Hydro- socio- meteoro- logy: Essential elements for flash flood mitigation and research

Hydro- socio- meteoro- logy: Essential elements for flash flood mitigation and research

Hydro- socio- meteoro- logy: Essential elements for flash flood mitigation and research

Dr. Eve GruntfestInternational Flash Flood Laboratory 11th Annual Lovell Distinguished Lecture October 19, 2009 San Marcos, TX

Background - applied geographerSocial scientist in world of engineers and physical scientistsGeography professor at University of Colorado Colorado Springs for 27 years

Research on flash floods and warning systems

International Flash Flood Laboratory

The Big Thompson Flood in Colorado 140 died July 31, 1976The Big Thompson Flood in Colorado 140 died July 31, 1976•Who lived?

•Who died?

•Studied the behaviors that night

•Career – “socio/hydro/ meteoro - logist”


Today's presentation – Four part mosaicToday's presentation – Four part mosaic

International Flash Flood Laboratory Integrates academic, professional and governmental

efforts to reduce the impacts of flash floods


Jack Lee age 6-8 1st place 2009

Four parts Four parts


1. Examples of hydro-socio-meteor-ology at work Emphasis on social science and recent flash floods Programs and People in Action: WAS * IS, SSWIM, Isabelle Ruin Institutional collaborators from outside / inside Texas

2. Results from recent flash flood research: Warning Project, YouTube study

3. Necessity of hybrid approach4. Looking ahead to our workshop and our work

WAS* ISWAS* ISweather & society * integrated studies

www.sip.ucar.edu/wasis/

CULTURE CHANGE

Sponsored by the NCAR Societal Impacts Program

WAS* ISWAS* ISweather & society * integrated studies

www.sip.ucar.edu/wasis/

CULTURE CHANGE

Sponsored by the NCAR Societal Impacts Program

water

Why WAS * IS? As an “add on social scientist” always a few people would say after a talk ---

Why WAS * IS? As an “add on social scientist” always a few people would say after a talk ---

– I don’t know how, and…– I don’t know anyone else who does this kind of work”

“I want to do work that integrates meteorology and societal impacts BUT…

WAS*IS visionTo change the weather enterprise by comprehensively and sustainably integrating social science into meteorological and hydrological research and practice


WAS*IS mission – building hydro-socio-metero logy capacityWAS*IS mission – building hydro-socio-metero logy capacity1. Build an interdisciplinary community of

practitioners, researchers and stakeholders — from the grassroots up — dedicated to the integration of meteorology and hydrology and social science

2. Provide opportunities to learn and examine ideas, methods, and examples related to integrated weather-society work- including flash floods

International Flash Flood LaboratoryInternational Flash Flood Laboratory

• Tools – qualitative methods, surveys, interviews• Concepts – speaking the same language, problem definition• Topics – intros to social sciences, vulnerability and resilience, roles

of technology, communication and use of weather information

Social Science Woven Into Meteorology (SSWIM)Social Science Woven Into Meteorology (SSWIM)

The National Weather Center – Norman, OK Funded by University of Oklahoma and NOAA www.sswim.org

Collaborate with International Flash Flood Laboratory


http://www.sswim.org/

SSWIM’s three goals SSWIM’s three goals

1. To weave social science into the activities of the National Weather Center and elsewhere – not an “add –on”

2. To earn a reputation as a center of social

science research and practice in weather and climate work

3. To revolutionize the research to operations equation – so it’s no longer top-down and all partners play equal roles – decision-makers, forecasters, product designers and researchersInternational Flash Flood Laboratory

SSWIM’s objectives are innovative research and capacity buildingSSWIM’s objectives are innovative research and capacity building

• … by increasing the appreciation of the value of qualitative as well as quantitative approaches including archival, ethnographic, and participatory methods

• … through partnerships with public, private, and academic sectors, including students, practitioners, and policymakers across the spectrum of stakeholders


Social scientists use methods that are rigorous quantitative and qualitative ways to collect data and are appropriate to the discipline, research questions and study populations

