Hydraulic Proppant Fracturing.pdf

8/11/2019 Hydraulic Proppant Fracturing.pdf

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Hydraulic Proppant Fracturing

Klaas van Gijtenbeek

Sr Tech Professional Leader

Halliburton

Technical Advisory Team Presentation


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2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved. 2

Introduction

Will T Louviere quote:

To effectively and economically drain

a reservoir in 5 years time the propped

frac length needs to cover 50 to 70% ofthe drainage radius
http://www.halliburton.com/


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20 Rules for Gas Fracturing by Steve Holditch

Rule#9. The optimum fracture length will bea function of the (optimum) drainage area

(xe). The following can be used to estimate

the optimum fracture length as a function ofgas permeability.


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20 Rules for Gas Fracturing by Steve

Holditch

Rule#16. The pad volume of a treatment should be

In most reservoirs 25 30%

In tight reservoirs 10 20%

In high permeability reservoirs 50 70%

If the pad volume is too small, the treatment may

screen out. If the pad volume is too large, you will

waste money, the propped fracture length will beshorter, and the fracture will not close as rapidly

as it would with a smaller pad volume.


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20 Rules for Gas Fracturing by Steve Holditch

Rule#18. No well is straight and no well is vertical.

As such, the chances that multiple fractures will

occur increase with the length of the perforated

interval. A perforation interval of 20 ft. or less,located in the most porous and permeable zone,

should be sufficient for most cases. A properly

packed fracture will connect the entire pay interval

to the well bore assuming the treatment is pumpedcorrectly and is not over flushed.


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FC vs Prop Concentration


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Prop Concentration

2000 lb/ per 1000 sq ft or 2 lb/ft^2 what doesit mean?w

1 ft

1 ft

Bulk volume of sand is

100 lbs/ft^3 so 2lb/ft^2

gives 0.02 ft width or w

= 0.24 in.

How many proppantlayers is that?


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Prop Concentration

Proppants Size

Mesh

Maximum Diameter -

in.

Maximum Diameter -

mm

Average Proppant Diameter -

in .

Average Proppant Diameter -

mm

4/8 0.187 4.75 0.173 4.39

6/12** 0.132 3.35 0.099 2.51

8/12 0.093 2.36 0.087 2.21

8/16** 0.093 2.36 0.082 2.08

10/20 0.079 2.01 0.061 1.5510/30 0.079 2.01 0.056 1.42

12/20* 0.067 1.70 0.054 1.37

16/20** 0.047 1.19 0.041 1.04

16/30** 0.047 1.19 0.039 0.99

18/20** 0.039 0.99 0.036 0.91

18/35 0.039 0.99 0.032 0.81

20/40* 0.0336 0.85 0.0272 0.69

20/50 0.0336 0.85 0.0218 0.55

30/50** 0.0237 0.60 0.0185 0.47

30/60 0.0237 0.60 0.018 0.4640/60 0.0168 0.43 0.014 0.36

40/70* 0.0168 0.43 0.013 0.33

70/140**(100 mesh) 0.0099 0.25 0.0084 0.21

*Recognized by API as a primary p roppant s ize

**Recognized by API as an alternate proppant

Properties for Various Size Proppants


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Prop Concentration

2 lb/ft^2 what does itmean?

That is equivalent to

1.712.802

proppant grains, or 1.88

million grains in a

kilo.....so next time that

you go to the beach.....

w

1 ft

1 ft

Bulk volume of sand is

100 lbs/ft^3 so 2lb/ft^2gives 0.02 ft width or w

= 0.24 in.

How many proppant

layers is that?

0.24 / 0.0272 = 8.8 !


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FC vs Prop Concentration

8.8 layer

0.5 partial mono layer


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Perforation Diameter based on Max

Proppant Diameter (6:1 ratio)


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Perforation Diameter based on Max

Proppant Diameter (6:1 ratio)


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Frac Geometry Example

2 lb/ft^2 S = 80 acres

50 ft

500 ft

Area = 2 wings * 50 * 500 = 50,000 ft^2

Proppant Amount Required: 50,000 ft^2 * 2 lb/ft^2 = 100,000 lbs

500 ft


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Well Spacing and Drainage Radius

Square Circular

Well Spacing (S) in Acres Drainage Length (Re) in ft Drainage Radius (Re) in ftRe = 104.4*S^0.5 Re = 117.8*S^0.5

40 660 745

80 933 1,053

160 1,320 1,490

320 1,867 2,107

640 2,641 2,980


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Frac Schedule

100,000 lbs of proppant requiredAssume 4 lbs/gal average concentration

25,000 gal fluid required for proppant

Pad volume: 10,000 gal

S-shape proppant addition curve (to reduce NWB and avoid proppant convection)

10,000 gal w/ 1 ppg-10,000 lbs stage

2,000 gal w/ 2 pgg-4,000 lbs stage








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Frac Schedule Pump Rate

Pump rate depends on:1) Completion. Check minimum IDs in wellbore and try to keep

velocity below 44 ft/sec. This is based on yardtests. We areusing 20 ft/sec when pumping proppant on the outside of coil. Ingeneral 35/ft/sec is ok.

