IOM OIM

This Human Trafficking Snapshot was developed to provide background for practitioners who want to conduct counter trafficking activities in Indonesia.

The Human Trafficking Snapshot serves the following purposes, to:

1

2

3

Identify key Trafficking in Persons (TIP) trends, including priority target audiences by geography, age, gender, ethnicity and so forth;

Provide an information resource for the counter-trafficking sector and local IOM X partners to ensure consistency of messaging across all related activities.

Provide media consumption data;

HUMAN TRAFFICKING SNAPSHOT

INDONESIASeptember, 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

WHAT IS IOM X?

HOW IS THE HUMAN TRAFFICKING SNAPSHOT USED?

INTRODUCTION

INDONESIA DEMOGRAPHICS

MIGRATION INFORMATION

HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN INDONESIA

MEDIA CONTEXT

KEY RESOURCES

ENDNOTES

OVERVIEW

HUMAN TRAFFICKING TRENDSCOUNTER-TRAFFICKING ACTIONS

REPORTED CHALLENGES IN COMBATTING TRAFFICKING

1

1

2

2

3

4

46

9

11

12

13

13

IOM X is the International Organization of Migration’s (IOM) innovative campaign to encourage safe migration and public action to stop exploitation and human trafficking. The campaign leverages the power and popularity of media and technology to inspire young people and their communities to act against human trafficking – the buying and selling of people for the purpose of exploitation – which is happening in every country in the world today. The campaign is produced in partnership with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and works closely with celebrities, private sector partners, government agencies, NGOs and youth groups across Asia Pacific.

The Human Trafficking Snapshot is a strategic document used by IOM X to guide the development of key messages and calls-to-action for the prevention of specific country-related TIP themes/issues of IOM X video programmes and activities.

IOM X’s process of creating video programmes and activities involves the use of the Human Trafficking Snapshot and in-country consultations with partners and IOM staff to identify the priority TIP theme/issue in the country. The identified issue and media consumption information is then further analyzed through the application of the Communication for Development (C4D) strategic planning tool. The key output of this process is a briefing document, which outlines key messages and specific calls-to-action to be shared both internally and with relevant partners such as production houses and co-implementing organizations.

Not all information presented in this snapshot is IOM data. To compile this snapshot, IOM X conducted a desk review by consulting an array of sources, including information from governments, international organizations, (I)NGOs and local and international media sources. The snapshot uses the most up-to-date information available.

HOW IS THE HUMAN TRAFFICKING SNAPSHOT USED?

WHAT IS IOM X?

1

INTRODUCTION

As the world’s fourth most populous nation, Indonesia is often cited as a model of success in transitioning to democracy.1 A large consumer base and wealth in natural resources has created one of the world’s major emerging markets. However, poor infrastructure and corruption are hurdles for foreign investment and further growth.

Indonesia is a major source country and to a much lesser extent, a destina-tion and transit country for women, children and men who are subjected to sex trafficking and forced labour.2 Indonesia is an active member of the Asso-ciation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) community.

2

Literacy

Sources: Encyclopaedia Britannica, UNESCO, World Bank

Total population: 95.4%Male: 97.1%Female: 93.8% (2015 est.)

Languages Bahasa Indonesia (official language), English, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese)

Ethnic Groups Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, other 31.2% (2010 est.)

INDONESIA DEMOGRAPHICSPopulation 257,563,815 (2015 est.)

Religions Muslim 87.2%, Roman Catholic 2.9%, Hindu 1.7%, other 8.2% (2010 est.)

Urban vs. Rural Urban: 53% of total populationRural: 47% of total population (2014 est.)

Youth Unemployment (ages 15-24)

Total: 18.6% - Male: 17.8% Female: 20% (2016 est.)

Demographic Trends

51.1% of the population is under the age of 30 and 26.2% is under the age of 15 (2014 est.)

Unemployment

Poverty

5.6% (2016 est.)