• Interviews – protocols & questionnaires• Structured• Semi-structured• Open interviews - i.e. stories

• Surveys – systematically administered to a defined sample • Direct observations – researcher is embedded with group• Participatory activities – researcher participates with group• Focus groups – guided activities in group• Text analysis – breakdown of verbal or written texts• Others…



Laboratoire d'étude des Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement Grenoble, France

HYMeX Hydrologic cycle in Mediterranean ExperimentHigh impact weather events and relation to climate change impacts in the Mediterranean regionEuropean and US project

International Flash Flood Laboratory collaborators International Flash Flood Laboratory collaborators


International Flash Flood Laboratory collaborators - Director Konstantine P. Georgakakos [email protected] of California San Diego

International Flash Flood Laboratory collaborators - Director Konstantine P. Georgakakos [email protected] of California San Diego

Hydrologic Research Center working with the World Meteorological Organization http://www.hrc-lab.org/index.php

Real-Time Data for Central America

Flash Flood Threat Index

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


•SHAVE Project – (Severe Hail Verification Experiment) National Severe Storms Laboratory – bringing in social science – social and physical verification •National Weather Service Integrated Warning Team gatherings – Kansas City, Omaha 2009


•Meteorologists•News Media• Hydrologists• Emergency Managers• Social Scientists


International Hydrometeorology Analysis and Forecasting Course 7-27 June 2008 Boulder, CO 21 days

*****2 hours social science*****


National Weather Service (international activities office) World Meteorological OrganizationNOAA FLASH FLOOD WORKSHOP 2006March 13-17 San José, Costa Ricahttp://www.nws.noaa.gov/iao/iao_FFW.php

Presentations on line

http://www.nws.noaa.gov/iao/iao_FFW.php

US flash flood challengesPost-wildfire flash floods – CaliforniaCollaborations between local governments, US Geological Survey, National Weather Service

US flash flood challengesPost-wildfire flash floods – CaliforniaCollaborations between local governments, US Geological Survey, National Weather Service

• Debris flow warnings


F. Orr LA Times 9/16

LA Times R. Gauthier 9/14R.Gauthier


Warnings – Do these maps help?

Mapped low water crossings in Austin, TXwww.ci.austin.tx.us/disasterready/lowwater.htm (are these making a difference?)

Mapped low water crossings in Austin, TXwww.ci.austin.tx.us/disasterready/lowwater.htm (are these making a difference?)


http://www.ci.austin.tx.us/disasterready/lowwater.htm




Extreme Atlanta flooding September 24-26, 2009 >15 inches of rain in some places, problems with extreme rainfall, creeks cresting feet above historical record highs 10 deathsCalls to action - were they severe enough? Do they matter?

Extreme Atlanta flooding September 24-26, 2009 >15 inches of rain in some places, problems with extreme rainfall, creeks cresting feet above historical record highs 10 deathsCalls to action - were they severe enough? Do they matter?


How do we address nuisance events vs catastrophic events? Height of the 1997 Fort Collins, CO flash flood


Redefining job to include social and physical sciencesChange questions asked•Who will be impacted?•Are people awake/sleeping/ driving/coaching?•What has happened up to this point?

• Have there already been fatalities?• What are the TV stations saying?

•Have earlier storms been “missed”? Always brings stakeholders to meetings & attends THEIR meetings – school superintendents, highway patrol, hospital administrators

WAS* ISer example - Daniel Nietfeld – National Weather Service Scientific Operations officer - Omaha


Extreme speed of

watershed responses

Extremely short lead-time for warnings

WAS * IS er Dr. Isabelle Ruin– New time/space analysis hydro-socio-meteoro-logyWAS * IS er Dr. Isabelle Ruin– New time/space analysis hydro-socio-meteoro-logy



What social and natural factors account for spatio-temporal distribution and severity of storm dynamics, catchment size and land use?