2) Available equipment. Maximum rate through surface lines is2*ID^2. So, 3 is 18 bpm, 4 is 32 bpm etc.

3) Pressure rating. WHTP = BHTP-Hydrostatic+Friction

Hydraulic Horsepower:

(Max WHTP*Design rate)/40.8 = 4411hhp for 10,000 psi and 18bpm


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Frac Schedule Pump Rate

There are some velocity guidelines for Wellhead Isolation Tools/TreeSavers.

To minimize the risk of excessive tubing wear, restrict velocitythrough the tool to the rates listed below for each material.

Sand-laden fluids ................................... 125 ft/sec

Clean fluids ........................................... 200 ft/sec

High-strength proppant .......................... 100 ft/sec

Foamed fluid with sand ........................... 100 ft/sec

Foamed fluid with high-strength proppant ... 80 ft/sec

These values are for reference only if proppant concentration doesnot exceed 8 lb/gal or 6 lb/gal with foam.


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Frac Schedule Pump rate

V=(17.157* Q)/ID^2, where

V velocity (ft/sec)

Q pump rate (bbl/min)

ID internal diameter of inner mandrel (in.)Sand Laden Fluid through 2.922 in tubing:

Q =(2.922^2 * 125)/17.157 = 62.2 bpm

With 35 ft/sec this would be: 17.4 bpm, so a design rate

of 17 to 18 bpm for 3.5 tubing is ok.


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Production Increase Curves

Flow capacity: 2800 md-ftKi=0.1 mD

Cr= 17.8 ->Y-axis: 4.2

Jfs/Ji = (4.2 * ln(1053/.375))/6.215 = 5.36


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Frac Schedule other Considerations

1) DFIT: Diagnostic Fluid Injection test

2) Minifrac using linear gel and Stepdown Rate test

3) Minifrac using gel for mainfrac and proppant slug


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Layout All Water in Tanks prior to job start


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Production Enhancement Equipment

Available out of Celle Base

Description Quantity

2000 HHP Grizzly Pump Trailer 10

2000 HHP HQ Twin Pump Trailer 2

100 bpm ARC Blender 1

50 bpm ARC Blender 1

100 bpm ARC Pre Gel Blender 1

50 bpm ARC Pre Gel Blender 1

Technical Command Center with RTO & Field Lab 2 80 m Fluid Storage Tank 12

60 m Liquid KCL Storage Tank 2

60 m Proppant Silo 2

34 m Proppant Silo 2

1000 HHP Annulus Truck ( HT 400 ) 2

600 HHP Annulus Truck ( HT 400 ) 2

60 / 80 k Coiled Tubing Unit 1 3/4-2 3/8 3 38 k Coiled Tubing Unit 1

2000 scf/min N2 Unit 2



2500 kw Mobile Fluid Heating Unit 1


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2000 HHP Grizzly Pump Trailer


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Pumprate vs pressure, 4" FE, HQ-Pump

Gear Minimum MaximumP

Rating Minimum MaximumP

Rating

bpm bpm psi m/min m/min bar

1 2,6 3,6 14200 0,41 0,57 979,3

2 4,8 6,6 7201 0,76 1,05 496,6

3 6,6 9 5294 1,05 1,43 365,1

4 8,5 11,7 4066 1,35 1,86 280,4

5 11,2 15,3 3086 1,78 2,43 212,8

Pumprate vs pressure, 4" FE, Grizzley-Pump

Gang Minimum MaximumP

Rating Minimum MaximumP

Rating

bpm bpm psi m/min m/min bar

1 3,1 4,3 14200 0,48 0,68 979,3

2 4,7 5,9 14200 0,75 0,94 979,3

3 5,7 7,3 11917 0,9 1,15 821,9

4 7 9,1 9572 1,11 1,44 660,1

5 8 10,1 8403 1,27 1,6 579,5

6 9,8 12,6 6803 1,55 2 469,2

7 12,3 16 5476 1,95 2,54 377,7


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100 bpm ARC Pre Gel Blender

Mixing system:

Two Gorman/Rupp 12 x 12 centrifugal pumps, hydraulically driven. The mixing system is capable of

mixing at rates up to 100 bbl/min (15.9 m3/min).

