HVAC HVAC ExcellenceExcellence

2011 National HVACR 2011 National HVACR Education & Trainers ConferenceEducation & Trainers Conference

Energy Efficient and Sustainable Energy Efficient and Sustainable BuildingsBuildings

The Opportunities AheadThe Opportunities AheadGordon V.R. Holness P.E.Gordon V.R. Holness P.E.

ASHRAEASHRAEPresidential Member 2009-10Presidential Member 2009-10

Energy Efficient and Sustainable Energy Efficient and Sustainable BuildingsBuildings

The Opportunities AheadThe Opportunities Ahead

Significant New Trends in theSignificant New Trends in the HVAC & R Industry as We Seek HVAC & R Industry as We Seek

toto

Resolve the Issues of IncreasiResolve the Issues of Increasing Energy Demand, Decreasing Energy Demand, Decreasing Supply and Environmental Supply and Environmental

Impact.Impact.

Water Water EnergyEnergy

EnvironmentEnvironment

Energy Efficiency in Existing Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings – Our Greatest Buildings – Our Greatest

Opportunity for a Sustainable Opportunity for a Sustainable FutureFuture

Sustaining our Future Sustaining our Future by Rebuilding our Pastby Rebuilding our Past

Is There a Need?Is There a Need?• World energy consumption is projected to grow by 53% World energy consumption is projected to grow by 53%

from 2010 to 2030 (U.S. Energy Information Agency)from 2010 to 2030 (U.S. Energy Information Agency)• Oil is forecasted to remain dominant energy source with Oil is forecasted to remain dominant energy source with

coal forecasted as primary fuel for generating electricity coal forecasted as primary fuel for generating electricity – Cost of oil in 1976 vs. nowCost of oil in 1976 vs. now

• Energy use increasingly shifting away from developed Energy use increasingly shifting away from developed countries and becoming more carbon-intensive countries and becoming more carbon-intensive – 120% Growth in CO120% Growth in CO22 Emissions in the next 20 years Emissions in the next 20 years

• Environmental Impact of increasing Atmospheric COEnvironmental Impact of increasing Atmospheric CO22 Levels Levels

– 180 ppm to 380 ppm to 580 ppm to ????180 ppm to 380 ppm to 580 ppm to ????

• • 17% of fresh water consumption 17% of fresh water consumption • 25% of wood consumption25% of wood consumption• 39% of CO2 emissions39% of CO2 emissions• 30% of waste generation30% of waste generation• 40% of energy use40% of energy use• 55% of natural gas use55% of natural gas use• 72% of electrical energy use72% of electrical energy use

Buildings Buildings RepreRepresent

Figure 1: Energy Consumption in the U.S.Figure 1: Energy Consumption in the U.S.

6

Available Data Bases for Available Data Bases for Commercial BuildingCommercial Buildings

Energy Information AgencyEnergy Information Agencyunder US Department of Energyunder US Department of Energy

Commercial Building Energy Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey – CBECSConsumption Survey – CBECS

Whole Building Design GuideWhole Building Design Guidewww.wbdg.org

www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs

Why Are We Here?

USA Energy USA Energy Production and Production and

ImportsImports19751975 2005 20302005 2030

Oil 70%/30% 30%/70% Oil 70%/30% 30%/70% ??? ???

Gas 100%Gas 100% 70%/30% ???70%/30% ???

Where will our Energy come from Where will our Energy come from in the next 20 years?in the next 20 years?

Atmospheric COAtmospheric CO22 Levels LevelsAtmospheric COAtmospheric CO22 Levels Levels

• Pre-industrial: 180 - 280 PPMPre-industrial: 180 - 280 PPM• 2007: 380 PPM2007: 380 PPM• 2050 Business as usual: 580 PPM2050 Business as usual: 580 PPM

Can we affordCan we afford

to take a to take a

chance?chance?

COCO22 Emission Reduction Emission ReductionCOCO22 Emission Reduction Emission Reduction

• USA Copenhagen CommitmentUSA Copenhagen Commitment 17% Reduction by 202017% Reduction by 2020

• Previous Commitment Previous Commitment

45% by 2030 80% by 205045% by 2030 80% by 2050

How do we achieve that without How do we achieve that without significantly raising energy prices?significantly raising energy prices?

