Hydrogen Engine- General

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Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar


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Hydrogen Engine Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

fossil fuels

Environmental and health hazards

Are unevently distributed;

Will eventually be depleted


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Air Pollution and Global Warming


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CO2 EMISSIONS BY SECTOR 1990-2030


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World oil demand by sector


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Global Energy Systems in Transition


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Hydrogen as an Energy Vector

1- Hydrogen is the solution for local air pollution.

2- Hydrogen is the most abundant element.

3- Hydrogen is found in water, biomass, fossil

fuels, all organic matter.

4- The combustion of hydrogen yields three timesmore energy per unit mass than petrol and six

times more than coal.


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High flame speed at or near-tostoichiometric ratios


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CLEAN HYDROGEN ECONOMY FOR THEFUTURE

Hydrogen production

H2 (gas)

H2 (compressed) H2 (liquid) H(solid chemicals)

Hydrogen storage

Hydrogen utilization

high-pressurecryogenic tanks

chemical reactions

H2/O2 Fuel cellIC or Hybrid engine

Zeroemission vehicle


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H d t d it i


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Hydrogen storage:energy density is

critical

This property makes H2 very

desirable. It lessens the

weight of the fuel required.

7

18

21

0

10

20

Hydrogen Methane Gasoline

Per mass (kg/GJ)

This dramatically reverses

the picture, H2 leads to

heavier and bulkier

systems.

84 15627 654

30

1

1 000

1 000 000

Hydrogen Methane Gasoline

Per volume (liter/GJ)

t


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Volume Comparisons for 4 kg Vehicular H2 Storage

y rogen storage reservo re s zecomparison

H d P d V hi l


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Hydrogen-Powered VehiclePathway

Gasoline hybrid electric powertrain

Increased fuel economy resulting in lower fuel consumption and

lower emissions

Hydrogen hybrid electric powertrain

Hydrogen eliminates CO2 and CO emissions

Properly tuned or with the addition of a lean NOx trap, can

achieve zero NOx emissions

Mazda RENESIS

HydrogenRotary Engine


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Hydrogen ICEs

Energy efficiency is 20 to 25% better than that of agasoline ICE due to leaner AFR and higher compressionsratios

Maintenance is much the same as a gasoline ICE

Hydrogen ICE inside a transit bus

Hydrogen Engine Center


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Hydrogen ICEs

Slightly modified version of

a traditional gasoline ICE

Higher compression ratio

Increased air intake

(turbocharger) Special exhaust to

withstand water

Variable cylinders forincreased efficiency

Hydrogen ICE in Fords

dynamometer lab


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Hydrogen ICEs

Ignition System:

Spark plugs should have a cold rating and non-platinumtips (platinum is a catalyst causing hydrogen to oxidize

with air)

Crankcase Ventilation:

Sudden pressure rise when hydrogen is ignited in thecrankcase

Pressure relief valve must be installed on the valve cover

Pressure Relief Valve


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Ford 2.3L

Zero warm-up

No cold start issues

All weather capable

Supercharged, intercooled

52% peak indicated efficiency

SULEV emissions or better

99% reduction in CO2 emissions

25% increase in fuel economy (engine only)

50% increase in fuel economy (aggressive hybrid strategy)


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How a Fuel Cell Works


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How a Fuel Cell Works

Receives a constant supply of hydrogen and oxygen

Reaction produces approximately 0.7 volts Will never run down or need to be recharged

Operates like a battery

Ballard PEM

fuel cell

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle


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Hydrogen Fuel Cell VehicleBenefits

No greenhouse gases if

powered by purehydrogen.

Some greenhouse gases

emitted if powered byreformed fossil fuels but

much less than that of a

conventional vehicle.

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle


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Hydrogen Fuel Cell VehicleBenefits

Fuel cells can generate more

than 12 volts as in aconventional vehicle leading

the way for drive and steer-

by-wire, eliminating the

steering column No transmission

Affords automobile

manufactures flexibility in

design vehicle interiors Quieter than conventional

gasoline and diesel enginesGMs HyWire Concept

Vehicle


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Hydrogen Vehicle Safety


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Sti li i


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Hydrogen Engine

Stirling engine


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Hydrogen Engine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Beta_Stirling.gif


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Hydrogen Engine


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Dr. Walid Abdelghaffar

Hydrogen Engine- General

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