11% (2014 est.) population below poverty line

MIGRATION INFORMATION

With a population of more than 250 million across an archipelago comprised of 17,600 islands, Indonesia has been reported as a source, destination, and transit country for migrants. IOM states that “complex migration patterns are influenced by natural disasters, demands for labour in what is a rapidly developing country, and economically driven migrations related to climate change and environmental degradation.”3 It is very common for Indonesian workers to leave their families and villages to work in cities, factories, construction sites, mines, and plantations all over the country. Moreover, there are hundreds of thousands of Indonesians who leave each year to work abroad. It is reported that 80% of these Indonesians are women who migrate to work abroad in the domestic and caregiver sectors.4 Moreover, irregular migration through Papua New Guinea, Timor-Leste, Malaysia and Singapore is also increasing.5

3

Figure 1 - Map of Indonesia

The Indonesia government estimates that there are currently 4.5 million Indonesians working abroad.6 The majority of these migrants are women, of which approximately 80 per cent are employed as domestic workers.7 Each year, about half a million documented Indonesian migrant workers leave home to seek employment abroad. However, there are a large number of migrant workers who travel abroad for work undocumented. Estimates suggest that 1.9 million of the 4.5 million Indonesians abroad are undocumented; alone in Malaysia there are suspected to be about one million undocumented migrant workers from Indonesia.8 Common destinations for Indonesian migrant workers are countries in Southeast Asia, East Asia and the Middle East, with Malaysia and Saudi Arabia as the top two destinations.9 The majority of migrant workers take up low-skilled occupations.10

In 2015, the Government of Indonesia announced a moratorium on exporting domestic workers to 21 countries in North Africa and the Middle East due to the lack of labour laws protecting Indonesian workers in these countries.11

MALAYSIA

SINGAPOREMALAYSIA

INDONESIA

JAKARTA

South China Sea

Celebes Sea

TimorSea

Banda SeaJava Sea

Arafura SeaINDIANOCEAN

NORTHPACIFICOCEAN

IndianOcean

TIMOR-LESTE

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN INDONESIAOVERVIEW

United States Trafficking in Persons Report Tier Ranking

Tier 2 – Government does not fully meet the US Trafficking Victims Protection Act’s (TVPA) minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to meet those standards. This includes implementing policies concerning the 3 Ps (Prosecution, Protection and Prevention).

Industries involving trafficking

Internal

Domestic work, fishing, the commercial sex industry, forced labour in agriculture (plantations), service industry, mining, construction, and factories involve human trafficking.

Destination Men and boys from Myanmar, Cambodia, Lao PDR and the Philippines are trafficked and exploited in the Indonesian fishing industry. Women and girls from Myanmar, Colombia and Uzbekistan are trafficked into the commercial sex industry in Indonesia.

Source Each of Indonesia’s 34 provinces is a source of trafficking with the most significant source provinces being West Java, Central Java, East Java, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara and Banten. Men, women, and children from these provinces are trafficked to Malaysia, Taiwan Province of China, Hong Kong (SAR), Chile, New Zealand, the Philippines, Egypt, USA, the Gulf countries, and the Middle East.

Global Slavery Index 74 of 167 – This index ranks 167 countries based on the proportion of population that is estimated to be in modern slavery. Low ranks indicate a higher prevalence and risk of modern slavery in the country.

Routes are complex and subject to change. Some trafficking points include West, East and Central Java (source and destination), North Sumatera (source and destination), Banten (destination and source), North Sumatera (source and destination), Special Capital Region of Jakarta (source and destination), WestKalimantan (source and destination), West and East Nusa Tenggara (source), Lampung (source), Riau Island (destination), Maluku (destination), West Papua (destination) and Bangka Belitung Islands (destination).

4

HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN INDONESIAOVERVIEW

Victims Women and children are at the greatest risk of being trafficked. Weak local economic conditions and high youth unemployment creates conditions of vulnerability. Victims often accumulate debts with recruiters that make them vulnerable to debt bondage.