• Determine more effective ways to collect incident data during flash floods

• Understand human risk perception and human behavior before, during, and after flash flood events

• Create and use innovative models to further understand the hydro-meteorological circumstances behind flash floods

• Determine forms of communication most effective in informing people about the imminent danger of flash floods

• Integrate the physical and social sciences using GIS

Key research questions and tasksKey research questions and tasks

Source of Photo: http://press.weather.com/content/ss220-erin-midwest_flood-mike_rescue.jpg

Daniel Pollak and Isabelle Ruin Summer 2009

Data and methods for Missouri studyData Used

• Rainfall• Stage IV Radar-derived

• Hydrology• Catchments and Streams• Stream Gauges

• Flood Impacts• NWS Flood Reports• Media

• Low Water Crossings• Auxiliary Spatial Data

• Political boundaries• Cities, Urban areas,• Elevation• Roads

Spatial and Temporal Analysis• Geographic Information

Systems (GIS) A computer-based system for management, mapping, analysis, and visualization of geo-referenced data• Integration of physical and

social data from diverse sources

• Qualitative Analysis• Expert Interviews

• Statistical Analysis• How much rain


Quality of flood reports are inconsistent; variety of sources

Many of the floods reports had missing data

Many reports were thus deemed vague.

Many of the locations on the map were not defined correctly

Points had to be manually corrected

Point 1 moved 2km NWPoint 2 moved 1.2km ESEPoint 3 vaguePoint 4 vaguePoint 5 moved 2.3 km NNWPoint 6 moved 10 km SEPoint 7 moved 3.2 km NWPoint 8 moved 4.8 km NWPoint 9 moved .25 km EPoint 10 moved 9.6 km NW

“Locations” of all 135 flood reports

Database developmentFlood report data in Missouri

Losing job = known risk Driving through flood = unknown riskWarnings are received and believed – but people think they HAVE to GO

New collaboration•Mapping and observing driver behavior at low water crossings in Missouri•Cameras•Car counting


Organize systematic and standardized data collection Disasters Evolving Lessons Using Global Experience

Focus on post-event field studies for floods to maximize interactions between social scientists, hydrologists and meteorologists

New guidelines on post-event investigations for use by integrated teams of physical scientists, social scientists, and practitioners

Learn from post-event investigations DELUGE Learn from post-event investigations DELUGE Learn from post-event investigations DELUGE Learn from post-event investigations DELUGE

•Build a common culture and common research questions • Foster international and interdisciplinary collaborations

FIELD Hydro-socio-meteoro-logists needed


VULNERABILITY FACTORS INDICATORS

Socio demographic and economic attributes Demography, Land use, cohesion of social structures, land values

Population densityBuilding densityAssociation densityAge, Gender, Professions

Psycho-socio-cultural factors Hazard knowledgeRisk perception, press coverage

Warning systems, Crisis and recovery process

Lead-time, Spacial accuracyEmergency response qualityCommunication relevency

Public policy and risk management System of actorsDecision making process

Practices at different scales (individuals, meso-scale…)

Travel patterns and mobility evolution and adaptation

Infrastructures quality and accessibility

Type of building, protection structures

Space and time circumstancies of the event

Time of the day / nightUrban / rural area

… …



Flood and High-Flow deaths • 80% occurred in daylight • 90% swimming, boating, or walking in high flows

2007 was Texas’ deadliest year Roy Sedwick

People underestimate the power of moving water & overestimate the ability to survive

Flash flood deaths•80% in the dark•90% under flash flood watch/warning

People underestimate how fast a flash flood developsand overestimate ability torecognize in time to react

Certified floodplain manager, Lower Colorado River Authority Sr. Floodplain Coordinator

HYDRO-SOCIO-METERO-LOGIST


2007 flood-related drownings by type of event, Texas (from Sedwick)2007 flood-related drownings by type of event, Texas (from Sedwick)

