HUMAN TISSUE, HUMAN TISSUE, MEMBRANESMEMBRANES

CHAPTER 3 AND 4CHAPTER 3 AND 4

TISSUESTISSUES

• TISSUES are groups of cells with

similar structurestructure and functionfunction.

STRUCTURE IS FUNCTIONSTRUCTURE IS FUNCTION

Cells are specialized for function.

ROLE OF TISSUEROLE OF TISSUE

COVERINGCOVERING

SUPPORTSUPPORT

MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

CONTROLCONTROL

(A PART OF WHAT THEY DO)

FOUR PRIMARY FOUR PRIMARY TYPES OF TISSUETYPES OF TISSUE

CONNECTIVECONNECTIVEMUSCLEMUSCLENERVOUSNERVOUSEPITHELIALEPITHELIAL

ORGANSORGANS

ORGANIZED ORGANIZED TISSUES TISSUES BECOME AN BECOME AN ORGAN.ORGAN.

CONNECTIVE TISSUECONNECTIVE TISSUE

• BONE• CARTILAGE

DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUEDENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUELOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND BLOOD TISSUEAND BLOOD TISSUE

CONNECTIVE TISSUECONNECTIVE TISSUE

• FOUND THROUGHOUT THE BODY

• FUNCTIONS:– BINDS BODY TISSUES TOGETHER– SUPPORTS THE BODY– PROVIDES PROTECTION– TRANSPORTATION (BLOOD AND LYMPH)

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUECONNECTIVE TISSUE

• SOME TISSUES ARE WELL VASCULARIZED

• SOME ARE AVASCULAR

• SOME CONSIST OF NON-LIVING MATERIAL THAT SURROUNDS LIVING CELLS

MUSCLE TISSUEMUSCLE TISSUE

• Function is to produce movement

• Three types– Skeletal muscle– Cardiac muscle– Smooth muscle

MUSCLE TISSUE TYPESMUSCLE TISSUE TYPES

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Skeletal muscle Can be controlled

voluntarily

Cells attach to connective tissue

Cells are striated

Cells have more than one nucleus

Figure 3.19b

MUSCLE TISSUE TYPESMUSCLE TISSUE TYPES

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Cardiac muscle Found only in the

heart

Function is to pump blood (involuntary)

Cells attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks

Cells are striated

One nucleus per cell Figure 3.19c

MUSCLE TISSUE TYPESMUSCLE TISSUE TYPES

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Smooth muscle Involuntary muscle

Surrounds hollow organs

Attached to other smooth muscle cells

No visible striations

One nucleus per cell Figure 3.19a

EPITHELIAL TISSUEEPITHELIAL TISSUE

•FUNCTIONS:FUNCTIONS:–PROTECTIONPROTECTION–ABSORPTIONABSORPTION–FILTRATIONFILTRATION–SECRETIONSECRETION

EPITHELIAL CHARACTERISTICSEPITHELIAL CHARACTERISTICS

• Cells fit closely togetherCells fit closely together

• Tissue layer always has one free surfaceTissue layer always has one free surface

• The lower surface is bound by a The lower surface is bound by a basement membranebasement membrane

• Avascular (have no blood supply)Avascular (have no blood supply)

• Regenerate easily if well nourishedRegenerate easily if well nourished

CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUEEPITHELIAL TISSUE

• Number of cell layersNumber of cell layers– Simple – one layerSimple – one layer– Stratified – more Stratified – more

than one layerthan one layer

CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL CELLSEPITHELIAL CELLS

SHAPE OF CELLSSHAPE OF CELLS

– Squamous – Squamous – flattenedflattened

– Cuboidal – Cuboidal – cube-shapedcube-shaped

– Columnar – Columnar – column-likecolumn-like

SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUESIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUE

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL– Single layer of

cube-like cells

Common in glands and their ducts– Forms walls

of kidney tubules– Covers the

ovaries

SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUESIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUE

SIMPLE SQUAMOUSSIMPLE SQUAMOUS– Single layer of flat Single layer of flat

cellscells– Usually forms Usually forms

membranesmembranes• Lines body Lines body

cavitiescavities• Lines lungs and Lines lungs and

capillariescapillaries

SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUESIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUE

SIMPLE COLUMNARSIMPLE COLUMNAR– Single layer of tall Single layer of tall

cellscells– Often includes Often includes

goblet cells, goblet cells, which produce which produce mucusmucus

– Lines digestive Lines digestive tracttract

SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUESIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUE

PSEUDOSTRATIFIEDPSEUDOSTRATIFIED– Single layer, but some Single layer, but some

cells are shorter than cells are shorter than othersothers

– Often looks like a Often looks like a double cell layerdouble cell layer

– Sometimes ciliated, Sometimes ciliated, such as in the such as in the respiratory tractrespiratory tract

– May function in May function in absorption or secretionabsorption or secretion

STRATIFIED EPITHELIUMSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

• Stratified squamousStratified squamous– Cells at the free Cells at the free

edge are flattenededge are flattened– Found as a Found as a

protective covering protective covering where friction is where friction is commoncommon

– LocationsLocations• SkinSkin• MouthMouth• EsophagusEsophagus

STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL TISSUETISSUE

• Stratified cuboidalStratified cuboidal– Two layers of cuboidal cellsTwo layers of cuboidal cells

• Stratified columnarStratified columnar– Surface cells are columnar, cells Surface cells are columnar, cells

underneath vary in size and shapeunderneath vary in size and shape

• Stratified cuboidal and columnarStratified cuboidal and columnar– Rare in human bodyRare in human body– Found mainly in ducts of large glandsFound mainly in ducts of large glands

STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL TISSUETISSUE

• Transitional Transitional epitheliumepithelium– Shape of cells Shape of cells

depends upon depends upon the amount of the amount of stretchingstretching

– Lines organs of Lines organs of the urinary the urinary systemsystem

GLANDULAR EPITHELIAL GLANDULAR EPITHELIAL TISSUETISSUE

Gland – one or more cells that secretes a particular product

Two major gland types– Endocrine gland

• Ductless• Secretions are hormones

– Exocrine gland• Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface• Include sweat and oil glands

NERVOUS TISSUENERVOUS TISSUE

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Neurons and nerve support cells

Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body

Irritability

Conductivity Figure 3.20

THE INTEGUMENTTHE INTEGUMENT

• SKIN AND BODY MEMBRANES– LINE OR COVER

SURFACES– PROTECT BODY

SURFACES– LUBRICATE BODY

SURFACES

FUNCTIONS OF BODY MEMBRANES

• MEMBRANES ARE THIN LAYERS OF TISSUE WHICH COVER A SURFACE, LINE A BODY CAVITY, OR DIVIDE A BODY SPACE OR ORGAN.

CELL MEMBRANESCELL MEMBRANES