5

Traffickers

Sources: IOM Indonesia Counter Trafficking Database (2005-2016; 2016), US TIP Report (2018; 2017; 2016; 2015; 2014), Global Slavery Index (2018), IOM

Recruiters are largely responsible for Indonesian female workers who experience cross-border trafficking. Some recruiters work independently, while others work for Indonesian-based international labour recruitment companies called PPTKIS (Pelaksana Penempatan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Swasta). Endemic corruption among law enforcement officials allows recruiters andtraffickers to escape punishment. Debt bondage, community and family influence, rape, false marriages, promises of well-paying jobs, withholding of documents, and threats of violence are the methods used to keep Indonesian migrants in situations of forced labour.

HUMAN TRAFFICKING TRENDS

TREND #1: TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN AND GIRLS FOR DOMESTIC WORK

6

WHAT?

WHERE?

HOW ARE VICTIMS RECRUITED?

Estimates suggest that between 80,000-100,000 women and children are trafficked internally for sexual exploitation each year.12 While many are taken abroad, a large number are sent to regions where timber, coffee, rubber plantations and mining operations employ large numbers of men who live alone.13

Debt bondage is particularly prevalent among victims trafficked for sexual exploitation, often with an initial debt that is equivalent to approximately USD 600 to USD 1,200.14

Victims are internally trafficked from Kalimantan, Indramayu, Batam, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, North Sulawesi and South Sulawesi to Jakarta, Bali, Sumatra, Batam, Maluku, Papua, Jambi and Riau Island. Cross–border trafficking happens from Kalimantan, Indramayu, Batam, West Nusa Tenggara, Jakarta, Sumatra, Maluku, Papua, Jambi, Riau Island to Malaysia, Taiwan Province of China, the Middle East, China, Thailand, Japan, Latin America, Central Asia and Eastern Europe.

Some women enter the sex industry willingly, only to become a victim of trafficking later. Others are tricked into believing they will work in restaurants, factories or households.15

There are reports of Indonesian migrant workers in Malaysia recruited for Umroh, a religious pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and are subsequently transported elsewhere in the Middle East for sexual exploitation.16

Social media and mobile phones are reported being used by university and high school students to recruit other students as trafficking victims.17 There have also been reports of trafficking via student exchange and internship programmes.18

Traffickers also use victims as secondary recruiters. The victims are promised money and better facilities if they recruit more victims. This makes it particu-larly difficult for police to investigate these cases because the real perpetra-tors often hide behind the victim-recruiters.19

Women and girls, especially from parts of the country experiencing weak economic conditions.

WHO IS AT RISK?

7

HUMAN TRAFFICKING TRENDS

Women are more likely to be trafficked internally for domestic service. Children make up a significant portion (14%) of all Indonesians trafficked internally.25

WHERE?

HOW ARE VICTIMS RECRUITED?

WHO IS AT RISK?

Victims are internally trafficked from West Java, Central Java, East Java, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, Banten, West Kalimantan and North Sumatra to Java Batam, Medan and Surabaya. Cross-border trafficking occurs from Java and Sumatra to Malaysia, Taiwan Province of China, Hong Kong (SAR), Singapore, the Middle East and North Africa.

The majority are recruited through agents (74%), and most transnational victims crossed the border at an official entry point with papers (although levels of forgery are likely to be high).23

The Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers Abroad Law mandates that unskilled domestic workers awaiting documentation must spend time in a residential pre-departure training facility, and the first stages of trafficking are often reported to occur in these facilities. Many women have reported physical and psychological violence, including being locked in the facilities and forbidden to leave.24

TREND #2: CROSS-BORDER AND INTERNAL TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN AND GIRLS FOR DOMESTIC WORK

WHAT?Lengthy and costly processes often discourage potential migrants from taking the official route and they instead rely on brokers and unregistered recruitment agencies, which make them vulnerable to trafficking and exploitation.20

Domestic workers within Indonesia are still not legally recognized as work-ers.21 Cultural norms give employers a paternalistic attitude towards the workers – to feed, protect, house, educate, and pay some pocket money to the worker.22 Perpetrators also use debt bondage to exploit and control their victims.

8

HUMAN TRAFFICKING TRENDS

WHERE?Victims of internal trafficking come from rural areas to be exploited in fishing industries, plantations and mining sites in North Sumatra, Riau, Central Kalimantan, South Sumatra, Lampung Province Papua, Central, North and East Java, and Maluku. Those trafficked across borders are often exploited in Taiwan Province of China, Fiji, South Africa, Caribbean and South Korea.