Type of Event # of Deaths Percent

Flash Flood 42 67%

High Water-Related 18 28%

River Flood 3 5%

Total 63 100%


Statistics – thanks to hard work (no easy database) -- 41% female, 59% maleStatistics – thanks to hard work (no easy database) -- 41% female, 59% male

Age of Decedents, Texas (2007)

0%5%

10%15%20%25%

<9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+

Age Group (Years)

% o

f Dea

ths

Age range: 2 – 85 years


Flood-related drownings by circumstances Texas (2007) (Sedwick)Flood-related drownings by circumstances Texas (2007) (Sedwick)

Circumstances # of Deaths Percent

Vehicle 35 56%

Walk/Play 13 21%

Mobile Home 4 6%

Boating 3 5%

Swimming 5 8%

Rafting/Tubing 2 3%

Cave 1 2%

Total 63 100%


Circumstances of vehicle – related drownings by time of incident most people don't die – w h y? don't focus only on the dead

Circumstances of vehicle – related drownings by time of incident most people don't die – w h y? don't focus only on the dead

Estimated Time Frequency Percent

Midnight - 6am 11 31%

6am - noon 3 9%

Noon - 6pm 2 6%

6pm - midnight 17 48%

Unknown 2 6%

Total 35 100%

Source: Data collected by the National Weather Service Forecast Office (Austin/San Antonio) and the Texas Floodplain Management Association; technical assistance provided by the Texas Department of State Health Services. Preliminary

information through 10/5/2007.


Texas flood activities - Specific tasksTexas flood activities - Specific tasks

• Add flood safety information to Texas Driver’s Handbook and add flood safety questions on exam

• Add flood safety to driver’s education school programs and defensive driving

• Require flood safety training for school bus drivers

• Work with Texas Department of Transportation to activate digital highway signs on all interstate highways

• Develop Turn Around Don’t Drown public service announcements and video

• ASSESS baseline awareness and EVALUATE effectiveness of public awareness campaigns – target particular populations – include in budget !


From CoCoRahs 10/14/09 cocorahs.blogspot.com growing real-time grass roots national rainfall network

Challenge – Holding car companies accountable of confronting ads from car companies

How to convince people they are better Wet than Dead?

Ad says: Warning: use the cup holders at your own risk


Before our Warning Project funded by the National Science Foundation the last major research on warnings was done in the 1970s

Before our Warning Project funded by the National Science Foundation the last major research on warnings was done in the 1970s

What about cell phones, Internet,private and public sources ofinformation?

How are diverse urbanpopulations interpreting warnings?


Our 2003-2008 National Science Foundation project aimed toOur 2003-2008 National Science Foundation project aimed to• Evaluate impacts of

– Demographic change– New and different sources of information

• Test conventional wisdom about– False alarms/ close calls


What we know about warnings – Public response components

What we know about warnings – Public response components

• Hear/receive• Understand• Believe• Personalize• Decide to act• Respond

The warning process is complexInternational Flash Flood Laboratory

Warning project methodologyWarning project methodology• Survey Development

– 1 year– Input from officials and hazards

researchers• Survey format

– Likert scale and true/false– Demographic questions– Experience with flash floods and trauma– Surveys in English & Spanish to selected

respondents

– Survey is available – for follow up studies


Mail survey 6000 surveys sent to residents in or near the floodplain

1017 surveys returned

• Where do people get their weather information?

• What is the best way for officials to warn you about a flash flood?


All sources of weather information usedAll sources of weather information used

n=935


The best way for officials to warn you about a flash flood?The best way for officials to warn you about a flash flood?

N=1020International Flash Flood Laboratory

I take flash flood warnings seriouslyI take flash flood warnings seriously

n=1017

92%

8%


I would drive through an intersection with six inches of water running across itI would drive through an intersection with six inches of water running across it

63% say they would NOT DRIVE through it

Is this good or bad news?