PER CAPITA ENERGY PER CAPITA ENERGY CONSUMPTIONCONSUMPTION

Worldwide Average 2000

Kwh/capita/year

India 450

Kwh/ca[pita/year

China 1800

Kwh/capita/year

Argentina/Brazil 2,200

Kwh/capita/year

Europe 6,000

Kwh/capita/year

Kuwait 13,600

Kwh/capita/year

USA 16,000

Kwh/capita/year

Energy Efficient BuildingsEnergy Efficient BuildingsKey Factors for SuccessKey Factors for Success

• State Adoption of More Stringent CodesState Adoption of More Stringent Codes• Raising Public AwarenessRaising Public Awareness• Legislation and Incentive ActionLegislation and Incentive Action•Technical Issues Design & ConstructionTechnical Issues Design & Construction• Procedural Issues – CommissioningProcedural Issues – Commissioning• Operation and MaintenanceOperation and Maintenance• Measurement and VerificationMeasurement and Verification• Occupant Behavior – Changing Mindsets Occupant Behavior – Changing Mindsets and Culture and Culture

SMART Grid, SMART Meters, SMART Grid, SMART Meters, SMART SystemsSMART Systems

Why Should We Care?Why Should We Care?• Utility Deregulation – Utility Rate De-CouplingUtility Deregulation – Utility Rate De-Coupling

• Demand Response and ControlDemand Response and Control

• Real Time PricingReal Time Pricing

• Thermal Storage (Bridge Cycles in Wind & Solar)Thermal Storage (Bridge Cycles in Wind & Solar)

• Communication and Control DevelopmentCommunication and Control Development

• ASHRAE Standard 135 BACNetASHRAE Standard 135 BACNet

• ASHRAE Standard 201ASHRAE Standard 201 SMART Grid InformationSMART Grid Information

Net-Zero Energy BuildingsNet-Zero Energy Buildings

Buildings which, on Buildings which, on an annual basis, use an annual basis, use no more energy than no more energy than is provided by on-is provided by on-site renewable site renewable energy sources. energy sources.

How Do We Get There?How Do We Get There?• Building OrientationBuilding Orientation ))

• Siting and LocationSiting and Location ))

• Building Envelope Efficiency ) Building Envelope Efficiency ) And How MuchAnd How Much• Material UseMaterial Use ))

• Fenestration ) Fenestration ) Will this Cost?Will this Cost?• Use of Day LightingUse of Day Lighting ))

• Advanced Lighting DesignAdvanced Lighting Design ))

• HVAC SystemsHVAC Systems ))

• Indoor Air QualityIndoor Air Quality ))

• Water ConservationWater Conservation ))

Energy Efficient and Energy Efficient and Sustainable BuildingsSustainable Buildings

Will this Just Lead to Higher First Will this Just Lead to Higher First Cost?Cost?

In the Life Cycle of a Building :In the Life Cycle of a Building : Initial Construction Cost is only 2%Initial Construction Cost is only 2%

Operational and Energy Cost is Operational and Energy Cost is only 6%only 6%

Occupancy Cost Accounts for 92%Occupancy Cost Accounts for 92%

Energy Saving Incentive Energy Saving Incentive ProgramsPrograms

Energy Policy Act - EPAC 2005Energy Policy Act - EPAC 2005

Energy Independence and Security Act - Energy Independence and Security Act - EISA 2007 EISA 2007

American Clean Energy and Security Act American Clean Energy and Security Act ACES 2009/10 still pendingACES 2009/10 still pending

Tax Incentive & Assistance Program - Tax Incentive & Assistance Program - TIAPTIAP

American Recovery and Reinvestment American Recovery and Reinvestment Act – ARRAAct – ARRA

www.dsireusa.orgwww.dsireusa.org

NZEB for Federal FacilitiesNZEB for Federal Facilities

Energy Independence and Security Act of Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA)2007 (EISA) requires new federal buildings to reduce their requires new federal buildings to reduce their

fossil fuel based energy use by 55% by 2010 and to zero by fossil fuel based energy use by 55% by 2010 and to zero by 2030. 2030.