Men, women and children from poor rural areas that lack employment opportunities are at risk.31 Children who are homeless, out of school, and/or facing family-related abuse are particularly at risk of being trafficked. Children affected by natural disasters in Indonesia have an increased risk of being trafficked domestically for child labour.32

WHO IS AT RISK?

HOW ARE VICTIMS RECRUITED?Men and boys are lured to work in these industries with the promise of high wages.29 Family members and guardians of children are often tricked by recruiters with promises of a better future for their children in Indonesia’s bigger cities, or there are reports of family members being complicit in the trafficking of children.30

TREND #3: INTERNAL AND CROSS BORDER TRAFFICKING OF MEN, WOMEN AND CHILDREN FOR FORCED LABOUR

WHAT?Forced labour in agriculture, fishing and mining is widespread. On palm oil, rubber and tobacco plantations victims are forced to work long hours, are often subjected to physical abuse, receive little or no pay, and live in squalor with restriction on their movements.26

Victims are also found in the fishing industry, including on boats, factories, fishing platforms and offshore live-in fishing vessels.27

Child victims reportedly work up to 14 to 16 hours a day at very low wages, often under perpetual debt due to pay advances Indonesian brokers gave their families at the onset.28

9

National and local actions

COUNTER-TRAFFICKING ACTIONS

Enactment of an anti-trafficking law in 2007, which criminalized debt bondage, labour exploitation, sexual exploitation, and transnational and internal trafficking. Under this law, all forms of human trafficking are punishable by up to 15 years in prison.

Enactment of a new immigration law in 2011, which includes punishment of up to two years in prison for officials found guilty of aiding and abetting human trafficking.

Establishment of a national task force working to coordinate prevention and response to combat trafficking followed by several sub-national task forces in 2008.

Other legislation that cover TIP-related crimes include the following:

Act Concerning Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters (2006)Act on Placement and Protection of Indonesian Workers Abroad (2004)Act on Abolition of Domestic Violence (2004) Act on the Crime of Money Laundering (2002)Act on the Eradication of Corruption (2002 and amended in 2014)Act on Child Protection (2002)Act on Extradition (1979)Act on Protection of Victim and/or Witness (2006 and amended in 2014)

Creation of a centralized database with biometric identity cards to improve the verification of a worker’s eligibility has also reduced the opportunities for corruption at the local level.33

Establishment and promotion of telephone hotlines for workers and their families going overseas.Training of judges, prosecutors and police investigators in three regions on victim protection and case management, sponsored by both the government and an international organization.34

Opening of eight new shelter and trauma clinics for human trafficking victims, bringing the total at the provincial and district level to 195 centres.35 The Ministry of Labour opened one of 18 anti-trafficking centres; here awareness-raising materials and economic empowerment programmes for prospective migrants and at-risk youth are provided.36

The Government of Indonesia has made significant efforts to reduce human trafficking through strengthening protection, prevention, and prosecution mechanisms in the country. Some of these important steps include the following:

10

Regional and global actions

COUNTER-TRAFFICKING ACTIONS

Establishing Ministerial Decree 35/2015 on Human Rights System and Certification on Fisheries and Ministerial Decree No. 2/2017 on Human Rights Certification Mechanisms in the Fisheries Industries.37

Launching of a new national plan of action (2015-2019) with a focus on enhancing rehabilitation and reintegration services.39

Creation of 31 new anti-trafficking taskforces at local levels that, with the help of NGOs, provide vocational training and scholarships for women and children living in vulnerable communities.

Upgrading of the police’s anti-trafficking unit to its own unit and increasing staff in 2015.38

Revision of MOU between Indonesian and Malaysian Governments in 2011, granting Indonesian migrants the right to retain possession of their passports while working in Malaysia.40

Establishment of MOUs between Indonesia’s numerous provinces and significant funding to other organizations for the provision of services to trafficking victims.