Realizing it’s difficult to predict flash floods, I prefer more warnings even if there are more false alarms or close calls

N= 1047

Officials are too sensitive to the possibility of flash floodingOfficials are too sensitive to the possibility of flash flooding

N = 1031


Warning project findings

•Weather information requirements of each user community are highly specialized -- there is no ONE PUBLIC

•Different languages, capabilities, economic status

•The weather research community has not focused on the individual needs of specific user communities

There is no ideal lead time

RECOGNITION THATSTUDIES OF BEHAVIORMAY TELL US MORE THANRESEARCH ON PERCEPTIONS


What were they thinking? Using to observe driver behavior crossing flooded roads

What were they thinking? Using to observe driver behavior crossing flooded roads Cedar League Geography and Environmental Studies University of Colorado at Colorado Springs 2009

Benefits1) Free access to data - no temporal, spatial and economic limitations2) YouTube provides user profiles – age, location, hobbies 3) Comments and video ratings are often left by other YouTubers4) YouTubers may be contacted by the researcher


http://blogbby.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/youtube-logo-hi-res.jpg

Quantitative analysis Quantitative analysis • Survey questions

– Purpose of trip – Why YouTube– Sources for weather info– Awareness of warnings– Vehicle type – Familiarity with location– Closed roads or require rescue– Drive again in similar conditions– Factors influencing YouTubers to drive in flood

waters– Factors influencing YouTubers to avoid flooded roadsInternational Flash Flood Laboratory

• 52 out of 100 surveys were returned for a total response rate of 54%• 90% percent male, 10% female• 81% were aged 18-35, 19% were aged 36-55• 85% white, 15% other• 75% completed at least some college

Respondents represented 18 different states

Results - demographics Results - demographics


Qualitative analysisQualitative analysisContent Analysis: Variables were first recorded on a

spreadsheet after viewing the videos, and used to aid in developing the online questionnaire

• Gender• Approximate age• # Passengers• Vehicle type• Driving conditions • Presence of warning signs or officials


YouTube study limitationsYouTube study limitations

1) Non-representative sample

2) Non-random sample

3) Videos are not based on the same weather event, so results are less comparable between respondents

• Despite its limitations, this study and its methods are useful for observational research in hazards and other geographical research


Purpose of tripPurpose of trip

Texas State University International Flash Flood LaboratoryInternational Flash Flood Laboratory

Intentional/situationalIntentional/situational

• Intentional drivers: purpose was to film the flood water, or to drive in the flood water (for fun). 59% (n=31)

• Situational drivers: purpose of trip was based upon their current situation, like driving to or returning from work. 41% (n=21)


Weather warningsWeather warnings• Was a NWS warning or watch in effect?

– Yes – 61% No – 15% Not Sure – 25%• Did the warning influence your decision to drive that day?

– 87% said No (n=28)• Do you pay attention to warnings?

– 64% always or usually – 23% sometimes – 13% rarely or never

The watch or warning…“Made me curious as to what it looked like around town”; “Motivated me to go and have fun!”

“It just made me want to go driving even more because I knew there was some crazy stuff to be seen and manipulate.”


Vehicle typeVehicle type• 62% were driving a truck or SUV (n=32)• 38% were driving a car or van (n=20)• Confidence in the vehicle had a strong influence to

cross for truck and SUV drivers (p=0.003), compared to car and van drivers.

Survey Comments“I love driving where others can’t… I am a mudder, I love doing

things others would never think of in a car.” “I saw about six cars break down trying to get through it, and I

thought it would be fun to be the one to make it through.”


Driving on closed roadsDriving on closed roads24% admitted to driving on closed roads (n=12)

All were males between the ages 18-35

Believed the roads were not dangerous (p = 0.023)

Pay less attention to NWS warnings


League’s study reaffirms what Ruin found It will take more than “better” information to change driver behavior in flash floods

Most academic programs foster uni – disciplinary approach to atmospheric or hydrologic aspects

Most academic programs foster uni – disciplinary approach to atmospheric or hydrologic aspects

• Academic requirements are limiting within majors

• Students demanding more comprehensive approaches

• Geography departments are accommodating

• Interdisciplinary degrees are possiblecommunication/meteorologymeteorology/geography


There are exceptions….

