are powered and heated, and it both positively and negatively change. .places like the Middle East and third world countries. They will also clean up the world’s air.