Singing of an MOU with the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in 2015 to facilitate joint investigations of trafficking cases and for Indonesian officials to access Indonesian trafficking victims in the UAE.41

Ratification of the ASEAN Convention against Trafficking in Persons, Espe-cially Women and Children in 2017.

Establishment of MOU between seven Ministerial (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection, Ministry of Law and Human Rights, Ministry of Social Affairs, Indonesian National Police, Indonesian Attorney Offices, and National Board for Placement and Protection of Indonesian Worker Overseas) on Prevention and Handling of Indonesian Citizens who are Victims of Trafficking Overseas in 2015.

REPORTED CHALLENGES IN COMBATTING HUMAN TRAFFICKING

Despite the strong action being taken by the Government of Indonesia to tackle internal and cross-border human trafficking, several challenges remain. These include:

Complicit law enforcement: Law enforcement and other government actors are often seen to be complicit in the trafficking chain, undermining government efforts to address the issue. The lack of capacity to investigate, prosecute and criminally punish law enforcement officials complicit in human trafficking continues to hamper efforts made by the counter-trafficking sector.Decentralized government system: Indonesia’s vast archipelago and its rapid democratization have led to a highly decentralized system where budget and policies operate under a degree of autonomy that can pose barriers to nationally coordinated efforts. Further, differing levels of familiarity with the provisions of the anti-trafficking law throughout Indonesia lead to unmethodical and heterogeneous methods of dealing with human trafficking cases.42

A lack of appropriate legislation to protect domestic workers: Domestic work still largely operates as an informal sector. Given the cultural acceptance of this form of employment and how formal agencies and practices are only just beginning to be implemented, workers in this sector will remain vulnerable to trafficking.Weak data management: A lack of data and shared information hinders efforts to improve victim identification and the identification and prosecution of traffickers.

Victim identification and reintegration: Victims of trafficking might receive some assistance but not the full package they require to move on from their trafficking experience and reintegrate into society.46 As a result, there is a high likelihood of the victims returning to the same (or similar) situation that made them vulnerable to trafficking in the first place.

Fear and lack of trust: Escaped victims are often too scared to seek help from the police, as they are aware that law enforcement officials are sometimes involved in trafficking networks and likely to deport them. The lack of trust in the assistance offered can be borne out of past trafficking-related experiences and the fear of being cheated again.43

Stigma: Trafficking victims lack incentive to cooperate in the investigation and prosecution of traffickers, in large part due to the negative repercussions of being identified as a trafficking victim.44 Being identified as a trafficking victim could mean that the individual had failed at migration when others in their community succeeded, leading to shame and embarrassment.45

11

Penetration Rate

Media Ruralvs.Urban

Television

Internet

Radio

Mobile phones

94.1%47 (Household)

N/A

N/A

N/A

6.8%49 (Pay TV)

27.8%vs.

10.0%50

16.7%vs.

30.3%52

34%51

24.1%55

132%57

Genres: Soap operas, both local and imported, games shows, and live music shows

Social Media: Facebook - 79 million users (58% are male and 77% are under 30 years)53, Twitter - 29 million (Jakarta: Top Twitter city)54

Top Channels: RCTI, SCTV, TRANS TV48

About 74% of Internet users access the Internet via a mobile phone or mobile device.58 43% of mobile phone users own a smart phone.59

Relevent Information

MEDIA CONTEXT

The media context in Indonesia is more developed and open than in neighbouring Southeast Asian markets. Television penetration is essentially universal in the country. Combined with high mobile penetration rates and rapidly growing rates of Internet access, the media environment provides ample opportunities to utilize media platforms to engage relevant audiences on the issue of human trafficking. Diverse media platforms, including television, radio and social networks, have been utilized to affect political and social change, but little research has been done to assess impact. The potential passage of stricter press and censorship laws raise concerns about the future of media freedom.

