What is a hybrid?What is a hybrid?

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) include both a combustion engine as well as an electric motor.

If we had better batteries, we would not need hybrids at all.

Hybrids can be implemented in many kinds of vehicles.

Global-Warming: Still An Issue.Global-Warming: Still An Issue.

Hybrids are not zero-emission vehicles.

Will cut down emissions of global-warming pollutants by a third to a half.

Later models may cut these emissions down by even more.

Why hybrids?Why hybrids?

Regenerative braking actually makes city driving more economical than on the highway.

Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (twice).

Emissions are greatly decreased.

Dependency on fossils fuels can be decreased.

Hybrids can be run on alternative fuels as well.

New materials can be implemented.

EPA at workEPA at work

Federal guidelines for emissions:

Tier 1 took effect in 1997

Tier 2 will phased-in beginning 2004.

National LEV (NLEV): builds on the California Emissions Standards until Tier 2 is implemented.

LEV II: California Emissions Standards.

ULEV/SULEVULEV/SULEV

Tier 1, TLEV, LEV, ULEV, SULEV, ZEV.

CARB: California Air Resources Board.

CO2 reductions not called for. Only HC, CO, NOx.

Cars can be certified Low Emissions Vehicles but at the same time have high fuel consumption.

ReductionsReductions

Tax IncentivesTax Incentives

‘The IRS has determined that purchasers of a new Honda Insight, Honda Civic Hybrid or Toyota Prius are eligible for a "Clean-Fuel" vehicle tax deduction of $2,000. The current incentive is scheduled to phase out in 2004-06. ‘

Some EPA factsSome EPA facts

Every gallon of gasoline your vehicle burns puts 20 pounds of CO2 into the atmosphere.

A 5 mpg difference in fuel economy equates to about 2,800 pounds of CO2 a year.

Tons of greenhouse gasTons of greenhouse gas

NLEV program does not take CO2 into account but let’s see some numbers:

Honda Insight: 3.4 t/yr.

Honda Civic Hybrid: 3.9 t/yr.

Toyota Prius: 4.0t/yr.

Ford Explorer: 11.0 t/yr.

Honda Civic: 5.7 t/yr. (calculated)

Honda Insight 2003Honda Insight 2003

Cost:

$19,080/$21,280 (MT/CVT)

MT: manual transmissionMT: manual transmission

CVT: continuously variable CVT: continuously variable transmissiontransmission

Honda Insight 2003Honda Insight 2003

IMA: integrated motor assist system

Horsepower67(65)@5700 or 73(71)@5700 (with IMA)

Emissions Rating ULEV/SULEV

Power Output 13 hp/10 kW @ 3000 rpm

Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Battery 144V (120 cells @ 1.2V)

Length 155.1 inches

Curb Weight 1847/(1878) or 1967 lbs.

Mileage (City/Highway) 61/68 or 57/56 mpg

Tank Capacity 10.6 gal.

0 to 60 11.3/11.2 seconds

Honda Civic Hybrid 2003Honda Civic Hybrid 2003

Cost: $19,550/$20,550 (MT/CVT)

Honda Civic Hybrid 2003Honda Civic Hybrid 2003

Horsepower85@5700 or 93@5700 (with

IMA)

Emissions Rating ULEV

Power Output 13.4 hp @ 4000 rpm

Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Battery 144V (120 cells @ 1.2V)

Length 174.8 inches

Curb Weight 2661/2732 lbs.

Mileage (City/Highway) 51/46 or 48/47 mpg

Tank Capacity 13.2 gal.

0 to 60 11 seconds

Civic DX Auto

$13,010

115@4500

ULEV

 

 

174.6 inches

2500 lbs.

29/38 mpg

13.2 gal

8.4 seconds

Toyota Prius 2003Toyota Prius 2003

Cost: $20,480 CVT

Toyota Prius 2003Toyota Prius 2003

Horsepower 70@4500 (98 HP combined)

Emissions Rating SULEV

Power Output44 hp/33 kW @ 1040-5600

rpm

Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Battery 273.6V (228 cells @ 1.2V)

Length 169.6 inches

Curb Weight 2765 lbs.

Mileage (City/Highway) 52/45 mpg

Tank Capacity 11.8 gal.

0 to 60 12.7 seconds

A note about FordA note about Ford

I believe Ford is behind in the Hybrid world.

The Hybrid Escape is due at the end of 2003 with 40/29 mpg as compared to 19/25 mpg.

The Explorer: 239 HP, 4422 lbs., gets 17/21 mpg, and has a 22.5 gallon tank.

Tepper Fleet ConsumptionTepper Fleet Consumption

33.3 t/yr. CO2

Could be reduced to less than half if all cars were hybrids.

www.fueleconomy.gov

Cars to comeCars to come

GM: Chevy Pickup 2004, Chevy Suburban 2004.

Daimler-Chrysler: Dodge Ram Pickup 2005, Mercedes S-Class 2006.