EPAC 2005 / EISA 2007 Existing Federal Buildings 30% EPAC 2005 / EISA 2007 Existing Federal Buildings 30% reduction in energy use by 2015reduction in energy use by 2015

NewNew Federal Building Federal Building TargetsTargetsEISA 433EISA 433

Against 2003 CBECS Against 2003 CBECS (EUI – 91.00 Kbtu/ft(EUI – 91.00 Kbtu/ft22.yr).yr)

YearYear ReductionReduction EUIEUI20102010 55%55% 40.9540.9520152015 65%65% 31.8531.8520202020 80%80% 18.2018.2020252025 90%90% 9.109.1020302030 100%100% 0.000.00

EPAC 2005 / EISA 2007 EPAC 2005 / EISA 2007 ExistingExisting Federal Buildings Federal Buildings 30% reduction in energy use by 201530% reduction in energy use by 2015

FEDERAL ENERGY FEDERAL ENERGY LEGISLATIONLEGISLATIONHR 2454 AMERICAN CLEAN ENERGY AND SECURITY ACT HR 2454 AMERICAN CLEAN ENERGY AND SECURITY ACT – 2009– 2009

S.1462 Energy Bill & S.1733 CLIMATE CHANGES.1462 Energy Bill & S.1733 CLIMATE CHANGE

30% Reduction in Energy by 2010 )30% Reduction in Energy by 2010 ) New New50% Reduction in Energy by 2016 ) Residential & 50% Reduction in Energy by 2016 ) Residential & CommercialCommercial75% Reduction in Energy by 2021 )75% Reduction in Energy by 2021 )

Our Greatest Opportunities?Our Greatest Opportunities?

2% of Building Projects are New 2% of Building Projects are New ConstructionConstruction

86% of Construction Dollars go into 86% of Construction Dollars go into Existing BuildingsExisting Buildings

75% to 80% of All Buildings 75% to 80% of All Buildings That will Exist in 2030That will Exist in 2030

Exist Today!Exist Today!

The Cost of Being GreenThe Cost of Being GreenThe Cost of Being GreenThe Cost of Being GreenWhat is the cost of simply taking energy

out of buildings?

McKinsey - Energy Efficiency – Invest $170 Billion per McKinsey - Energy Efficiency – Invest $170 Billion per year in the USAyear in the USAOffering 17% ROI Saving 9.3 Quads/yr (23%) by Offering 17% ROI Saving 9.3 Quads/yr (23%) by 20202020 McKinsey Global InstituteMcKinsey Global Institute

• Building Star – Rebuilding America ProgramBuilding Star – Rebuilding America ProgramRetrofit 50 Million Existing Residential and Retrofit 50 Million Existing Residential and Commercial Buildings by 2020Commercial Buildings by 2020$500 billion cost over 10 years, $685 million in $500 billion cost over 10 years, $685 million in energy Savings, 625,000 jobs created 20% energy Savings, 625,000 jobs created 20% Reduction in Electrical Energy 15% Reduction in Reduction in Electrical Energy 15% Reduction in Gas EnergyGas Energy

ASHRAE’s Path ForwardASHRAE’s Path ForwardTools We Can Bring to the TableTools We Can Bring to the Table

Standard 90.1Standard 90.1

Standard 189.1 Standard 189.1

Standard 100Standard 100

Advanced Energy Design GuidesAdvanced Energy Design Guides

Commissioning and Retro CommissioningCommissioning and Retro Commissioning

Operation and Maintenance GuidanceOperation and Maintenance Guidance

ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010PurposePurpose

“… “… Provide minimum Provide minimum requirements for the energy-requirements for the energy-efficient design of buildings efficient design of buildings except low-rise residential except low-rise residential buildings”buildings”