Dr. Hatim Sharif Universityof Texas at San AntonioDr. Hatim Sharif Universityof Texas at San Antonio

• Ph.D. environmental engineering –hydrology

• Invited social scientists to his engineering classes

• Participates in community mitigation activities

• Masters in Public Health


International Flash Flood Laboratory metrics for success International Flash Flood Laboratory metrics for success

Good data and sustained interdisciplinary archive of flash flood information

New sustained partnershipsNew hybrid social/physical scientists/engineersReduced lossesALL OF THE ABOVE


Reviewing the presentation's four parts Reviewing the presentation's four parts


1. Hydro-socio-meteor-ology at work Programs and people in action: WAS * IS, SSWIM, Isabelle Ruin Institutional collaborators from outside / inside Texas Emphasis on social science and recent flash floods

2. Results from recent flash flood research: Warning Project, YouTube study

3. Necessity of hybrid approach4. Looking ahead to our workshop and our work

What did the most influential players in flash flood research and practice look like prior to

today’s workshop? International Flash Flood Laboratory

Hydro-socio-meteoro-logists are NOT the same people with new models or gadgets!Hydro-socio-meteoro-logists are NOT the same people with new models or gadgets!


IFFL partners are changing the uni-dimensional culture IFFL partners are changing the uni-dimensional culture


National Weather Servicehydrologists

Private forecastersEnvironmental groups

Local Communities

Hydro-socio-meteoro-logy occurs when stovepipes are not the model

UniversitiesInternational AgenciesGeographers

Research Centers

Urban Drainage DistrictsAnthropologists

Broadcast meteorologistsUtilities

National Weather Servicemeteorologists


Flash floods – Recurring problem: plenty of work for International Flash Flood Laboratory Louisville 8/5/2009

Flash floods – Recurring problem: plenty of work for International Flash Flood Laboratory Louisville 8/5/2009


AP Photo/ News & Record, H. Scott Hoffmann

Greensboro, NC 6/03/2009

THANKS TO Dr. Pam Showalter for her vision and hard work to bring us all together today and… from now on in sustainable ways Dr. Isabelle Ruin for continuing to inspire applied flash flood research in the US and in Europe

All of YOU who are committed to reducing flood losses across agencies, geographic boundaries, and disciplines

THANKS TO Dr. Pam Showalter for her vision and hard work to bring us all together today and… from now on in sustainable ways Dr. Isabelle Ruin for continuing to inspire applied flash flood research in the US and in Europe

All of YOU who are committed to reducing flood losses across agencies, geographic boundaries, and disciplines


Natalie Zook Age 9-11 1st place

We're in it for the long haul and we will be creative We're in it for the long haul and we will be creative

Special thanks to Roy Sedwick for decades of work to collect data, reduce losses, and increase awareness of the flash flood hazards in Texas and in the US


More possibilities under the International Flash Flood Laboratory umbrella More possibilities under the International Flash Flood Laboratory umbrella • More local workshops on data collections or learning

from experiences• Bringing in more associations, agencies, companies,

universities, local governments• New courses in flash flood mitigation that emphasize

– Hydrology, meteorology and social science methods

• Research evaluating program effectiveness


TODAY we will add to this list(funding possibilities?)

The James and Marilyn Lovell Center for Environmental Geography and Hazards Research, and theInternational Flash Flood Laboratory

welcome our workshop registrants, who represent the following entities:

Army Corps of Engineers – Fort Worth District: Hydrology and Hydraulics SectionBexar County: Infrastructure Services

Capital Area Council of Governments: Homeland SecurityCity of Llano: Building and Code Enforcement

City of New BraunfelsCity of San Antonio: Fire/EMS, and the Office of Emergency Management

Civil Air PatrolCooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies and University of Oklahoma: Social Science Woven Into Meteorology

David Ford Consulting EngineersFayette County: Office of Emergency Management

Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority: EngineeringHalff Associates, Inc.