Listenership is declining, but radio remains an important medium for reaching communities in remote rural areas with limited or no access to TV.56

12

KEY RESOURCES

IOM Indonesia: Working closely with the Government of Indonesia, local government institutions, partners in the non-government sector and local communities, IOM Indonesia supports national and regional capacity-building efforts and provides direct assistance to migrants in need. Website: http://www.iom.or.id/. Telephone: +62 21 57 95 12 75

ILO Indonesia: Responsible for ILO’s programmes and activities in Indonesia and Timor-Leste. Labour and employment issues are at the top of the development agenda in both countries. Website: http://www.ilo.org/jakarta/. Telephone: +62 21 391 3112

BNP2TKI 24 hour helpline (0801000): This is a free 24-hour/ 7 days a week Bahasa Indonesia language helpline operated by the National Bureau for Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers, a bureau established by the government to ensure proper placement and protection of migrant workers in coordination with Ministry of Labour. SMS can be sent to 7266 for free. The helpline centre is located in Jakarta and should be used to report cases of trafficking.

1 UNDP Indonesia, Annual Report 2011/2012 (August 2012). Available from http://www.id.undp.org/content/dam/indonesia/docs/AR%20UNDP%202011%20 final%20preview%20100912.pdf.2 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (July 2015). Available from http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2015/.3 International Organization for Migration, Indonesia Country Page. Available from http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/where-we-work/asia-and-the-pacific/ indonesia.html. 4 International Organization for Migration, Indonesia Country Page. Available from http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/where-we-work/asia-and-the-pacific/ indonesia.html.5 International Organization for Migration, Indonesia Country Page. Available from http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/where-we-work/asia-and-the-pacific/ indonesia.html.6 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2016). Available from https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2016/.

ENDNOTES

13

KPP&PA 24-hour helpline (082 125 751 234): This is a 24-hour/ 7 days a week Bahasa Indonesia language helpline operated by the Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection to address issues of violence and trafficking of women and children. This is a paid service. SMS messages can also be sent to this number. This helpline should be used to report cases of trafficking and sexual exploitation.

7 Asia-Pacific RCM Thematic Working Group on International Migration including Human Trafficking, Asia-Pacific Migration Report 2015 – Migrants’ Contributions to Development (2016). Available from http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/SD D%20AP%20Migration%20Report%20report%20v6-1-E.pdf.8 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2016). Available from http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2016/.9 International Labor Organization, 10 years of Labour Migration in Indonesia (2013).10 International Labor Organization, 10 years of Labour Migration in Indonesia (2013).11 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2016). Available from https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2016/.12 A. Tomison et al., Experiences of Trafficked Persons: An Indonesian Sample (2013).13 Crowdvoice.org, “Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking in Indonesia,” (2011).14 Crowdvoice.org, “Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking in Indonesia,” (2011).15 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (July 2015). Available from http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2015/.16 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2014). Available from http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2014/.17 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2016). Available from https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2016/.18 Kompas, "Awas! Pertukaran Pelajar Jadi Modus ‘Trafficking’", 24 October 2012. Available from http://regional.kompas.com/read/2012/10/24/07540249/Awas.Per tukaran.Pelajar.Jadi.Modus.Trafficking.19 Kompas, "Awas! Pertukaran Pelajar Jadi Modus ‘Trafficking’", 24 October 2012. Available from http://regional.kompas.com/read/2012/10/24/07540249/Awas.Per tukaran.Pelajar.Jadi.Modus.Trafficking.20 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2014). Available from http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2014/.21 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (July 2016). Available from https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2016/.22 International Labour Office, The Regulation of Domestic Workers in Indonesia (2006).23 International Organization for Migration Jakarta, “IOM, UNFPA Raise Awareness of Human Trafficking Among Young People in Inodesia’s West Java”, 8 June 2012. Available from http://www.iom.int/news/iom-unfpa-raise-awareness-human-traf ficking-among-young-people-indonesias-west-java.24 IOM, Labour Migration from Indonesia – An Overview of Indonesian Migration to Selected Destinations in Asia and the Middle East (2010). Available from https://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/published_docs/Final- LM-Report-English.pdf. 25 IOM, Counter Trafficking and Assistance to Vulnerable Migrants – Annual Report of Activities 2011 (2012). Available from https://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/ What-We-Do/docs/Annual_Report_2011_Counter_Trafficking.pdf. 26 Walk Free Foundation, Global Slavery Index 2014 (2014). Available from http://www.dh-cii.eu/0_content/Global_Slavery_Index_2014_final_lowres.pdf.27 Walk Free Foundation, Global Slavery Index 2014 (2014). Available from http://www.dh-cii.eu/0_content/Global_Slavery_Index_2014_final_lowres.pdf.28 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2014). Available from http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2014/.