Energy Codes DevelopmentEnergy Codes DevelopmentStandard 90.1

Year EUI Btu/Sq.Ft.Yr

Change Rate per Year

Pre 1973 88,000 - -

1975 65,000 27% -

1989 55,900 14% 1%/yr

1999 53,300 4% 0.40%/yr

2004 43,250 19% 3.8%/yr

2010 30,600 30% 5.0%/yr

2016 21,625 30% 5.0%/yr

2020 17,300 20% 5.0%/yrExcludes Plug and Process LoadsExcludes Plug and Process Loads

Current State Adoptions of Standard 90.1Current State Adoptions of Standard 90.1

Specific Energy FiguresSpecific Energy Figures

CBECS Data for Commercial BuildingsCBECS Data for Commercial Buildings

1979 – 125,000 Btu/sq. ft./year 1979 – 125,000 Btu/sq. ft./year (Approx)(Approx)

1992 – 90,500 Btu/sq.ft/year 1992 – 90,500 Btu/sq.ft/year

1999 – 85,100 Btu/sq.ft/year1999 – 85,100 Btu/sq.ft/year

2003 – 91,000 Btu/sq.ft/year2003 – 91,000 Btu/sq.ft/year

ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IESNA ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IESNA Standard 189.1 2009Standard 189.1 2009

Standard 189.1 Topic AreasStandard 189.1 Topic Areas

SSSSSSSS

WEWEWEWE

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IEQIEQIEQIEQ

MRMRMRMR

COCOCOCO

Sustainable SitesSustainable Sites

Water Use EfficiencyWater Use Efficiency

Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency

Indoor Environmental QualityIndoor Environmental Quality

Building’s Impact on the Atmosphere, Building’s Impact on the Atmosphere, Materials & ResourcesMaterials & Resources

Construction and Operations Plans & Construction and Operations Plans & CommissioningCommissioning

Standard 189.1 Building BlocksStandard 189.1 Building Blocks

Special Projects/PublicationsSpecial Projects/Publications

• Advanced Energy Design Advanced Energy Design Guides – provide 30 percent Guides – provide 30 percent energy savings over Standard energy savings over Standard 90.190.1– Small office buildingsSmall office buildings– Small retail buildingsSmall retail buildings– WarehousesWarehouses– Highway LodgingsHighway Lodgings– Kindergarten through grade 12 Kindergarten through grade 12

schoolsschools– Health Care FacilitiesHealth Care Facilities

ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 100-ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 100-2011?2011?

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Identify Potential Energy Identify Potential Energy Saving Measures for Existing Saving Measures for Existing BuildingsBuildings

Routine Maintenance and RepairsRoutine Maintenance and Repairs

Retro – CommissioningRetro – Commissioning

Utility Tariffs/NegotiationsUtility Tariffs/Negotiations

Tenant Fit Out and ImprovementsTenant Fit Out and Improvements

Equipment ReplacementEquipment Replacement

Major RenovationsMajor Renovations

Identify Potential Energy Saving Identify Potential Energy Saving Measures for Existing BuildingsMeasures for Existing Buildings

Building Envelope Building Envelope Lighting Systems Lighting Systems Window Replacement T5 Versus T8/T12 Window Replacement T5 Versus T8/T12 LampsLamps Solar FilmsSolar Films Compact Fluorescent Compact Fluorescent BulbsBulbs Caulking/SealingCaulking/Sealing Electronic Ballasts Electronic Ballasts Enhanced Insulation Enhanced Insulation Day Lighting Day Lighting ControlsControls

Motion SensorsMotion Sensors

HVAC SystemsHVAC Systems Controls/Other Controls/Other Higher Equip. EfficienciesHigher Equip. Efficiencies Management Management SystemsSystems Heat RecoveryHeat Recovery Maintenance Maintenance SystemsSystems Displacement VentilationDisplacement Ventilation Monitoring/AuditingMonitoring/Auditing DOASDOAS Applied Photo Voltaics Applied Photo Voltaics GSHPGSHP Variable Speed Drives Variable Speed Drives

Role of Commissioning Role of Commissioning and Retro Commissioningand Retro Commissioning

Why is Cx or RCxWhy is Cx or RCx so Critical so Critical??