Harris County: Flood Control DistrictHays County: Offices of Environmental Health and Emergency Management, and Dept. of Resource Protection, Transportation, & Planning

High Sierra Electronics, Inc.KTBC-TV FOX 7-Austin: News

Lower Colorado River AuthorityNational Center for Atmospheric Research: Institute for the Study of Society and Environment

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: National Weather Service--Austin-San Antonio, Houston/Galveston,News8Austin: News

West Gulf River Forecast Center, Weather Forecast Office (Fort Worth), Southern Region Headquarters; National Geodetic SurveyStephen F. Austin State University: Department of Social and Cultural Analysis

Sutron CorporationTexas A&M University: Department of Atmospheric Sciences, & the Conrad Blucher Institute’s Texas Spatial Reference Center

Texas Association of Counties: Information Technology, & the County Information ProjectTexas Department of State Health Services: Environmental and Injury Epidemiology & Toxicology Unit

Texas Floodplain Management Association: Executive OfficeTexas State University-San Marcos: Departments of Anthropology, Geography, & the School of Journalism & Mass Communication

University of Texas-San Antonio: Civil and Environmental EngineeringTexas Water Development Board: National Flood Insurance Program

Williamson County: Office of Emergency Management

The James and Marilyn Lovell Center for Environmental Geography and Hazards Research, and theInternational Flash Flood Laboratory

welcome our workshop registrants, who represent the following entities:

Army Corps of Engineers – Fort Worth District: Hydrology and Hydraulics SectionBexar County: Infrastructure Services

Capital Area Council of Governments: Homeland SecurityCity of Llano: Building and Code Enforcement

City of New BraunfelsCity of San Antonio: Fire/EMS, and the Office of Emergency Management

Civil Air PatrolCooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies and University of Oklahoma: Social Science Woven Into Meteorology

David Ford Consulting EngineersFayette County: Office of Emergency Management

Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority: EngineeringHalff Associates, Inc.

Harris County: Flood Control DistrictHays County: Offices of Environmental Health and Emergency Management, and Dept. of Resource Protection, Transportation, & Planning

High Sierra Electronics, Inc.KTBC-TV FOX 7-Austin: News

Lower Colorado River AuthorityNational Center for Atmospheric Research: Institute for the Study of Society and Environment

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: National Weather Service--Austin-San Antonio, Houston/Galveston,News8Austin: News

West Gulf River Forecast Center, Weather Forecast Office (Fort Worth), Southern Region Headquarters; National Geodetic SurveyStephen F. Austin State University: Department of Social and Cultural Analysis

Sutron CorporationTexas A&M University: Department of Atmospheric Sciences, & the Conrad Blucher Institute’s Texas Spatial Reference Center

Texas Association of Counties: Information Technology, & the County Information ProjectTexas Department of State Health Services: Environmental and Injury Epidemiology & Toxicology Unit

Texas Floodplain Management Association: Executive OfficeTexas State University-San Marcos: Departments of Anthropology, Geography, & the School of Journalism & Mass Communication

University of Texas-San Antonio: Civil and Environmental EngineeringTexas Water Development Board: National Flood Insurance Program

Williamson County: Office of Emergency Management

Flash flood referencesFlash flood references Environmental Hazards 2007 -- Volume 7• C. Benight, E.Gruntfest, M. Hayden, L. Barnes Trauma and short-fuse weather warning

perceptions

• S. Drobot C. Benight, E. Gruntfest Risk factors for driving into flooded roads

• M. Hayden, S. Drobot, S. Radil, C. Benight, E. Gruntfest, L. Barnes Information sources for flash flood warnings in Denver, CO and Austin, TX

• I.Ruin, J-C. Gaillard, C. Lutoff How to get there? Assessing motorists’ flash flood risk perception on daily itineraries


Clark County Regional Flood Control Districthttp://www.ccrfcd.org

Hydro- socio- meteoro- logy: Essential elements for flash flood mitigation and research

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