14

15

29 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2014). Available from http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2014/.30 United States Agency for International Development, Trafficking of Women and Children in Indonesia (N/A.). Available from http://www.solidaritycenter.org/wp-con tent/uploads/2015/02/IndoTraffickingCOMPILED-1.pdf.31 United States Agency for International Development, Trafficking of Women and Children in Indonesia (N/A.). Available from http://www.solidaritycenter.org/wp-con tent/uploads/2015/02/IndoTraffickingCOMPILED-1.pdf.32 Jacqueline Joudo Larsen, Jade Lindley, and Judy Putt, “Trafficking in Persons Monitoring Reports 06” no. December (2008).33 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2012). Available from http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2012/.34 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2014). Available from http://www.state.gov/tip/rls/tiprpt/2014/.35 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2014). Available from http://www.state.gov/tip/rls/tiprpt/2014/.36 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (July 2016). Available from https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2016/.37 IOM Country Office Indonesia, “For Review: IOM X Human Trafficking Country Snapshot”, e-mail to author, 14 March 2017. 38 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (July 2016). Available from https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2016/.39 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (July 2016). Available from https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2016/.40 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2012). Available from http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2012/.41 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (July 2016). Available from https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2016/.42 US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report (June 2014). Available from http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2014/.43 R. Surtees, After Trafficking: Experiences and Challenges in the (Re) integration of Trafficked Persons in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (Bangkok, 2013).44 The Asia Foundation, “Human Trafficking Rampant in Thailand’s Deep Sea Fishing Industry”, 8 February 2012. Available from http://asiafoundation.org/in-asia/ 2012/02/08/human-trafficking-rampant-in-thailands-deep-sea-fishing-industry/.45 R. Surtees, After Trafficking: Experiences and Challenges in the (Re) integration of Trafficked Persons in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (Bangkok, 2013).46 R. Surtees, After Trafficking: Experiences and Challenges in the (Re) integration of Trafficked Persons in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (Bangkok, 2013).47 Media Partners Asia, Asia Pacific Pay-TV & Broadband Markets (2013).48 Media Partners Asia, Asia Pacific Pay-TV & Broadband Markets (2013).49 Media Partners Asia, Asia Pacific Pay-TV & Broadband Markets (2013).50 Broadcasting Board of Governors & Gallup, Media Use in Indonesia 2012 (Washington D.C., 2012).51 We Are Social, Social, Digital, and Mobile in APAC (2014). Available from http://wearesocial.com/sg/special-reports/social-digital-mobile-apac-2014. 52 Broadcasting Board of Governors & Gallup, Media Use in Indonesia 2012 (Washington D.C., 2012).

16

53 We Are Social, Digital in 2016 (2016). Available from http://www.slideshare.net/ wearesocialsg/digital-in-2016/215.54 Stratego, Social Media Landscape in Indonesia (2012). Available from https://www.strategocorp.com/socialmedia2012/.55 Broadcasting Board of Governors & Gallup, Media Use in Indonesia 2012 (Washington D.C., 2012).56 Infoasaid, Indonesia Media and Telecoms Landscape Guide, (November 2012). Available from http://www.cdacnetwork.org/contentAsset/raw-data/0df69be9- 1727-43af-8e97-c3e72bb9596f/attachedFile.57 Central Intelligence Agency, East & Southeast Asia: Indonesia (2016). Available from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html.58 We Are Social, Social, Digital, and Mobile in APAC (2014). Available from http://wearesocial.com/sg/special-reports/social-digital-mobile-apac-2014. 59 Tech in Asia, “The latest stats in web and mobile in Indonesia (Inforgraphic)” 28 January 2016. Available from https://www.techinasia.com/indonesia-web-mobile- statistics-we-are-social.