Dimensions:

Length: 13.39 mtrWidth: 2.44 mtr

Height: 4.11 mtr

Weight: 22 200 kg

Engine:

CAT C11 diesel engine (420 HP at 2100 rpm) or equivalent driving four hydraulic pumps through a four-pump

drive gearbox


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100 bpm ARC Blender


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Frac Van


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2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.28

Fluid StorageDescription: Tank Trailer

Dimensions:

Weight: 12,300 Kg

Height: 4,00 mtr

Width: 2,50 mtrLength: 13,10 mtr

Capacity:

Volume: 80m

Capabilities Manifold:

Mixline: 4

Size: 10 with 4 each outlets with 4 fig 206 weco unionsJeager air connection: to connect multiple tanks in one common manifold


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Proppant SiloDimensions:

34 m3 60 m

Weight: 6.500 Kg 7.500 KgHeight: 9,00 mtr 13,12 mtr

Width: 2,44 mtr 2,50 mtr

Length: 2,80 mtr 2,56 mtr

Description:

34 m3 Sand Silo

60 m Sand Silo


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Mounted Equipment

Description:15,000 psi Manifold Trailer ( Connects 16 Pumps )

Capacity:50,000 lb (22 676 kg) lift for positioning trailer for hookup and/or disconnect from tractor

Stroke:36 in. (914 mm)


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60 100K Coiled Tubing Unit 1 1/4 -2 3/8

Dimensions: 60k 100k

Weight: 48,000 Kg 48,000 Kg

Height: 4,10 mtr 4,10 mtr

Width: 2,55 mtr 2,55 mtrLength: 13,30 mtr 13,30 mtr

Capacity:

Tubing OD Range: 1.25 2 3/8 1.50 2 3/8

Hydr. Pressure: 5000 psi 5000 psi

Max. Pull 60 000 lbs 100,000 lbsMax. Push 30 000 lbs 45,000 lbs


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Transverse CT Reel

2 3/8 CT

Total length 7200 mtr


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2500KW Heating Unit

Capable to heat 80m3 water from 5C to 50C in 1hour 15min Diesel usage ca 200ltr/hour


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Frac Schedule

100,000 lbs of proppant requiredAssume 4 lbs/gal average concentration

25,000 gal fluid required for proppant

Pad volume: 10,000 gal

S-shape proppant addition curve (to reduce NWB and avoid proppant convection)


2,000 gal w/ 2 pgg-4,000 lbs stage





3,000 gal w/ 7 ppg-21,000 lbs stage5,000 gal w/ 8 ppg-40,000 lbs stage


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Model Input


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Model Output

Fracture Half-Length (ft) 530 Propped Half-Length (ft ) 500

Total Fracture Height (ft ) 108 Total Propped Height (ft) 102

Depth to Fracture Top (ft ) 9551 Depth to Propped Fracture Top (ft ) 9557

Depth to Fracture Bottom (ft) 9659 Depth to Propped Fracture Bottom (ft) 9659

Equivalent Number of Multiple Fracs 1.0 Max. Fracture Width (in) 0.35

Fracture Slurry Effic iency** 0.44 Avg. Fracture Width (in) 0.20

Avg. Proppant Concentration (lb /ft) 1.28

Model Net Pressure** (psi)

2364

BH Fracture Closure Stress (psi)

5961

Observed Net Pressure** (psi) 0 Closure Stress Gradient (psi/ft ) 0.620

Hydrostatic Head*** (psi) 4144 Avg. Surface Pressure (psi ) 6234

Reservoir Pressure (psi) 4180 Max. Surface Pressure (psi) 6775

Total Clean Fluid Pumped (bbls) 954.5 Total Proppant Pumped (klbs) 103.9

Total Slurry Pumped (bbls) 1062.2 Total Proppant in Fracture (klbs) 102.8

Pad Volume (bbls)

238.1

Avg. Hydraul ic Horsepower (hp)

2747

Pad Fraction (% of Slurry Vol)** 24.3 Max. Hydraulic Horsepower (hp) 2985

Pad Fraction (% of Clean Vol)** 27.4 Avg Btm Slurry Rate (bpm) 18.1

Primary Fluid Type HYBOR H 30# -

WG-11

Primary Proppant Type CarboLite 16/20

Secondary Fluid Type Secondary Proppant Type


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Frac Geometry


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Treatment Parameters


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Hydraulic Proppant Fracturing.pdf

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