• Buildings are very complex Buildings are very complex prototypical prototypical machines machines

•Unique Unique •Built on-site Built on-site •Built by hand Built by hand •Thousands of independent Thousands of independent components components Most buildings do not operate as Most buildings do not operate as

intended intended

Measurement and VerificationMeasurement and Verification• Information is Key to SuccessInformation is Key to Success

• Metering and Sub MeteringMetering and Sub Metering

• Graphical DisplaysGraphical Displays

• Building Energy LabelingBuilding Energy Labeling

ASHRAE Energy LabelingASHRAE Energy LabelingBuilding eQ ProgramBuilding eQ Program

04/21/23 40

Building Information Modeling

Energy Simulation and ModelingEnergy Simulation and Modeling

04/21/23 41

Building Information Modeling

04/21/23 42

System Simulation, Control and Monitoring

Building Information Modeling

What Can We ExpectWhat Can We Expect• Highly Insulated Building EnvelopeHighly Insulated Building Envelope• High Performance FenestrationHigh Performance Fenestration• Optimized use of Day lightingOptimized use of Day lighting• Low Density Ambient Lighting - Electronic Dimmable Low Density Ambient Lighting - Electronic Dimmable • High Efficiency Task Lighting – Occupancy ControlHigh Efficiency Task Lighting – Occupancy Control• Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems with Enthalpy Recovery Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems with Enthalpy Recovery

and Demand Controland Demand Control• Expanded use of Heat PumpsExpanded use of Heat Pumps• Radiant Heating and Cooling SystemsRadiant Heating and Cooling Systems• High Performance Packaged DX Systems - VRF High Performance Packaged DX Systems - VRF • On Going Commissioning, Operation and MaintenanceOn Going Commissioning, Operation and Maintenance

What Will It Take?What Will It Take?What Will It Take?What Will It Take?• More Uniformly Applied and Enforced Building More Uniformly Applied and Enforced Building

Codes Codes • Higher Energy Costs Higher Energy Costs • Peak Load Shaving and Demand ControlPeak Load Shaving and Demand Control• Possible Carbon TaxPossible Carbon Tax• Move beyond certificates of occupancy towards Move beyond certificates of occupancy towards

actual regulation of Building Energy Use.actual regulation of Building Energy Use.

Increasingly the Issues will not be Technical nor will they be Political or even Economic!

They will be Cultural

Occupant BehaviorOccupant BehaviorChanging Mindsets and CultureChanging Mindsets and Culture

• Plug and Process Loads in Plug and Process Loads in BuildingsBuildings

• LightingLighting• Thermal ComfortThermal Comfort

• Raising AwarenessRaising Awareness• Energy Costs and AvailabilityEnergy Costs and Availability• Environmental AwarenessEnvironmental Awareness• Legislation and Code changeLegislation and Code change• Culture of SustainabilityCulture of Sustainability

Is That Enough?Is That Enough?

Can we get there with our current Can we get there with our current Prescriptive Codes and Standards Prescriptive Codes and Standards Process ?Process ?

How do We Address How do We Address ActualActual Versus Versus TheoreticalTheoretical Building Performance ? Building Performance ?

Do we need to go Beyond Certificate of Do we need to go Beyond Certificate of Occupancy ?Occupancy ?

Will Building Owners and Consumers Will Building Owners and Consumers Accept Intrusion into their Daily Lives?Accept Intrusion into their Daily Lives?

As Educators and Trainers

Understand the Issues

This is About More Than This is About More Than Just TechnologyJust Technology

•Raise Fundamental Understanding•Teach Energy Auditing & Management•Emphasize Operation and Maintenance•Promote Continuous Commissioning•Encourage Rebates and Incentives

Education and Training Education and Training

is essential for the is essential for the next generationnext generation

The Dawning of a New The Dawning of a New EraEra

Sustaining Our Future By Sustaining Our Future By Rebuilding Our PastRebuilding Our Past

When we build let it not be for When we build let it not be for present use alone. Let it be such present use alone. Let it be such work as our descendants thank work as our descendants thank us” us” John Ruskin 1875 John Ruskin 1875